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THE 


|Jjmrmra&f  s  anb  §niggisf  s 
PRACTICAL   RECEIPT    BOOK. 


L.  &  B.  PUBLISH  THE  FOLLOWING  VALUABLE  WORKS. 

Beasley' s  Book  of  Prescriptions  and  Remedies. 

A    NEW,    REVISED,    AND    ENLARGED    EDITION. 

The  Book  of  Prescriptions,  containing  3000  Prescriptions,  collected  from 
the  Practice  of  the  most  Eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons, — English, 
French,  and  American;  comprising  also  a  Compendious  History  of  the 
Materia  Medica,  Lists  of  the  Doses  of  all  Officinal  and  Established 
Preparations,  and  an  Index  of  Diseases  and  their  Remedies.  By  Henry 
Beasley.  Second  American  from  the  last  London  edition.  1  volume, 
octavo.     Price,  $3.50. 

The  Book  of  Prescriptions,  by  Dr.  Beasley,  is  one  of  real  value  to  practical  men,  as 
it  contains  numerous  formulae  gathered  from  all  sources,  and  embracing  almost  all 
the  possible  combinations  in  prescribing. — British  and  Foreign  Med.-Chirurg.  Rev. 

Beasley' s  Medical  Formulary. 

Comprising  Standard  and  Approved  Formulae  for  the  Preparations  and 
Compounds  employed  in  Medical  Practice.     By  Henry  Beasley.     Se- 
cond American  from  the  Sixth  London  edition.    In  1  vol.    Price,  $2.00. 
It  contains  selections  from  the  American,  French,  German,  and  other  foreign 
Pharmacopoeias,  in  addition  to  the  Formulas  from  the  three  British  ones.    The  work, 
however,  is  so  well  known,  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  do  more  than  announce  the 
present  edition,  and  to  state  that  the  doses  of  the  various  medicines  have  now  been 
added. — Medical  Times  and  Gazette. 

Beasley Js  Druggist's  Receipt  Book. 

THE    FOURTH    AMERICAN    EDITION. 

Comprising  a  Copious  Veterinary  Formulary,  numerous  Recipes  in  Patent 
and  Proprietary  Medicines,  Druggists'  Nostrums,  &c. ;  Perfumery  and 
Cosmetics,  Beverages,  Dietetic  Articles  and  Condiments,  Trade  Chemi- 
cals, Scientific  Processes,  and  an  Appendix  of  Useful  Tables.    By  Henry 
Beasley,  author  of  the  "Medical  Formulary,"  &c.    Inlvol.   Price,  $2. 
This  is  one  of  the  class  of  books  that  is  indispensable  to  every  Druggist  and  Phar- 
maceutist as  a  book  of  reference  for  such  information  as  is  wanted,  not  contained  in 
works  used  in  the  regular  line  of  his  business,  and  we  can  recommend  it  as  one  of 
the  best  of  the  kind. — Druggists'  Circular. 

The  Whole  Art  of  Perfumery. 

WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The  Art  of  Perfumery,  and  Method  of  obtaining  the  Odors  of  Plants,  with 
Instructions  for  the  Manufacture  of  Perfumes  for  the  Handkerchief, 
Scented  Powders,  Odorous  Vinegars,  Dentifrices,  Pomatum,  Cosmetiques, 
Perfumed  Soap,  &c.     With  an  Appendix,  on  the  Colors  of  Flowers,  Ar- 
tificial Fruit,  &c,  &c.     By  G-.  W.  Septimus  Piesse,  author  of  "The 
Odors  of  Flowers,"  &c,  &c.     Duodecimo.     Price,  $1.50. 
The  volume  is  replete  with  valuable  information,  conveyed  in  a  plain,  succinct 
manner,  free  from  any  technicalities,  and,  we  believe,  covers  the  entire  ground  of  the 
subject.   It  is  valuable  to  almost  every  one,  giving,  as  it  does,  simple  formulas  whereby 
any  lady  can  keep  her  toilet  laden  with  luxurious  perfumes  at  a  merely  nominal  cost, 
and  by  which  also  she  can  prepare  choice  syrups,  ratafias,  and  many  other  articles 
of  which  elegant  cookery  involves  the  use.   The  book  is  well  illustrated,  and  we  think 
would  be  an  acceptable  gift  to  every  lady,  housekeeper  or  otherwise,  as  well  as  to  all 
who  seek  information  upon  such  subjects. — Evening  Journal. 


THE 


PHAKMACEUTISrS 


DRUGGIST'S 


PRACTICAL  RECEIPT  BOOK, 


GLOSSAEY  OF  MEDICAL  TEEMS, 


COPIOUS     INDEX. 


Bt    THOMAS    F.    BEANSTON. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

LINDSAY    &    BLAKISTON. 

1865. 


PREFACE 


SECOND  LONDON  EDITION. 


When  this  work  first  appeared,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  1853,  the  author  expressed  the  hope  that  it  might 
prove  a  useful  companion  to  those  for  whom  it  was  in- 
tended. The  contents  had  been  compiled  with  great  care; 
and  it  was  gratifying  to  the  writer  to  find  that  his  work 
met  with  the  approval  of  scientific  and  practical  men. 
The  editor  of  the  "Chemist"  reviewed  the  work  in  the 
number  issued  for  January,  1854;  and,  after  quoting  the 
title,  proceeds  to  observe — 

"This  is  a  most  useful  little  book;  its  nature  is  suffi- 
ciently set  forth  in  the  above  lengthy  title ;  consequently, 
an  analysis  of  its  contents  is  unnecessary.  The  author 
has  executed  his  very  laborious  task  with  much  care,  and 
has  provided  very  fully  for  the  wants  of  the  class  to  which 
his  work  is  addressed. 

"  The  Glossary  will  be  found  very  useful,  especially  to 
those  who  may  require  to  refer  to  old  works  or  recipes. 
An  ample  Index  also  constitutes  a  very  important  feature 
in  this  work.  *  *w 

535075        J: 


IV  PREFACE. 

"  This  hand-book  will  be  especially  valuable  to  the  phar- 
maceutical chemist  and  medical  practitioner,  and  very  use- 
ful to  most  of  the  general  public." 

In  the  lapse  of  four  years,  science  has  made  rapid  ad- 
vances and  new  discoveries,  among  which  are  included 
some  improved  processes  for  attaining  results  hitherto 
imperfectly  obtained, — the  composition  of  patent  medi- 
cines, notes  on  various  photographic  processes,  and  a  va- 
riety of  new  artistic  and  medical  formulas.  Some  of  the 
recipes  and  preparations  are  taken  from  trade  formulas, 
which  now  appear  in  print  for  the  first  time.  The  editor 
trusts  that  these  additions  will  increase  the  value  of  the 
work,  and  render  it  still  more  useful  to  the  student,  and 
the  public  generally,  as  a  Hand-book  of  truly  practical 
Recipes  of  every-day  use. 


ADVEBTISEMENT. 


The  present  work  is  offered  to  the  Chemist,  Druggist, 
and  Medical  Practitioner,  as  a  useful  manual  of  reference 
and  information.  The  articles  are  alphabetically  arranged ; 
but,  as  they  might  be  placed  under  different  heads,  a  co- 
pious Index  of  Contents  is  added,  which  will  at  once 
show  on  what  page  any  particular  item  may  be  found. 
All  preparations  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  are  marked  L.,  to 
denote  that  they  are  so  ordered  by  the  London  College 
of  Physicians. 

To  assist  the  Student  of  Medicine  in  reading  old  re- 
cipes and  prescriptions,  and  to  understand  the  contrac- 
tions and  scientific  terms  used  in  the  medical  art,  a  Glos- 
sary is  compiled  as  an  Appendix,  which  will  greatly  fa- 
cilitate the  understanding  of  those  points.  This  will  be 
found  a  new  and  useful  feature;  for,  as  far  as  the  com- 
piler is  aware,  there  is  no  other  Hand-book  which  con- 
tains this  information. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  point  out  the  usefulness  of  a  work 

which  contains  the  Pharmacopoeial  preparations,  combined 

with  the  miscellaneous  receipts  required  in  daily  practice. 

1* 


VI  ADVERTISEMENT. 

This  manual  is  therefore  offered  in  the  hope  that  it  will 
prove  a  useful  companion  to  those  for  whom  it  is  in- 
tended. 

N.  B. — Every  medicine  and  Pharmacopoeial  preparation 
is  made  by  using  the  troy  standard ;  all  domestic  and 
trade  preparations  not  medicinal  are  weighed  by  avoir- 
dupois weight. 


THE 


HAND-BOOK 


PRACTICAL  RECEIPTS. 


Abernethy's  Pills. — Each  pill  contains  2  grains  of  blue 
pill,  and  3  grains  of  compound  extract  of  colocynth. 

Acetates  are  formed  by  adding  acetic  acid  to  alkalies,  me- 
tals, &c.  They  are  used  in  medicine  and  in  the  arts, 
and  will  be  found  in  this  work  under  the  heads  of  the 
bases,  as  ammonia,  lead,  morphia,  potash,  &c. 

Acetic  Acid  (P.  L.)  is  "  prepared  from  wood,  by  means  of 
heat,  and  purified.  It  is  void  of  colour,  has  a  most 
acrid  odour,  specific  gravity  1-048;  by  heat  it  escapes  in 
vapour.  100  grains  of  this  acid  are  saturated  by  87 
grains  of  crystallized  carbonate  of  soda." 

Tests. — Nothing  is  thrown  down  by  nitrate  of  silver  or 
chloride  of  barium ;  if  a  thin  silver  plate  be  digested  in 
it,  and  afterwards  hydrochloric  acid  dropped  in,  nothing 
is  precipitated.  Its  colour  is  not  changed  on  the  addi- 
tion of  hydrosulphuric  acid,  nor  by  ammonia,  nor  by 
ferrocyanide  of  potassium  added  after  the  ammonia. 

The  usual  ways  of  procuring  acetic  acid  are  by  decom- 
posing dry  acetate  of  soda,  potash,  or  lead,  by  sulphuric 
acid ;  or  by  dry  distillation  of  acetate  of  copper  or  lead, 
or  decomposing  acetate  of  lead  by  sulphate  of  iron  or 
soda. 

Acetic  Extract  of  Squills. — Squill  roots  1  lb.,  acetic  acid, 
3  oz.  distilled  water,  1  pint.     Digest  with  a  gentle  heat 
for  forty-eight    hours,  express    strongly,  and  without 
2 


14  ACE — ACI. 

straining  evaporate  to  a  proper  consistence.     One  grain 
is  equal  to  three  of  the  powder.     Keeps  well. 

Acetimetry. — The  strength  of  vinegar  or  acetic  acid  is 
determined  by  an  instrument  termed  an  acetimeter. 
The  excise  officers  add  hydrate  of  lime  to  the  acid  until  it 
is  saturated;  the  clear  solution  of  acetate  of  lime  shows 
by  its  specific  gravity  the  amount  of  acid  in  the  tested 
liquor.  Dr.  Ure  advises  the  addition  of  bicarbonate  of 
potash  to  the  acid  until  it  is  neutralized;  each  two  grains 
of  potash  indicate  one  grain  of  acetic  acid.  Carbo- 
nate of  soda,  and  carbonate  of  potash,  are  also  used  as 
tests ;  or  the  strength  of  the  vinegar  may  be  decided  by 
taking  its  specific  gravity,  and  using  tables  which  show 
the  proportionate  percentage  of  acid. 

Acetic  Acid  (Dilute,  P.  L.) — Acetic  Acid,  23  fluid  drachms, 
distilled  water,  1  pint;  make  the  acid  into  one  pint 
with  the  water,  and  mix.  Sp.  gr.,  1-008.  A  fluid 
ounce  is  saturated  by  57  grains  of  crystallized  carbon- 
ate of  soda. 
Acids  are  of  various  kinds,  are  sour  in  taste,  and  redden 
litmus  paper.  They  will  be  found  under  their  names. 
— See  Index. 

Acids  for  Galvanic  Batteries. — 1.  Smee's  Battery. — 
One  part  sulphuric  acid  to  water  7  parts,  by  measure. 

2.  DanieVs  Battery. — For  the  external  cylinder,  a  satu- 
rated solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  with  -Jy  part  of 
sulphuric  acid.  For  the  inner  cylinder,  to  act  on  the 
zinc,  1  part  of  sulphuric  acid  by  measure,  to  10  parts 
water. 

3.  Groves'  Battery. — For  the  outer  vessel,  1  part  by  mea- 
sure of  sulphuric  acid  to  7  parts  water;  for  the  inner 
vessel,  concentrated  nitric  acid. 

4.  Nitric  acid,  1  fluid  ounce,  sulphuric  acid,  H  fluid 
ounce,  water,  4  pints. 

5.  Wright's  Batteries. — Nitric  acid,  1  part,  by  measure, 
sulphuric  acid,  5  parts. 

6.  Faraday's. — Sulphuric  acid,  2  fluid  ounces,  nitric  acid, 
•1  fluid  ounce;  water,  5  pints. 


ACI — ALC.  15 

Acidimetry  is  the  operation  of  estimating  the  strength  of 
acids  by  means  of  an  acidimeter.  An  acid  is  always 
compared  by  itself,  as  no  scale  has  yet  been  discovered 
which  serves  as  a  criterion  for  the  different  acids.  The 
test  usually  consists  of  alkalies,  the  quantity  of  which 
required  to  neutralize  the  acid  determines  its  strength. 

Aconite,  known  also  as  Monkshood  or  Wolfsbane,  possesses 
powerfully  poisonous  properties.  The  root,  Aconiti 
Radix,  and  the  leaves,  Aconiti  Folium,  are  the  parts 
ordered  by  the  London  College.  The  officinal  prepara- 
tions are  an  extract  and  a  tincture,  though  in  private 
practice  various  other  preparations  of  it  are  used,  as  oint- 
ment, pills,  plaster,  &c.  Its  principle,  Aconitina,  is  a 
very  dangerous  preparation,  and  is  very  rarely  used  as  a 
medical  agent. 

Alabaster.  To  Clean. — -Wash  with  soap  and  warm  water, 
rinse  with  cold  clear  water.  Spots  of  grease  may  be  re- 
moved with  turpentine.  To  Harden. — Mix  up  the 
plaster  of  Paris  with  a  solution  of  size  or  gum.  To  Join. 
— Use  the  cement  of  quick-lime  and  white  of  egg.  It  is 
Folislied  with  pumice  stone,  finished  with  French  chalk. 

Albumen.— The  purest  albumen  is  the  white  of  eggs.  It 
is  used  as  a  glaze  for  pastry,  in  cements,  and  to  clarify 
wine,  sugar,  coffee,  and  syrups.  It  may  be  preserved  by 
spreading  it  thinly  in  layers,  allowing  each  to  dry  sepa- 
rately before  adding  another;  it  will  thus  keep  for  any 
length  of  time.  For  use,  a  portion  is  dissolved  in  cold 
water  and  beaten  to  a  froth.    - 

Alcohol.— The  fermented  product  of  saccharine  vegetables, 
obtained  pure  by  distillation.  It  is  distilled  finally  over 
lime,  or  chloride  of  calcium,  by  which  process  absolute 
alcohol  is  procured.  Its  uses  are  various;  as  a  sol- 
vent it  is  used  for  gums,  resins,  soaps,  essential  oils, 
camphor,  and  vegetable  substances.  In  medicine  it 
forms  tinctures,  and  with  acids  various  ethers :  the  per- 
fumer uses  it  to  dissolve  oils,  the  varnish-maker  to 
dissolve  gums  and  resins.  Its  purity  is  known  by  its 
sp.  gravity,  and  by  tests.  It  should  retain  its  colour 
and  transparency  on  the  addition  of  a  solution  of  nitrate 


16  AGU— ALK. 

of  silver.  Spirit,  as  supplied  to  druggists,  is  usually  60° 
over-proof.  The  'proof  strength  is  an  assumed  standard, 
sp.  gr.  0*920  at  60°  F.,  from  which  standard  the  com- 
parative strength  of  all  spirits  are  determined.  When 
spirit  is  over-proofs  it  is  reduced  to  proof  by  the  addi- 
tion of  water,  the  quantity  of  which  is  known  by  the 
degree  o.  p.  Spirit  which  is  10°,  20°,  40°  o.p.  requires 
to  each  100  gallons  of  spirit,  10,  20,  or  40  gallons  of 
water  to  reduce  it  to  proof.  Under-proof  spirit,  as  10°, 
20°  n.  p.  means  that  100  gallons  contain  90  or  80  gal- 
lons of  proof  spirit,  and  10  or  20  gallons  of  water. 

Ague  Drops  (tasteless.) — The  solution  of  arsenite  of  potash 
(P.  L.)  is  so  called. 

Alkalies. — The  chief  are  soda,  potash,  and  ammonia,  the 
old  names  of  which  were  mineral,  vegetable,  and  volatile 
alkali;  soda  and  potash  were  also  called  fixed  alkalies. — 
They  effervesce  on  the  addition  of  acids,  turn  vegetable 
blues  green,  and  yellows  brown,  make  soaps  with  the 
fixed  oils,  and  salts  with  acids.  The  purity  of  alkalies 
is  determined  by  alkalimeters,  by  a  process  the  reverse 
of  acidimetry. 

Alkaline   Baths. — Medium. — Ammonia  saturated  with 
spirits  of  camphor,  8  oz.  salt,  2£  lbs.  troy.     Mix  with 
two  or  three  gallons  of  water,  and  add  warm  water. 
For   Children. — Camphorated  ammonia,  2  oz.,  salt,  8  oz. 
Used  in  fevers,  pains,  liver  complaints,  &c. 

Alkaloids. — These  are  derived  from  various  plants.  The 
chief  are  as  follows. 


Alkaloids. 

Plants  which  yield  them. 

Aconitina 

.     .     Aconitum  Napellus 

Aricina 

♦     Arica  Bark 

Atropia 

*     Atropia  Belladonna 

Brucia  . 

B     .     Strychnos  Nux  Vomica 

Cinehonia. 

.     Cincbona  Pallida  (Lancifolia) 

Codeia  — 

.     .     Opium 

Conia   .     , 

.     Conia  Maculatum 

Corydali    . 

.     Corydalis  Tuberosa 

Cynapia    . 

.     iEthusa  Cynapium 

Daturia 

.     Datura  Stramonium 

Delphia 

.     Delphinium  Staphisagria 

Digitalia 

.     Digitalis  Purpurea 

ALK— ALU.  17 

Emetina    .  .  Cephaelis  Ipecacuanha 

Hyoscyamia  .  Hvoscyainus  Niger 

Meconia    .  .  Opium 

Morphia    .  .  Opium 

Narceia    .  .  Opium 

Narcotina.  .  Opium 

Nicotina  .  .  Nicotiana  Tabacum 

Picrotoxia  .  Menispermum  Coculus 

Quinia      .  .  Cinchona  Flava  (Cordifolia) 

Sanguinaria  .  Sanguinaria  Canadensis 

Solania     ;  .  Solanum  Nigrum 

Thebaia    .  .  Opium 

Veratria    .  .  Veratrum  Sabadilla 

Alkanet  Root  (Anchusa  Tinctoria)  gives  a  fine  red  tinge 
to  oils,  fats,  wax,  turpentine,  spirits,  essences,  &c,  and 
is  used  to  colour  hair-oil,  pomatums,  ointments,  var- 
nishes, &c.  The  spirituous  solution  stains  marble  of  a 
deep  red ;  wax  tinged  with  alkanet  and  applied  to  warm 
marble,  leaves  a  flesh  colour. 

Alloy. — A  mixture  of  two  or  more  metals  for  various  pur- 
poses. A  rare  or  expensive  metal  is  mixed  with  an 
inferior  one,  to  reduce  its  cost.  The  chief  end  sought 
in  making  alloys,  is  to  render  them  hard,  malleable,  so- 
norous, &c,  as  the  case  maybe,  or  to  change  their  colours 
to  suit  speculums  and  bronzes,  or  to  imitate  gold  and 
silver. 

Almonds  (Amygddlee?)  Sweet  almonds  are  oblong,  exter- 
nally of  a  cinnamon  colour,  and  have  a  sweet  pleasant 
taste.  Used  in  various  preparations.  The  bitter  al- 
mond is  generally  compressed  for  the  oil,  the  remaining 
cake  is  mostly  used  as  a  cosmetic. 

Almond  Flavour. — To  one  part  of  essential  oil  of  bitter  al- 
monds add  15  parts  of  spirits  of  wine.  Used  to  flavour 
custards  and  pastry,  in  which  it  should  be  sparingly 
used,  as  it  is  a  poison. 

Alum  is  prepared  from  aluminous  schist,  commonly  called 
alum  ore.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  and  in  medicine.  As 
a  gargle  it  is  useful  in  sore  throat,  and  in  lead  colic  it 
is  said  to  prove  very  beneficial.  Alum  is  valuable  in 
dyeing  in  proportion  to  the  alumina  it  contains.  Pure 
2* 


IS  ALU — AMA. 

alum  in  solution  does  not  change  on  the  addition  of  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen,  tincture  of  galls;  or  prussiate  of 
potash. 

Alum,  Dried  (Alumen  Exsiccatum,  P.  L.) — Take  1  pound 
of  alum,  let  it  liquefy  over  a  fire,  then  increase  the  heat 
until  all  ebullition  has  ceased. 

Alum,  Compound  Solution  of,  P.  L.  (Liquor  Aluminis  Com- 
positus.)  Alum  and  sulphate  of  zinc,  of  each  one  ounce; 
rub  them  together,  dissolve  in  3  pints  of  distilled  water, 
and  strain. 

Alum  Rupee. — Alum  coloured  with  Venitian  red  or  Ar- 
menian bole. 

Amadou,  or  German  Tinder. — Amadou  is  prepared  from 
the  mushrooms,  Boletus  igniarius,  Boletus  fomentarius, 
&c.  The  bark  is  removed,  and  the  inner  substance  is 
beaten  with  wooden  mallets  until  soft,  when  it  is  ready 
for  use  as  a  styptic  or  as  a  corn-protector.  For  tinder,  it 
is  soaked  in  a  solution  of  nitre  or  gunpowder,  and  care- 
fully dried. 

Amalgams  are  metals  mixed  with  quicksilver.  Amalgams 
for  Electrical  Machines  are  made  as  follows. 

1.  Zinc  and  tin,  of  each  one  part,  quicksilver  two  parts. 
Melt  the  tin  and  zinc,  add  the  mercury  made  hot,  pour 
the  mixture  into  a  wooden  box,  and  shake  until  cold. 

2.  Zinc,  2  parts,  tin,  1  part,  quicksilver,  3  parts. 

3.  Zinc,  2  parts,  tin,  1  part,  quicksilver,  5  parts. 

4.  Quicksilver,  6  oz.,  bees  wax,  £  oz.,  zinc,  2  oz.,  grain  tin, 
1  oz. 

Amalgam  of  Gold. — Gold  one  part,  melt  in  a  clean  ladle, 
add  8  parts  of  mercury,  and  pour  out  the  amalgam. — 
It  is  used  for  gilding  metals,  which  are  prepared  by 
rubbing  over  them  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury, 
covering  thinly  with  the  amalgam,  and  exposing  the 
whole  to  a  moderate  heat,  which  drives  off  the  mercury 
and  leaves  the  gold.  Silver  amalgam  is  made  and  used 
in  a  similar  manner. 

Amalgam  for  Silvering  Globes. — Pure  lead,  tin,  bis- 


AMA.  19 

muth,  each  1  part,  quicksilver,  10  parts.  Melt  the 
first  three,  remove  them  from  the  fire,  and  just  before 
cooling  add  the  quicksilver. 

Amalgam  for  Mirrors. — Lead  and  tin,  each  1  oz.,  bis- 
muth, 2  oz.,  mercury,  4  oz.,  melt  as  before,  and  add 
the  mercury.  These  are  used  to  silver  mirrors,  glass 
globes,  &c,  by  warming  the  glass,  melting  the  amalgam, 
and  applying  it. 

Amalgams  for  the  Teeth  are  preparations  used  to  fill 
hollow  and  decayed  teeth.  The  ablest  Dentists  repu- 
diate the  use  of  any  other  material  than  gold  leaf,  which 
is  certainly  the  best  article  to  employ.  Other  compo- 
sitions are  as  follows. 

Mineral  Saecedanexim.—  (a)  Gold  and  mercury  heated  in 
a  clean  ladle,  applied  to  the  tooth  while  still  warm  and 
of  a  pasty  consistence. 

(b)  Quicksilver  and  tinfoil. 

(c)  Add  powdered  glass  or  steel  filings  to  the  last. 

Id)  Quicksilver,  40  grains,  zinc  filings,  20  grains;  mix 
and  apply. 

(e)  Tin,  2  parts,  cadmium,  1  part,  melt.  Add  quicksilver 
to  some  of  the  metal,  in  filings. 

(/)  Silver,  72  parts,  tin,  20  parts,  zinc,  6  parts.  As  be- 
fore. 

(g)  Fine  silver  filings  and  mercury. 

Amalgam  for  the  Teeth. — Pure  gold,  1  part,  silver,  3 
parts,  tin,  2  parts.  Melfc  the  gold  and  silver,  add  the 
tin,  remelt  the  whole,  and  reduce  to  the  finest  powder. 
For  use,  the  requisite  quantity  is  mixed  with  an  equal 
weight  of  pure  mercury.—  Robertson. 

Amalgamated  Zinc. — -Cover  a  little  mercury  in  a  dish 
with  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  Immerse  the  zinc  plate, 
rub  the  mercury  and  acid  over  it  with  a  linen  rag,  when 
the  mercury  will  adhere.  Or  clean  the  plate  with 
sulphuric  acid,  rinse  it,  dip  it  in  a  mixture  of  equal 
parts  of  saturated  solutions  of  bichloride  of  mercury,  and 
acetate  of  lead,  lastly,  rub  the  plate  with  a  cloth.  Used 
for  voltaic  batteries  in  electro-plating. 


20  AMB — ANA. 

Amber  is  joined  by  linseed  or  boiled  oil,  pressing  the  pieces 
together  over  a  gentle  fire.  Amber  is  soluble  in  sulphu- 
ric acid,  and  the  alkalies,  but  the  solutions  are  useless 
in  the  arts.  It  is  made  into  a  useful  varnish,  with  oil 
and  turpentine.     See  Yarnish. 

American  Whitewash. — Slack  half  a  bushel  of  lime  with 
boiling  water,  and  cover  the  vessel  to  retain  the  steam. 
Strain  the  liquor,  and  add  one  peck  of  salt  previously 
dissolved  in  warm  water,  3  lbs.  of  rice  boiled  and  ground 
to  a  paste,  Spanish  whiting,  8  oz.,  glue,  1  lb.  Mix  and 
add  hot  water,  5  gallons.  Let  stand  a  few  days,  and 
apply  hot.  It  makes  a  brilliant  wash  for  inside  or  out- 
side work. 

Ammonia  is  readily  recognised  by  its  pungent  scent.  In 
solution  (liquor  ammonise)  it  is  free  from  colour,  and 
gives  off  acrid  alkaline  vapours.  The  weaker  prepara- 
tion (P.  L.)contains  nearly  10  grains  of  ammonia  in  100 
grains  of  the  solution,  sp.  gr.  0*960.  The  stronger  so- 
lution (fortior)  is  of  sp.  gr.  0*882  •  contains  nearly  30 
grains  of  ammonia  in  100  grains  of  solution,  and  is  re- 
duced to  the  weaker  standard  by  adding  to  one  ounce 
of  it,  two  ounces  of  water. 

Ammoniacal  Solution  for  Plants. — Sulphate  of  ammo- 
nia, 700  grains,  sesqui-carbonate  of  ammonia,  100  grains, 
water,  8  fluid  ounces.  Dissolve.  One  fluid  ounce  of 
this  solution  is  added  to  a  gallon  of  water.  Used  for 
watering  weak  plants,  shrubs,  &c. 

Ammoniated  Solution  of  Quinine. — Sulphate  of  quinine, 
32  grains,  proof  spirit,  3  J  oz.,  liquor  of  ammonia,  \  oz. 
Mix  the  quinine  with  the  spirit,  and  add  the  ammonia, 
which  will  precipitate  the  quinine,  and  afterwards  redis- 
solve  it. 

Anatomical  Preparations,  to  Preserve. — Various  fluids 
are  used  for  this  purpose;  in  some  cases  the  articles  are 
merely  washed,  in  others  the  fluid  is  injected;  while 
some  articles  are  immersed  in  the  solution.  Creosote, 
spirit,  and  bichloride  of  mercury,  are  used  to  prevent 


ANC— ANN.  21 

decay;  solution  of  arsenic  to  preserve  from  attacks  of 
insects. 

1.  Salt  and  alum,  of  each  2  lbs.,  nitre,  1  lb.,  water,  4 
gallons.  Into  the  carotid  artery  inject  a  solution  of 
sulphate  of  alumina,  of  density  1-286. —  Gannal. 

2.  Inject  pyroxilic  spirit  into  the  aorta,  the  cavity  of  the 
peritoneum,  and  the  rectum. — Babington. 

3.  For  Insects. — Bay  salt,  4  oz.,  alum,  2  oz.,  bichloride  of 
mercury,  2  to  4  grs.,  water,  1  to  2  quarts. —  Goadby. 

4.  Creosote,  3  to  6  drops,  water,  1  pint.  For  pathological 
specimens. — Pigne. 

5.  Chloride  of  tin,  4  parts,  or  bichloride  of  mercury,  5  parts, 
in  100  parts  of  water,  with  2  parts  muriatic  acid. — 
Cooley. 

6.  For  Animals. — Alum,  2  lbs.,  nux  vomica,  3  oz.,  water, 
5  pints;  boil,  cool,  and  filter.  Used  to  inject,  and 
mixed  with  yolk  of  egg,  to  anoint  externally. 

7.  For  Feathers  of  Birds. — Strychnine,  8  grs.,  rectified 
spirit,  10  oz.     Mix. 

8.  For  Molluscoe. — Bay  salt,  \  oz.,  arsenic,  15  grs.,  bichlo- 
ride of  mercury,  1  gr.,  water,  1  pint. 

9.  Water  and  spirit  of  wine,  of  each  3  parts,  strong  am- 
monia, 1  part. 

Anchovy  Powder.  —  Pound  anchovies,  rub  the  paste 
through  a  sieve,  and  add  dry  flour  to  make  a  dough. 
Dry  and  powder.     Used  as  an  ingredient  in  sauces. 

Anchovy  Paste. — Pound  the  anchovies,  rub  the  paste 
through  a  sieve,  pot  the  fish,  and  cover  with  butter. — 
A  little  salt  and  pepper  are  used  to  season  it. 

Anchovies,  Essence  of. — Pound  the  fish,  boil  the  bones, 
&c.  in  a  small  quantity  of  water,  add  the  fish  to  the 
strained  liquor,  with  salt,  pepper,  and  flour.  Colour 
with  powdered  bole,  annatto,  or  infusion  of  cochineal. 

Annatto  forms  a  colouring  matter,  applicable  to  various 
purposes;  the  best  is  termed  roll  annatto.  It  is  soluble 
in  ether,  alcohol,  volatile  and  fixed  oils,  imparting  to 
them  a  brilliant  orange  colour;  alkaline  solutions  dark- 
en it,  sulphuric  acid  turns  it  blue. 


22  ANN — AKR. 

Annatto,  Solution  of. — Boil  one  part  each  of  annatto  and 
pearl-ash  in  water.     Dilute  to  the  required  colour. 

Annatto,  Purified. — Boil  pearl-ash  and  water;  add  as 
much  annatto  as  it  will  dissolve.  Oil  of  vitriol  by 
weight,  1  part,  water,  20  parts;  mix.  Gradually 
add  this  to  the  annatto  solution,  when  cold,  as  long  as 
a  coloured  precipitate  is  thrown  down,  avoiding  excess 
of  acid.  Wash  the  precipitate  and  dry  it.  The  pro- 
duct is  pure  annatto. 

Anti- Attrition,  or  Axle  Grease. — Black  lead  1  part,  tallow 
or  lard,  4  parts;  ground  together. 

Antibilious  Pills.— Aloes,  28  parts,  colocynth,  12  parts, 
rhubarb,  7  parts,  myrrh  and  scammony,  of  each  3  $ 
parts,  ipecacuanha,  3  parts,  cardamom  seeds,  2  parts, 
soft  soap,  9  parts,  oil  of  juniper,  7  parts,  and  treacle, 
q.  s.  Divide  into  4  grain  pills,  of  which  two  or  three 
are  a  dose. 

Anti-Ferment. — A  preparation  to  check  fermentation. 

1.  Sulphite  of  lime. 

2.  Cloves,  1  part,  mustard  seed,  14  parts,  bruised  together. 
A  little  of  either  is  added  to  wine,  cider,  &c. 

Antimony  is  procured  from  the  crude  ore  or  sulphuret  of 
antimony.  It  is  brittle,  white  with  a  blue  tinge,  and 
has  a  crystalline  fracture.  Fused  with  borax  it  imparts 
a  yellow  colour  to  it.  Dissolved  in  hot  concentrated 
nitric  acid,  it  forms  a  powder  termed  antimonious  acid, 
which  is  insoluble  in  ordinary  acids. 
Sp.  gr.,  6*646  to  6*86.  Used  chiefly  in  medicine  and  in 
alloys. 

Aqua  Florum  Naph^:. — Orange  flower  water. 

Aqua  Vegeto-mineralis. — Goulard  water. 

Archill,  also  called  turnsole,  litmus,  cudbear,  &c.  Affords 
a  colouring  matter,  which  is  used  for  testing  acids,  alka- 
lies, &c. — See  Tests. 

Arrowroot  {Maranta  ar'undinacea) — A  pure  nutritive 
starch,  the  best  of  which  comes  from  the  tubers  of  the 
maranta  plant,  and  is  called  West  India  or  Bermuda 
arrowroot.     Inferior  descriptions  are  the  East  Indian, 


ARR — ASP.  23 

from  the  Curcuma  Angustifolia;  Brazilian,  from  the 
Cassava  plant  (tapioca) ;  Portland,  from  the  Arum  Ma- 
culatum;  South  Sea,  or  Tahiti,  from  the  Tacca  Pinna- 
tifida;  and  English  arrowroot,  or  potato  starch.  The 
last  is  frequently  used  to  adulterate  the  better  sorts. 

Arrowroot  Jelly. — 1.  Make  a  dessert-spoonful  of  arrow- 
root into  a  smooth  jelly  with  cold  water,  add  half  a  pint 
of  boiling  water,  pour  all  into  the  pan  and  boil  for  a 
minute.  Add  wine,  sugar,  and  nutmeg  to  taste. 
2.  Use  milk  instead  of  wine  and  water.  Nourishing  for 
invalids  and  for  weak  bowels. 

Arsenic  is  by  law  required  to  be  mixed  with  soot  or  indigo, 
to  distinguish  it  more  readily  from  innocent  prepa- 
rations. Arsenic  may  be  detected  by  an  ammoniacal  so- 
lution of  acetate  or  sulphate  of  copper,  which  turns  it 
green.  From  the  frequent  wilful  or  accidental  cases  of 
poisoning  which  have  been  caused  by  this  article,  many 
tests  have  been  proposed,  and  in  suspected  cases  various 
trials  are  made  before  finally  deciding.  The  antidotes 
to  arsenic  are  emetics,  and  immediate  medical  aid, 

Arsenious  Acid  (P.  L.) — A  metallic  acid,  prepared  by  sub- 
limation. White  or  slightly  yellowish;  when  heated  in 
a  tube  it  sublimes;  mixed  with  charcoal,  and  heated,  it 
is  reduced  to  metallic  arsenic.  Soluble  in  boiling  water, 
from  which  it  precipitates  on  cooling.  This  solution 
gives  a  yellow  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  hydrosul- 
phuric  acid;  with  ammonia  and  then  nitrate  of  silver, 
a  lemon-coloured  precipitate;  with  potash  and  sulphate 
of  copper,  a  green  one.  If  100  grains  of  this  acid  be 
digested  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  when  cool, 
hydrosulphuric  acid  be  added,  124  grains  of  tersulphuret 
of  arsenic  are  precipitated. 

Asarabacca  Snuff. — Prepared  from  asarabacca  leaves, 
and  mixed  with  scented  snuff.     See  Cephalic  Snuff. 

Asphaltum,  Prepared. — Scio  turpentine,  2  parts,  asphal- 
tum,  1  part.  Melt  and  thin  with  warm  oil  of  turpentine. 
Or  melt  one  part  of  asphaltum,  and  add  2  parts  of  warm 
balsam  of  copaiba. 


24  ASS — BAK. 

Asses*  Milk  Artificial.— 1.  Milk,  1  quart;  rice,  sugar- 
candy,  each  1  oz.,  bruised  eringo-root,  1  drachm.  Boil 
together  and  strain. 

2.  Egg  milk  sweetened  with  sugar-candy. 

3.  Hartshorn  shavings,  1  oz.,  water,  1  pint;  boil,  add  sugar 
and  milk. 

Atkinson's  Infant's  Preservative. — A  proposed  substi- 
tute consists  of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  6  drachms,  sugar, 

2  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed,  20  drops,  sal  volatile,  2  J  drachms, 
laudanum,  1  drachm,  syrup  of  saffron,  1  oz. ;  make  up 
1  pint  with  carraway  water. 

Backer's  Tonic  Pills. — 1.  Extract  of  black  hellebore,  pow- 
dered myrrh,  of  each  1  oz.,  blessed  thistle,  (carduus 
benedictus,)  3  oz.,  mix  and  divide  into  1  grain  pills. — 
Dose  2  to  6,  three  times  a  day. 
2.  Alkaline  extract  of  black  hellebore,  2  drachms,  extract 
of  myrrh,  2  drachms,  blessed  thistle,  1  drachm,  mix  and 
divide  into  4  grain  pills. 

Bailey's  Itch  Ointment. — Olive  oil,  1  lb.,  suet,  1  lb., 
alkanet  root,*  2  oz.  Melt  until  coloured,  strain,  add 
alum,  nitre,  sulphate  of  zinc,  of  each  3  oz.,  vermilion 
to  colour,  and  any  essential  oil  to  perfume. 

Dr.  Baillie's  Pills. — Compound  extract  of  colocynth,  1$ 
drachm,  extract  of  aloes,  1£  drachm,  Castile  soap,  J 
drachm,  oil  of  cloves  15  drops.     Make  38  pills — Dose, 

3  at.  bed-time,  occasionally. 

Dr.  Baillie's  Dinner  Pills. — Aloes,  20  grains,  ginger,  J 
drachm,  ipecacuanha,  8  grains.  Make  16  pills  with 
syrup  q.  s. — Dose,  one  daily  before  dinner. 

Baker's  Itch,  Ointment  for. — 1  oz.  palm  oil,  J  oz.  oint- 
ment of  nitrate  of  mercury.     Mix. 

Baking  Powder. — 1.  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  9  oz.,  tartaric 
acid,  8  oz.,  arrowroot  or  rice  flour,  10  oz.     Mix. 
2.  Delfort's. — Bicarbonate  of  soda,  2|  oz.,  bicarbonate  of 
ammonia,  \  oz.,  alum,  5  oz.,  arrowroot,  4  oz. 

Baking  Powder. — Carbonate  of  soda,  56  lbs.,  tartaric  acid, 
28  lbs.,  potato  flour,  112  lbs.,  turmeric,  12  oz.     Mix. 


BAL.  25 

Baldwin's  Phosphorus.— Melt  nitrate  of  lime,  keep  it 
fused  5  or  10  minutes,  and  pour  it  into  a  heated  ladle. 
Cool  gradually,  break  the  mass,  and  preserve  in  close 
stopped  phials.  After  exposure  to  the  sun  it  emits  a 
bright  light  in  the  dark. 

Balloon  Varnish. — 1.  Good  boiled  linseed  oil,  allowing 
time  to  dry  and  harden. 
2.  Digest  1  lb.  of  Indian  rubber,  cut  small,  in  6  lbs.  oil 
of  turpentine,  for  7  days,  in  a  warm  place.  Put  the 
mixture  in  a  water  bath,  heat  until  thoroughly  mixed, 
add  1  gallon  of  warm  boiled  drying  oil,  mix,  and  strain 
when  cold. 

Balls  for  Horses. — Various  medicines  rolled  in  soft 
paper,  are  called  balls.  The  drugs  should  be  of  good 
quality,  and  recently  powdered. 
Alterative  Balls. — Alterative  medicines  purify  gradually 
the  system  without  strongly  affecting  it.  A  ball  may 
be  given  daily,  or  every  other  day,  as  required. 

1.  Barbadoes  aloes,  10  drachms,  calomel,  3  drachms,  carra- 
way,  1  oz.,  ginger,  3  drachms,  oil  of  carraway,  30  drops. 
Mix  and  divide  into  four  balls. 

2.  Calomel,  J  oz.,  aloes,  1$  oz.,  soft  soap,  8  oz.,  starch,  6 
oz.     Divide  into  12  balls. 

3.  Aloes,  ginger,  liquorice,  of  each  2  oz.,  Castile  soap,  2 
oz.,  mix  with  treacle,  and  make  4  balls. 

4.  Antimony,  nitre,  sulphur,  cream  of  tartar,  equal  parts. 
Give  a  table-spoonful  mixed  with  treacle,  or  in  a  bran 
mash. 

5.  Antimony,  soap,  guaiacum,  of  each  8  oz.,  camphor,  1 J 
oz.     Make  16  balls. 

6.  Nitrate  of  potash,  1  oz.,  sulphate  of  antimony,  sulphur, 
cream  of  tartar,  of  each  2  oz.,  resin,  3  oz.,  ginger,  1  oz., 
linseed  meal,  4  oz.     Make  8  balls. 

Anodyne  Balls. — Camphor,  opium,  oil  of  carraway,  of  each 
i  oz.,  aniseed  powder,  2  oz.,  ginger,  1  oz.,  Castile  soap, 
1J  oz.     Mix  with  treacle,  and  make  3  balls. 

Astringent  Balls,  for  looseness. — 1.  Catechu,  f  oz.,  ginger, 
1  oz.,  liquorice,  2  oz.     Mix  with  soft  soap,  and  make  3 
balls, 
3 


26  BAL. 

Balls  for  Horses. 

2.  Tormentil,  1J  drachm,  clialk;  2  drachms,  syrup  to  make 

a  ball. 
Camphor  Balls. — Camphor,  1  oz.,  nitre,  4  oz.,  liquorice, 

1  oz.,  treacle  to  mix  for  4  balls. 
GWc  Balls. — Opium,  \  oz.,  Castile  soap,  camphor,  each 

1  oz.,  ginger,  cassia,  each  J  oz.,  liquorice  powder,  2  oz. 
Make  4  balls,  with  treacle  to  mix. 

Cordial  Balls. — 1.  Aniseed,  carraway  seed,  cummin  seed, 
each  4  oz.,  ginger,  2  oz.,  treacle  to  mix.  Make  into 
5  balls. 

2.  Pimento,  1  lb.,  barley  meal,  2  lbs.,  treacle  to  mix.     In 

2  oz.  balls. 

Cough  Balls. — 1.  Ipecacuanha,  1  oz.,  squills,  camphor,  oil 
of  aniseed,  of  each  $  oz.,  liquorice,  16  oz.,  treacle  to 
mix.     Make  12  balls. 

2.  Squill,  1  drachm,  ammoniac,  3  drachms,  opium,  J 
drachm.     Make  1  ball,  with  syrup. 

3.  Liquorice,  fenugreek,  of  each  3  oz.,  tar,  1}  oz.,  benzoin, 
oil  of  aniseed,  of  each  J  oz.,  Castile  soap,  1}  oz.  Make 
into  2  oz.  balls. 

4.  Opium,  camphor,  squill,  ginger,  Castile  soap,  of  each  1 
drachm,  ammonia,  3  drachms,  oil  of  aniseed,  20  drops. 
Make  1  ball,  with  honey. 

Diaphoretic  Balls. — Tartar  emetic,  camphor,  of  each  J  oz., 
liquorice,  2  oz.,  treacle,  q.  s.  for  2  balls. 

Diuretic  Balls. — 1.  Nitre,  1  oz.,  Castile  soap,  \  oz.,  tur- 
pentine, 1  oz.;  barley  meal,  2£  oz.  Make  5  balls,  with 
treacle. 

2.  Castile  soap,  2  oz.,  resin,  nitre,  of  each  1  oz.,  oil  of 
juniper,  30  drops.     Make  into  3  balls. 

3.  Resin,  1  lb.,  nitrate  of  potash,  2  oz.,  carbonate  of 
potash,  1  oz.,  Castile  soap,  \  lb.,  oil  of  juniper,  1  oz., 
linseed  meal,  q.  s.     In  \\  oz.  balls. 

Farcy  Balls. — 1.  Calomel,  1  oz.,  opium,  }  oz.,  liquorice, 
1  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed,  \  drachm,  treacle  to  make  1  ball. 

2.  Aloes,  antimony,  of  each  2  oz.,  soft  soap,  q.  s.  In 
ounce  balls. 

3.  Sulphate  of  zinc,  15  grains,  cantharides,  7  grains, 
pimento,  15  grains.  Make  1  ball,  with  treacle  and 
oatmeal. 


BAL.  27 

Balls  for  Horses. 

Fever  Balls. — 1.  Nitre,  tartar  emetic,  of  each  1  oz., 
digitalis,  \  oz.,  antimonial  powder,  }  oz.,  liquorice  pow- 
der, 1}  oz.,  treacle  to  mix.     Make  3  balls. 

Gripe  Balls.— Liquorice,  black  pepper,  ginger,  prepared 
chalk,  of  each  4  oz.,  oils  of  carraway,  cloves,  and 
cassia,  of  each  1  drachm  ;  treacle  to  mix.  Make  12 
balls. 

Laxative  Balls. — Aloes,  ginger,  soft  soap,  of  each  3 
drachms,  oil  of  carraway,  20  drops.  Mix  with  treacle, 
fori  ball. 

Mange  Balls. — Crude  antimony,  2  oz.,  calomel,  1  oz., 
opium,  $  oz.,  sulphur,  1  lb.;  mix  with  treacle,  for  12 
balls. — 10  to  15  grains  is  also  a  good  medicine  for  a 
mangy  dog. 

P urging  Balls.  See  Laxative  Balls. — Aloes,  rhubarb, 
of  each  3  drachms,  subcarbonatc  of  soda,  2  drachms, 
ginger,  1J  drachm  ;  treacle  to  make  1  ball. 

Tonic  or  Stomach  Balls.— -1.  Gentian,  4  oz.,  ginger,  2  oz., 
oil  of  carraway,  1  drachm,  soft  soap,  8  oz.  For 
8  balls. 

2.  Gentian,  4  drachms,  chamomile,  2  drachms,  carbonate 
of  iron,  1  drachm,  ginger,  1  drachm ;  syrup  to  make 
1  ball. —  Youatt. 

3.  Myrrh,  3  drachms,  sulphate  of  iron,  2  drachms, 
chamomile,  3  drachms,  ginger,  1  drachm ;  turpentine 
to  make  1  ball. — Blaine. 

4.  Gentian,  2  oz.,  myrrh,  sulphate  of  iron,  of  each  1  oz., 
liquorice  powder,  4  oz.  Mix  with  treacle,  and  make 
8  balls. 

5.  Galumba,  5  oz.,  cascarilla,  3  oz.,  sulphate  of  iron, 
4 J  oz.,  soft  soap,  8  oz.     For  12  balls. 

Worm  Balls. — 1.  Aloes,  6  drachms,  calomel,  2  drachms, 
oil  of  savine,  1  drachm,  soft  soap,  1  oz.  Make  2 
balls. 

2.  Aloes,  tin-filings,  ginger,  soft  soap,  of  each  J  oz.,  oil 
of  cloves,  15  drops.     Make  1  ball. 

Balls  for  non-medical  purposes. — All  the  preceding  are 
horse  medicines ;  the  following  are  intended  for  other 
uses. 


28  BAL. 

Balls  for  Scouring  Clothes,  &c—  1.  Fuller's  earth,  2  lbs., 
soap,  1  ft).,  turpentine,  2  oz.,  ox  gall  enough  to  make 
a  paste. 
2.  Fuller's  earth,  whiting,  and  pipe  clay,  equal  parts,  ox 
gall  enough  to  make  a  paste.  These  are  used  to  re- 
move grease  from  cloth,  or  stains  from  clothes. 

Balls,  Camphor,  for  chapped  hands,  &c. — 1.  Spermaceti, 
white  wax,  each  J  oz.,  almond  oil,  1  oz.,  alkanet,  to 
colour.  Melt,  strain,  and  add  3  drachms  of  powdered 
camphor. 
2.  Lard,  wax,  and  almond  or  olive  oil,  equal  parts,  with 
a  little  powdered  camphor.  Used  to  rub  over  the 
hands  after  washing,  to  prevent  chaps. 

Balls,  Furniture. — Melt  1  ft),  of  bees  wax,  and  2  oz., 
resin,  with  \  oz.,  of  alkanet  root,  add  linseed  oil  and 
spirit  of  turpentine,  of  each  5  fluid  ounces.  Strain, 
and  when  setting,  make  balls.  Used  to  polish  fur- 
niture. 

Balls,  Heel. — I.  Mutton  suet,  4  oz.,  bees'-wax,  1  oz.,  sweet 
oil,  1  oz.,  oil  of  turpentine,  £  oz.,  melt  and  add  gum 
Arabic,  1  oz.,  lamp  black,  \  oz. 
2.  Bees'-wax,  8  oz.,  tallow,  1  oz.,  melt  and  add  powdered 
gum  Arabic,  1  oz.,  lamp  black  to  colour.  Used  by 
shoemakers,  and  to  copy  inscriptions,  or  raised  patterns, 
by  laying  paper  on  the  pattern  and  rubbing  the  ball 
on  it. 

Balls,  Wash. — 1.  Soap,  1  lb.,  starch  in  powder,  3  oz., 
beat  together  and  roll  into  balls. 

2.  Add  a  little  essence  of  lemon,  or  rose  water,  to  the 
last. 

3.  Coloured. — Roll  the  balls  in  bole  for  red;  in  pow- 
dered blue  for  blue;  in  a  mixture  of  blue  and  yellow 
ochre  for  green,  &c. 

4.  Camphorated. — Add  a  little  tincture  of  camphor,  or 
powdered  camphor,  to  No.  1. 

Balsam  of  Honey. — 1.  Balsam  of  tolu,  2  oz.,  storax,  opium, 
of  each  \  oz.,  honey  8  oz.;    spirit  of  wine,   32  fluid 


BAN— BAR.  29 

ounces.     Digest  10  days.     Used  in  coughs,  in  doses  of 
one  to  two  tea-spoonfuls. 

2.  Campbell's. — Acetate  of  morphia,  1  grain;  aromatic 
sulphuric  acid,  wine  of  ipecacuanha,  antimonial  wine, 
of  each  1  drachm ;  powdered  squills,  10  grains,  syrup 
of  poppies,  2  drachms,  honey,  1  oz.  Mix.  For 
coughs,  &c. — dose,  one  tea-spoonful  three  times  a  day, 
or  when  the  cough  is  troublesome. 

Bandoline,  or  Fixateur. — A  compound  for  stiffening 
the  hair. 

1.  Irish  or  Iceland  moss,  boiled  in  water,  and  the  strained 
liquid  perfumed. 

2.  Quince  seed,  i  teaspoonful,  linseed,  1  tablespoonful, 
and  a  pinch  of  white  mustard  seed.  Boil  in  a  pint  of 
soft  water  to  half,  and  scent  with  oil  of  almonds. 

3  Boil  a  tablespoonful  of  linseed,  for  5  minutes,  in  half  a 
pint  of  water. 

4.  Isinglass,  1J  oz.,  water,  1  pint,  proof  spirit,  2  fluid 
ounces.  Dissolve  the  isinglass  in  the  water,  by  heat, 
add  the  spirit,  and  scent  with  almond  oil. 

5.  Tragacanth,  1  oz.,  rose  water,  1  pint.  Bruise  the  gum, 
digest  for  3  days,  and  strain. 

Any  of  these  may  be  coloured  with  cochineal,  if  required. 

Bandoline  (Rose.) — Tragacanth,  6  oz.,  rose  water,  1  gal- 
lon. Mix,  and,  after  standing  two  days,  strain  and 
add  otto  of  roses  to  scent.  May  be  coloured  with 
bloom  of  roses. 
Almond. — Substitute  otto  of  almonds  for  the  otto  of 
roses. 

Barclay's  Antibiltous  Pills. — Extract  of  colocynth,  2 
drachms,  extract  of  jalap,  1  drachm,  almond  soap,  1  \ 
drachms,  gum  guaiacum,  3  drachms,  emetic  tartar,  8 
grains,  oils  of  juniper,  carraway,  and  rosemary,  each  4 
drops,  syrup,  q.  s,  for  64  pills. 

Barege  Water. — 1.  Napoleon's  Bath;  alum,  chalk,  hard 
soap,  each  2  grains,  salt,  4  grains,  carbonate  of  soda, 
20  grains,  sulphurct  of  potassium,  16  grains.     Boil  in 


30  BAS — BAT. 

1  quart  of  water  until  gas  is  evolved,  add  water  to 
make  up  one  gallon.  Used  for  a  bath  in  eruptive  dis- 
eases. 

2.  Hydrosulpliate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  soda,  and  salt,  of 
each  20  grains,  water,  1  gallon.  Take  internally  in 
pint  draughts. 

3.  Ingredients  same  as  last,  of  each  2  oz.,  dissolve  in  a 
little  water.     Add  to  it  sufficient  water  for  a  bath. 

Basilicon,  Black. — Yellow  wax,  1  lb.,  black  resin,  and 
olive,  or  linseed  oil,  of  each  2  lbs.,  melt  and  strain. 
Similar  to  the  resin  cerate  (P.  L.) 

Baster's  Farina. — A  compound  of  wheat-flour  and  sugar. 

Bates's  Eye-Water. — Sulphate  of  copper,  15  grains, 
camphor,  4  grains,  boiling  water,  4  ounces.  Mix, 
strain,  and  when  cold  make  up  to  4  pints  with  water. 

Bates's  Anodyne  Balsam. — 1.  Soap  liniment,  3  oz.;  lau- 
danum, 1  oz.  Mix. 
2.  Castile  soap,  3  oz.,  camphor,  2  oz.,  opium,  J  oz., 
saffron  and  oil  of  rosemary,  of  each  1  drachm,  rectified 
spirit,  20  oz.  Bruise  the  solids,  and  digest  all  for  10 
days.  Used  as  a  liniment  for  sprains,  &c. ;  and  inter- 
nally as  an  anodyne. 

Bateman's Pectoral  Drops. — 1.  Paregoric,  10  oz., tincture 
of  castor,  4  oz.,  laudanum,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  saffron, 
£  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed,  15  drops.  Mix.  Dose,  one  tea- 
spoonful  in  coughs  or  colds. 
2.  Proof  spirit,  4  gallons,  sanders,  2  oz.;  digest  24 
hours;  filter,  and  add  opium,  camphor  and  catechu,  of 
each  2  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed,  4  drachms.  Digest  for  10 
days. 

Bateman's  Itch  OrNTMENT. — Carbonate  of  potash,  1  oz., 
red  sulphuret  of  mercury,  J-  oz.,  lard  and  sulphur,  of 
each  22  oz.,  bergamotte,  60  drops,  rose-water,  2  oz. 
Mix  the  powders  with  a  portion  of  the  lard,  add  the  re- 
mainder gradually,  and  finally  the  rose-water. 

Baths.— Baths  may  be  divided  into  the  following  classes. 
1,  Air  Baths;  2,  Water  Baths;  3,  Medicated  Baths; 
4,  Vapour  Baths. 


BAT.  31 

1.  Air  baths  are  taken  cold,  by  simply  exposing  the  naked 
body  for  a  short  time;  and  hot,  by  having  heated  air 
introduced  into  the  apartment  until  the  patient  perspires. 

2.  Water  Baths,  (Cold)  (a)  Use  a  shower  bath — {b)  dash 
water  over  the  body — (c)  let  it  fall  in  a  continuous 
stream — (d)  enter  into  a  quantity  of  water  sufficient  to 
immerse  the  whole  body — (e)  sponge  cold  water  over 
the  skin.  (  Tepid)  The  temperature  of  the  water  ranges 
from  85°  to  92°  F. — the  body  is  immersed  in  it. 
(  Warm)  Temperature  from  92°  to  100° ;  used  as  last. 
(Hot)  Used  at  first  moderately  heated ;  fresh  hot  water 
is  added,  as  the  patient  can  bear  it,  from  time  to  time. 
Applied  to  the  feet  and  legs,  this  bath  forms  a  domes- 
tic remedy  for  colds. 

3.  Medicated  Baths. — These  consist  of  various  substances 
mixed  with  water,  giving  it  the  effect  of  a  medicine. 
Sulphur,  mercury,  and  their  compounds,  as  sulphuret 
of  potassium,  iodide  of  mercury  or  sulphur,  &c,  are 
used  in  syphilis  and  skin  diseases.  Chalybeate  baths 
are  employed  as  tonics;  acid,  and  alkaline  baths  are  also 
used  for  specific  purposes.  Nitro-muriatic  Bath. — 
Mix  3  oz.  of  muriatic  with  2  oz.  of  nitric  acid,  and  5 
oz.  of  distilled  water.  Add  3  oz.  of  this  mixture  to 
every  gallon  of  water  in  the  bath.  If  too  strong,  add 
more  water  to  the  bath.  Used  for  hepatic  affections. 
Sulphur  Bath. — Add  1  oz.  sulphuret  of  potassium,  to 
each  8  gallons  of  water,  in  warm  bath.  By  adding  4 
oz.  glue  to  each  8  gallons  of  water,  in  this  last  bath,  it 
forms  an  imitation  of  the  Barege  waters. 

4.  Vapour  Baths. — These  are  plain,  or  medicated.  The 
different  temperatures  are  tepid,  90°  to  100°;  warm, 
100°  to  112°;  hot,  from  110°  to  130°,  or,  when  the 
vapour  is  not  inhaled,  to  160°,  or  as  hot  as  the  patient 
can  bear.  The  hot  vapour  bath  produces  copious  per- 
spiration, especially  when  aided  by  warm  drinks;  it 
relieves  stiffness,  or  pain  in  the  limbs,  colds,  rheuma- 
tism, &c,  more  speedily  than  any  other  known  agent. 
After  it  the  skin  should  always  be  quickly  sponged 
with  cold  water,  and  wiped  thoroughly  dry  with  a 
moderately  coarse  towel.     Medicated  vapour  Laths  con- 


32  BAT — BAU. 

sist  of  the  vapours  of  sulphur,  herbs,  &c,  in  comBina- 
tion  with  steam.  The  sulphur  Vapour-bath  is  consi- 
dered more  active  than  the  sulphur  water-bath. 
Chemical  Baths,  are  used  to  prevent  the  injury  which 
might  arise  from  too  great  heat.  The  vessel  containing 
the  substance  to  be  warmed  is  placed  in  a  liquid  termed 
a  bath.  This  may  consist  of  water,  which,  in  boiling, 
communicates  a  heat  of  200°  to  206°,  or  salt  and  water, 
which  raises  the  heat  to  212°,  and  by  adding  chloride 
of  lime  a  still  greater  heat  may  be  attained.  Sand, 
fusible  metal,  the  vapours  of  steain,  &c,  are  also  used 
to  surround  chemical  vessels. 

Bath  Digestive  Pills. — Rhubarb,  2  oz.,  ipecacuanha, 
i  oz.,  cayenne,  I  oz.,  soap,  i  oz.,  ginger,  J  oz.,  gamboge, 
\  oz ;  divide  into  4  grain  pills. 

Bath  Pipe  or  Lozenges— White  sugar,  1  lb.,  extract  of 
liquorice,  2  oz.,  gum  Arabic,  1  oz.  Dissolve  in  warm 
water,  and  roll  into  pipes. 

Bath  Pipe. — Sugar  4  lbs.,  Italian  juice,  4  oz.,  dissolved  in 
as  little  water  as  possible,  powdered  gum;  2  oz.;  mixed 
in  until  stiff. 

Battery. — A  galvanic  or  voltaic  apparatus.  Those  best 
known  are  Daniell's  and  Smee's;  besides  which  there 
are  many  others,  as  Wollaston's,  Grove's,  Wright's,  &c. 
By  chemical  decomposition  these  batteries  throw  down 
metals  from  their  solutions,  decompose  water,  and  com- 
municate a  shock  to  the  human  body.  They  also  act 
in  other  ways,  and  are  hence  employed  in  scientific 
researches  and  demonstrations.  They  all  require  che- 
mical solutions  to  evolve  the  electric  current.  The 
mixed  acids  most  commonly  used  for  this  purpose  will 
be  found  under  the  head  of  acids. 

Baume  de  Vie. — 1.  Aloes,  9  drachms;  gentian,  rhubarb, 
zedoary,  saffron,  theriaca,  agaric,  of  each  1  drachm; 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Simplified  thus : 
2.  Aloes  and  saffron,  of  each  2  drachms,  rhubarb,  6 
drachms,  liquorice  root,  1  oz.;  proof  spirit,  8  oz.  Di- 
gest for  a  week;  and  filter. 


BAU— BEE.  33 

Baume  be  Vie. — Compound  tincture  of  aloes. 

Baynton's  Plaster. — Litharge  plaster,  16  oz.,  yellow  resin, 
6  drachms;  mix  and  spread  on  calico. 

Beddoes'  Pills. — Dried  carbonate  of  soda,  1  drachm, 
soap,  4  scruples,  oil  of  juniper,  10  drops,  syrup  of 
ginger,  q.  s.  for  30  pills.  Used  in  cases  of  gravel  or 
stone. 

Beef  Tea. — 1.  (Liehig.)  1  lb.  lean  beef  minced  very  small ; 
mix  with  its  own  weight  of  cold  water;  heat  gradually 
to  the  boiling  point,  and  when  it  has  boiled  a  minute 
or  two,  strain.  The  tea  may  be  salted  or  flavoured  to 
taste,  and  coloured  with  roast  onion  or  burnt  sugar. 

2.  (Seymour.)  2  J  lbs.  lean  beef,  minced  small,  cold  water, 
3  pints.  Heat  gradually  without  boiling,  simmer  to 
one-half,  and  strain. 

3.  Beef  Gravy. — Divide  lean  meat  into  moderate-sized 
pieces,  and  place  them  in  any  convenient  cup  or  vessel. 
Place  this  vessel  in  a  pan  of  water,  and  let  the  water 
continue  boiling  until  the  beef  parts  with  its  gravy, 
which  may  be  flavoured  for  use  with  a  little  salt  and 
pepper. 

Uses. — All  are  used  to  afford  nourishment  to  invalids  or 
children,  and  to  those  troubled  with  symptoms  of  in- 
digestion after  using  solid  meat. 

Beer. — A  name  given  to  various  drinks : — 

Ginger  Beer. — 1.  Lump  sugar  1  lb.,  bruised  ginger,  1  oz., 
cream  of  tartar,  J  oz.,  a  lemon  sliced,  boiling  water,  1 
gallon.  Mix,  and  when  lukewarm  add  2  oz.  yeast; 
work  from  2  to  4  days,  skim  the  liquor,  strain,  and 
bottle  it. 
2.  Boil  22  oz.  of  bruised  ginger  in  3  gallons  of  water,  for 
30  minutes;  add  20  lbs.  white  sugar,  18  oz.  lemon  juice, 
1  lb.  honey,  and  15  gallons  of  water.  When  cold,  add 
$  oz.  essence  of  lemon  and  the  white  of  one  egg.  Let 
it  stand  four  days,  and  bottle. 
Various  other  receipts  for  ginger-beer  are  published,  vary- 
ing slightly  in  the  quantity  of  ingredients,  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  lemons,  isinglass,  brandy,  &c. 


34  BEE — BIR. 

Where  cheapness  is  the  object  in  view,  loaf  sugar  is 

dispensed  with,  and  brown  used  instead. 
Spruce-Beer. — Warm  water,  10  gallons,  essence  of  spruce, 

4  oz.,  sugar  or  treacle,  8  lbs.,  mix,  add  half  a  pint  of 

yeast,  and  proceed  as  for  ginger-beer. 
Treacle  Beer. — Treacle,  7  lbs.,  hops,  12  oz.,  water,  18 

gallons,  yeast,  8  oz.     Boil  the  water  and  hops,  add  the 

treacle,  strain,  and  when  cool  ferment  with  yeast. 
All  these  beverages  are  intended  for  immediate  use,  as 

they  will  not  long  keep  good.     They  are  chiefly  used 

as  summer  drinks. 

Beetles. — The  blatta  or  cockroach  is  often  termed  beetle. 
To  get  rid  of  them,  various  plans  are  resorted  to.  1. 
Lay  wafers  composed  of  red-lead,  flour,  and  sugar, 
equal  parts.  2.  Mix  arsenic  solution  with  honey, 
boiled  potatoes,  bread,  or  treacle. — This  is  a  sure 
remedy.  3.  Put  unslacked  lime  in  their  holes  or  on 
the  floor,  or  use  powdered  hellebore  similarly.  4. 
Mix  a  little  treacle  with  water  or  beer  in  a  deep  dish, 
place  two  or  three  sticks  at  the  sides,  and  the  beetles 
will  walk  into  the  mixture;  use  boiling  water  to  destroy 
them.  To  i^revent  their  appearance,  get  the  floor  laid 
on  cinders  from  any  foundry,  instead  of  on  common 
mortar  only.  Do  not  throw  water  into  the  ash-pit 
under  the  fire,  as  this  greatly  encourages  them. 

Benzol  or  Benzine. — Procured  from  benzoic  acid  and 
slacked  lime,  or  from  light  coal  naphtha  by  distillation. 
A  solvent  of  gutta-percha  and  india-rubber. 

Betton's  British  Oils. — Oil  of  rosemary,  1  part,  tar,  8 
parts,  oil  of  turpentine,  16  parts.  Mix.  Used  as  a 
liniment  for  cattle. 

Bice. — Blue  is  prepared  by  grinding  the  native  blue  car- 
bonate of  copper,  and  green,  by  similarly  preparing 
the  green  carbonate  of  copper.     Used  as  pigments. 

Bird-lime. — Prepared  by  boiling  the  middle  bark  of  the 
holly-tree  for  some  hours,  exposing  the  product  for 
14  days,  and  beating  it  into  a  pulp.     Used  to  spread 


BIS — BLA.  35 

on  twigs  and  trees,  to  catch  birds.     May  be  removed 
from  the  hands,  &c,  by  turpentine. 

Biscuits,  Aperient. — Mix  1  oz.  of  jalap  in  powder  with 
each  pound  of  paste,  and  bake. 

Bismuth. — A  metal  of  a  grayish  colour,  brittle,  fusible  at 
476°  F.;  sp.  gr.  about  9*8 ;  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Bismuth,  Nitrate  of  (P.  L.) — Bismuth,  1  oz.,  nitric  acid, 
1J  oz.,  distilled  water,  3  pints.  Mix  one  ounce  of  the 
water  with  the  acid,  add  the  bismuth,  and  dissolve  by 
heat,  add  the  water,  strain,  wash  the  powder  with  dis- 
tilled water,  and  dry  it.  Used  in  medicine,  and  as  a 
cosmetic.  As  a  medicine,  the  dose  is  from  five  to  ten 
grains  internally,  or  externally  as  an  ointment,  1  part 
to  4  parts  lard,  in  chronic  skin  diseases. 

Bisulphuret  or  Bisulphide  of  Carbon. — Prepared  from 
heated  charcoal  and  sulphur.  A  transparent  colourless 
liquid,  density  1.272,  boils  at  110°  F.  A  good  solvent 
of  sulphur  and  phosphorus,  and  used  also  as  a  solvent  of 
india-rubber  and  gutta-percha. 

Bister. — A  dark  brown  coloured  pigment,  prepared  from 
the  soot  of  beech-wood  or  peat. 

Black  Brunswick. — Melt  by  heat  2  lbs.  asphaltum,  add  1 
pint  hot  boiled  oil,  cool,  and  add  2  quarts  of  oil  of  tur- 
pentine.    Used  to  black  grates  and  iron-work. 

Black  Draught. — The  compound  infusion  of  senna,  with 
manna  and  tincture  of  senna  added. 

Black  Drop. — A  substitute  for  tincture  of  opium.  Opium 
8  oz.,  verjuice,  48  oz.,  a  nutmeg  'grated,  saffron  J  oz., 
mix  by  heat,  add  sugar  4  oz.,  yeast,  1  oz.  Ferment 
the  whole  for  two  months,  decant  and  filter. 

Blacking  for  Harness. — 1.  Melt  together  8  oz.  bees'-wax 

and  one  oz.  oil  of  turpentine,  add  2  oz.  ivory  black,  1 

oz.   Prussian  blue,  and  \  oz.   copal  varnish.      Apply 

with  a  brush,  and  polish  with  a  duster. 

2.  Isinglass  or  gelatine;  and  indigo,  of  each  £  oz.;  log- 


36  BLA. 

wood,  4  oz.,  soft  soap,  2  oz.,  glue,  4  oz.,  vinegar  1  pint. 
Mix  by  heat,  and  strain. 

For  Dress  Shoes. — Gum,  1  oz.,  lump  sugar,  i  oz.,  ivory 
black,  £  oz.,  water,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Dissolve  the 
gum  and  sugar,  grind  the  black  finely  with  the  solution, 
and  apply  to  the  leather  with  a  sponge.  No  polishing 
is  required. 

For  Boots  or  Shoes. — 1.  Paste.  Ivory  black,  1  lb.,  treacle, 
12  oz.,  sulphuric  acid,  1  oz.,  sweet  oil,  2  oz.  Mix  the 
black  and  treacle  well,  add  the  oil,  then,  by  degrees, 
the  acid,  and  as  much  water  as  may  be  required. 

2.  Ivory  black,  20  oz.,  treacle,  16  oz.,  linseed  oil  5  oz., 
sulphuric  acid,  3  oz.,  indigo,  2  drachms,  mucilage,  J 
oz.     Mix  as  before. 

Liquid. — Prepared  as  paste  blacking,  afterwards  adding 
vinegar  or  sour  beer  sufficient  to  render  it  ready  for  use. 
For  liquid  blacking  the  ingredients  are  required  to  be 
finely  divided,  and  are  best  mixed  by  passing  through  a 
paint-mill.  On  the  large  scale  these  particulars  are 
minutely  attended  to,  and  hence  the  superiority  of  the 
products.  A  small  portion  of  blue  improves  the  ap- 
pearance of  all  blackings,  and  should  be  added  where 
effect  is  desired. 

Black  Japan. — 1.  Asphaltum,  3  oz.,  boiled  oil,  4  quarts, 
burnt  umber,  8  oz.  Mix  by  heat,  and  when  cooling 
thin  with  turpentine. 
2.  Amber,  12  oz.,  asphaltum,  2  oz. ;  fuse  by  heat,  add 
boiled  oil,  half  a  pint,  rosin,  2  oz.;  when  cooling  add 
16  oz.  oil  of  turpentine.  Both  are  used  to  varnish 
metals. 

Black  Reviver. — Galls,  4  oz.,  logwood,  copperas,  iron- 
filings,  of  each  1  oz.,  vinegar,  1  quart.  Mix  by  heat, 
strain,  and  when  cool  add  1  oz.  ox  gall.  Used  to  re- 
store the  colour  of  faded  black  cloth. 

Bladders,  Prepared. — Cut  off  the  loose  fat,  wash  in  a 
weak  solution  of  chloride  of  lime,  and  rinse  in  clear 
water.     When  drying,  blow  them  tight  and  keep  them 


BLA—  ELIT,  37 

expanded.      Used  to  tie  over  jars,  pots,  &c.;  and  to 
contain  powdered  pigments. 

Blanc  de  Fard. — Subnitrate  of  bismuth. 

Blanc  de  Fran^ais. — Powdered  talc. 

Blanc  de  Perle. — Oxide  of  bismuth.     Cosmetic. 

Bleaching. — The  practice  of  decolouring  various  fabrics 
or  substances,  chiefly  by  the  aids  of  soap  and  water, 
chloride  of  lime,  the  vapour  of  sulphur,  and  oxalic 
acid.  After  undergoing  any  of  these  chemical  ope- 
rations, the  article  is  generally  rinsed  in  cold  water, 
and  exposed  to  the  open  air  to  complete  the  process. 

Blister,  Extemporaneous. — Dip  a  piece  of  lint  into 
vinegar  of  cantharides  or  strong  acetic  acid,  apply  to 
the  skin,  and  cover  with  cloth,  bladder,  or  piline,  to 
prevent  evaporation. 

Blister,  Liquid. — Powdered  Spanish  flies,  1  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  liquor  ammonia,  of  each  2  oz.;  mix,  digest, 
and  strain.     Used  for  horses  and  cattle. 

Blistering  Tissue. — A  solution  of  cantharides  is  made  in 
alcohol,  acetic  acid,  or  ether,  strained  and  evaporated 
to  an  extract,  which  is  then  mixed  with  twice  its 
weight  of  wax,  and  spread  on  silk  or  thin  paper. 

Bloom,  Almond. — Boil  1  oz.  Brazil  wood  in  3  pints  of 
water  for  15  minutes,  strain,  add  f  oz.  of  isinglass,  i 
oz.  cochineal,  1  oz.  alum,  and  J  oz.  borax;  dissolve  by 
heat,  and  strain.     Used  as  a  cosmetic  for  the  face. 

Bloom  of  Boses. — Strong  solution  of  ammonia,  J  oz.,  car- 
mine, 2  drachms.  Mix,  and  after  standing  two  days, 
add  rose  water,  1  pint,  triple  extract  of  roses,  i  oz. 
Used  as  a  cosmetic. 

Blue,  Chemic. — The  sulphate  of  indigo  used  in  dyeing. 

Blue  Fire. — Nitre,  5  parts,  sulphur,  2  parts,  metallic  anti- 
mony, 1  part. 

Blue  Ink  to  turn  Black. — Prussiate  of  potash,  12  oz.; 
4 


38  BLU— BOO. 

bichromate  of  potash,  1  oz.  Mix  in  hot  water,  1  pint. 
Add  tincture  of  muriate  of  iron,  4  oz.,  and  water,  2. 
quarts.  The  product  is  a  blue  ink.  To  cause  it  to 
change  to  a  black,  add  copperas,  2  oz. 

Blue,  Liquid. — To  1  part  of  pure  Prussian  blue,  add  by 
degrees,  2  parts  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
leave  the  paste  for  24  hours,  then  add  9  parts  of  water 
and  bottle  it.     Used  to  colour  maps  and  prints. 

Blue  Stone. — Indigo,  mixed  with  starch  or  whiting,  and 
size,  and  made  into  balls.  Used  by  washerwomen,  to 
give  a  blue  tinge  to  muslins  and  linens. 

Boards,  to  Clean. — Use  a  paste  of  soft  soap,  pearl  ash, 
and  fuller's  earth;  cover  the  grease,  and  next  day  scour 
off  with  suds. 

Boerhaave's  Odontalgic. — Tincture  of  opium,  1  oz.,  cam- 
phor, i  oz.,  dissolve,  and  add  oil  of  cloves,  1  drachm. 
Used  to  relieve  toothache. 

Bookbinders'  Stains  for  Leather. — Black,  sulphate  of 
iron  (copperas)  1  part,  water  6  parts.  Blue,  the  dilu- 
ted sulphate  of  indigo.  Broivn,  a  solution  of  soda  or 
pearlash. 

Boot  Powder, — French  chalk  or  Venitian  talc,  powdered. 
Applied  to  the  heels  of  new  boots,  to  facilitate  the 
trying  them  on. 

Boot-top  Liquid. — Mix  in  a  phial  1  drachm  of  chlorate  of 
potash  with  two  ounces  of  distilled  water,  and  when 
the  salt  is  dissolved  add  2  oz.  of  hydrochloric  acid. 
In  another  phial  mix  3  oz.  rectified  spirit  with  J  oz. 
essence  of  lemon,  mix  the  two  solutions  and  bottle  for 
use.  Used  to  clean  white  boot-tops,  by  sponging  them, 
and  when  dry  polishing  with  a  brush. 

Boots,  to  Waterproof. — Boiled  oil,  1  pint,  bees'  wax,  ro- 
sin, turpentine,  each  3  oz.,  melt  the  solids,  add  the  oil, 
and  when  cool,  the  turpentine.  Used  to  prevent  damp 
feet,  by  soaking  new  boot  soles,  and  allowing  them  to 
become  thoroughly  dry. 


BOO — BRA.  89 

Booth's  Axle-Grease. — 1.  Water,  1  gallon,  soda,  i  lb., 
palm  oil,  10  lbs.;    mix  by  heat,  and  stir  till  nearly 
cold. 
2.  Water,  rape  oil,  of  each  1  gallon,   soda,   J  lb.,   palm 
oil,  }  lb. 

Borax,  Glass  of. — Melt  borax  until  fused.  Used  as  a 
blowpipe  flux,  and  in  soldering. 

Bougie. — An  instrument  used  to  overcome  strictures  in 
the  rectum  or  urethra.  They  are  prepared  in  various 
ways,  the  object  being  to  make  them  firm,  yet  elastic. 
Inferior  kinds  are  made  by  dipping  soft  linen  into 
lead-plaster,  and  rolling  them  while  warm  on  a  smooth 
slab.  A  superior  kind  is  thus  prepared;  fuse  7  oz. 
amber,  add  21  oz.  boiled  oil,  and  1  oz.  india-rubber; 
mix.  Add  7  oz.  oil  of  turpentine,  and  spread  the 
mixture  on  web  or  silk  cord.  Repeat  the  process 
until  the  instrument  is  of  the  size  required,  then  po- 
lish first  with  pumice-stone  and  afterwards  with  tri- 
poli  and  oil. 

Bouquet  de  la  Reine. — 1.  Otto  of  roses,  oil  of  pimento, 
essence  of  bergamot,  of  each  40  drops,  musk,  10  grains, 
oil  of  neroli,  4  drops,  oil  of  cedrat,  40  drops. 
2.  Lavender  water,  4  oz.,  orange-flower  water,  20  drachms, 
rectified  spirit,  7 2  oz.  Mix  the  oils  in  the  spirit,  add 
the  musk  and  the  waters;  digest  14  days  and  filter. 
Fragrant. 

Brandish' s  Alkaline  Solution. — American  pearl-ash, 
6  lbs.,  quicklime,  2  lbs.,  wood-ash,  2  lbs.,  boiling  water, 
5  gallons.  Slake  the  lime,  add  the  water,  and  the 
pearl-ash,  and  stir  in  the  wood-ashes.  In  24  hours, 
decant,  add  one  drop  of  juniper  oil  to  each  pint,  and 
bottle  in  green  glass.     Used  as  a  tonic  antacid. 

Brass. — An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc.  These  metals  mix  in 
any  proportion,  but  generally  some  old  brass  is  added  to 
the  new  before  casting.  A  considerable  loss  occurs 
from  an  unavoidable  waste  of  zinc,  by  the  heat  required 
to  melt  the  copper.     It  is  now  usual  to  thrust  the  pieces 


40  BRA — BRI. 

of  zinc  beneath  the  surface  of  the  melted  copper  with  a 
pair  of  tongs,  taking  care  to  warm  the  zinc,  to  dry  it, 
as  any  moisture  would  violently  drive  the  copper  out  of 
the  pot. 

1.  6  oz.  zinc  to  18  oz.  copper,  makes  a  good  brass,  that 
bears  soldering  well. 

2.  8  oz.  zinc  to  16  oz.  copper,  is  ordinary  brass,  softer 
than  the  former. 

The  ordinary  range  of  good  yellow  brass,  that  files  and 
turns  well,  contains  4 \  to  9  oz.  zinc  for  every  pound  of 
copper.  With  additional  zinc,  it  is  harder  and  more 
crystalline;  with  less,  more  tenacious,  and  hangs  to  the 
file  like  copper. 

Brass,  To  Clean. — 1.  Rub  over  it  tripoli,  brick-dust,  or 
rotten  stone,  with  sweet  oil,  and  polish  with  leather. 

2.  Use  a  solution  of  oxalic  acid,  or  of  roche-alum  boiled  in 
water. 

3.  Sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acids  will  clean  brass,  but  it 
speedily  tarnishes  again. 

Brazil  Paper. — Dip  paper  in  a  strong  decoction  of  Brazil- 
wood, and  dry  it.  Used  as  a  test-paper ;  turns  yellow 
by  acids,  and  purple  or  violet  by  alkalies. 

Bread,  Unfermented,  is  made  by  adding  to  the  fiour,  car- 
bonate of  soda,  and  tartaric  or  hydrochloric  acid,  in  such 
proportions  that  they  raise  the  loaf  as  yeast  would. — 
This  plan  is  not  generally  followed;  the  preference  being 
given  to  good  yeast.  The  mixed  powders  are  vended 
under  the  name  of  Baking- Powders. 

Breath,  Stinking. — It  often  arises  from  carious  teeth  and 
foul  stomach.  In  the  latter  case  aperient  medicine  is 
requisite;  for  bad  teeth,  a  brush  and  a  weak  solution  of 
chloride  of  lime  is  useful.  Any  tincture  or  powder  for 
the  teeth  will  prove  useful,  if  regularly  applied. 

Brine  for  Meat. — Brown  sugar,  1  lb.,  bay  salt,  and  com- 
mon salt,  of  each  3  lbs.,  saltpetre,  8  oz.,  water,  1  gallon. 
Boil,  scum,  and  when  cool  it  is  ready  for  use. 

British  Gum,  or  Dextrine. — Dry  potato-starch  heated 


BRO.  41 

from  300°  to  600°  until  it  becomes  brown,  soluble  in 
cold  water,  and  ceases  to  turn  blue  with  iodine. 
Used  by  calico  printers  and  others,  instead  of  gum 
Arabic. 

Bronze,  To. — 1.  Small  figures  are  covered  with  size  or  var- 
nish, and  when  this  is  nearly  dry,  any  bronze  pow- 
der is  dusted  on  it.  When  dry  and  hard,  the  super- 
fluous powder  is  removed,  and  the  figure  is  varnished. 

2.  Iron  is  first  cleaned,  and  then  dipped  into  a  strong  so- 
lution of  sulphate  of  copper. 

3.  Paper  is  bronzed  by  mixing  the  bronze  powder  with 
gum-water,  applying  it  to  the  surface,  and  when  dry 
burnishing  it. 

Bronze. — An  alloy  chiefly  of  copper  and  tin,  with  occa- 
sionally minute  additions  of  other  metals.  Used  to 
cast  statues,  to  make  medals,  and  for  various  other  pur- 
poses. The  appearance  of  bronze  may  be  given,  by 
various  means,  to  medals,  plaster  casts,  &c. 

Bronze  for  Medals. — Clean  the  medal  thoroughly,  apply 
a  paste  of  crocus  powder  and  water,  and  brush  it  on 
the  surface.  When  dry,  expose  it  to  a  heat  for  a  mi- 
nute; when  cool,  polish  with  a  brush. 

Bronze  Powder,  Gold. — 1.  Dutch-metal  or  gold  leaf, 
ground  to  impalpable  powder. 

2.  Dissolve  gold  in  nitro-muriatic  acid,  and  precipitate  it 
with  a  solution  of  pure  protosulphate  of  iron ;  wash  and 
dry  the  powder. 

3.  Grind  gold  leaf  with  honey  to  an  impalpable  powder, 
wash  away  the  honey,  and  dry  the  powder. 

4.  Triturate  gold  leaf  with  crystallized  sulphate  of  po- 
tassa,  and  wash  out  the  salt  with  boiling  water. 

Silver. — Melt  §  oz.  each  of  grain  tin  and  bismuth  in  a 
crucible,  then  add  J  oz.  quicksilver,  and  powder  when 
cold.     Bronzes  are  used  in  painting  and  gilding. 

Bronzing  Liquids,  for  Electrotype   Copper   Medals. — 1. 
Crocus,  or  plumbago  and  water,  made   into   a   paste. 
Clean  the  medal,  apply  the  paste,   and  expose  to  the 
4* 


42  BRO. 

heat  of  a  clear  fire  for  a  minute.      When  cool,  polish 
with  a  brush. 

2.  A  solution  of  liver  of  sulphur,  or  sulphuret  of  potas- 
sium. 

3.  Boil  carbonate  of  ammonia,  2  oz.,  and  acetate  of  cop- 
per, 1  oz.,  in  half  a  pint  of  vinegar,  until  the  vinegar  is 
nearly  evaporated.  Add  to  this  half  a  pint  of  vinegar, 
in  which  is  dissolved  62  grains  of  sal  ammoniac,  and 
16  grains  of  oxalic  acid;  boil  the  whole,  and  filter. 
Clean  and  warm  the  medal,  apply  the  liquid  with  a 
camel-hair  pencil,  then  pour  boiling  water  on  the  medal, 
wipe  it  with  cotton  wool  and  a  little  linseed  oil,  polish 
with  clean  cotton. 

4.  Verdigris,  2  oz.,  sal  ammoniac,  1  oz.,  vinegar,  1  pint. 
Eoil,  dip  the  clean  medal  for  an  instant  or  two  in  the 
boiling  mixture,  wash  it  with  hot  water,  and  dry. 

5.  Sal  ammoniac,  1  oz.,  salt,  6  oz.,  cream  of  tartar,  3  oz., 
hot  water,  1  pint.  Dissolve.  Add  2  oz.  nitrate  of 
copper,  in  half  a  pint  of  water.  Mix,  and  apply  with 
a  brush,  allowing  the  solution  to  dry  on  the  medal. 

Bronzing  Tin  Castings. — When  clean,  wash  them  with 
a  mixture  of  1  part  each  sulphate  of  iron  and  sulphate 
of  copper,  in  20  parts  water;  dry,  and  again  wash  with 
distilled  vinegar,  11  parts,  verdigris,  4  parts.  When 
dry,  polish  with  colcothar. 

Browning. — Melt  4  oz.  sugar  with  1  oz.  butter,  until  tho 
whole  is  brown.  Stir,  and  add  1  pint  of  port  wine. 
Pour  when  cool  to  J  pint  of  mushroom  ketchup,  add  J 
oz.  each  bruised  pimento  and  black  pepper,  6  cut  sha- 
lots,  a  little  mace,  and  grated  lemon-peel.  Digest  a 
week,  strain,  and  preserve.  Used  to  brown  and  flavour 
gravies  or  soups. 

Browning  for  Gun  Barrels, — 1.  Aquafortis  and  nitric 
ether,  of  each  1  oz.,  sulphate  of  copper,  4  oz.,  tincture 
of  sesquichioride  of  iron,  2  oz.,  water,  3  oz. ;  mix. 
Apply  once  or  twice  to  the  clean  barrel,  and  when  dry, 
polish  with  a  brush,  or  varnish. 
2.  Sulphate  of  copper,  nitric  ether,  each  1  oz.;  water,  1 
pint.     Mix,  and  digest  for  a  week. 


BUG — BUT.  43 

3  Nitric  ether,  3  oz.,  gum  benzoin,  1$  oz.,  tincture  of 
sesquichloride  of  iron,  §  oz.,  sulphate  of  copper,  2 
drachms,  rectified  spirit,  J  oz.  Mix,  and  add  1  quart 
water. 

4.  Nitric  ether  and  tincture  of  sesquichloride  of  iron,  of 
each  $  oz.,  sulphate  of  copper,  2  scruples,  water,  10 
oz. 

All  the  above  may  be  varnished,  with  shellac,  1  oz.,  dra- 
gon's blood,  2  drachms,  rectified  spirit,  1  quart.  Dis- 
solve, filter,  and  apply. 

Bugs. — When  bugs  have  obtained  a  lodgement  in  walls  or 
timber,  the  surest  mode  of  overcoming  the  nuisance  is 
•to  putty  up  every  hole  that  is  moderately  large,  and  oil- 
paint  the  whole  wall  or  timber.  In  bed-furniture,  a 
mixture  of  soft  soap  with  snuff,  or  arsenic,  is  useful  to 
fill  up  the  holes  where  the  bolts  or  fastenings  are 
fixed,  &c.  French-polish  may  be  applied  to  smoother 
parts  of  the  wood. 

Bug  Poison. — 1.  Bichloride  of  mercury  and  hydrochloric 
acid,  of  each  1  oz.,  water,  4  oz.  Mix;  add  turpentine, 
and  strong  decoction  of  tobacco,  of  each  15  oz. 

2.  Turpentine,  4  oz.,  camphor,  $  oz.,  creosote,  20  drops. 
Mix. 

3.  For  Floors. — Bichloride  of  mercury,  sal  ammoniac, 
each  4  oz.,  hot  water,  2  gallons.  Used  to  wash  boarded 
floors. 

Burnett's,  Sir  W.,  Disinfecting  Fluid. — Zinc  dissolved 
in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Butter,  to  preserve. — Melt  it  in  an  earthen  vessel  sur- 
rounded with  warm  water.  Skim  the  butter  until 
clear,  and  pour  the  pure  portion  off  into  pots,  which 
should  be  tilled  to  the  top,  and  closely  covered.  A 
little  salt  may  be  added  before  pouring,  and  should  be 
stirred  in,  afterwards  allowing  the  butter  to  clear. 
Or  mix  2  ounces  of  salt  with  1  oz.  each  of  saltpetre  and 
white  sugar.  Add  1  oz.  of  this  mixture,  in  fine  pow- 
der, to  each  pound  of  butter,  working  it  well  in.  The 
butter  must  not  be  used  for  a  month ;  and  the  pots  con- 
taining it  must  be  filled  to  the  brim. 


44  BUT — CAM. 

Butyrate  or  Etiiyloxide. — Butyric  ether. 

Butyric  Ether.- — Artificial  essence  of  pine  apple. 

Cabbage  Paper.— Evaporate  a  strong  clear  infusion  of  red 
cabbage  leaves,  until  it  tinges  paper  gray,  then  dip  un- 
sized papers  into  it,  and  dry  them.  Used  as  delicate 
tests.  Acids  change  it  to  a  red,  alkalies  to  a  green  co- 
lour. When  changed  to  green  by  an  alkali,  carbonic 
acid  will  restore  its  gray  colour. 

Cachou  Aromatise. — 1.  Extract  of  liquorice,  3  oz.,  oil  of 
cloves,  40  drops,  oil  of  cassia,  10  drops.  Mix ;  divide 
into  one  grain  pills,  and  silver  them. 
2.  Extract  of  liquorice,  3  oz.,  vanilla  and  sugar,  of  each 
1  oz.,  oil  of  peppermint,  30  drops,  mucilage,  q.  s.  Mix. 
Used  to  chew  after  smoking. 

Cadet's  Tooth-Powder. — Loaf-sugar  and  charcoal,  of  each 
1  oz.,  Peruvian  bark,  J  oz.,  cream  of  tartar,  1  drachm, 
cinnamon,  24  grains,  oil  of  cloves,  20  drops ;  mix. 

Campiiine. — Highly  rectified  oil  of  turpentine. 

Camphor. — A  light  whitish  solid,  having  a  peculiar  odour, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  oils.  It  imparts  its  scent 
and  taste  to  water,  and  strongly  so  if  the  water  is  car- 
bonated, or  if  the  camphor  is  first  triturated  with  gum, 
sugar,  yolk  of  e^,  or  magnesia.  Milk  dissolves  one- 
eiglith  of  its  weight  by  trituration,  and  does  not  de- 
posit it  on  the  addition  of  water.  Camphor  is  imitated 
artificially  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  oil  of 
turpentine. 

Camphor  is  used  to  scent  clothes,  to  render  copal  more  solu- 
ble, and  to  assist  in  certain  pyrotechnic  effects.  It  en- 
ters into  several  medicinal  preparations. 

Camphor,  to  Powder. — Break  the  lumps  with  a  pestle, 
add  a  few  drops  of  rectified  spirit,  and  triturate  to 
powder.  Used  in  tooth-powder,  and  in  compound 
powders. 

Camphor  Balls. — 1.  White  wax  and  spermaceti,  of  each 


CAM.  45 

3  drachms,  almond  oil,  i  oz.,  powdered  camphor,  2 
drachms.  Melt  the  solids,  add  the  oil,  and  sprinkle  in 
the  camphor;  colour,    if  desired,  with  alkanet-root. 

2.  Lard  and  white  wax,  of  each  1  oz.,  camphor,  1  drachm. 
Used  to  anoint  the  hands  after  washing,  to  prevent 
chapping. 

3.  Melt  together  spermaceti,  3  drachms,  white  wax,  4 
drachms,  and  almond  oil,  1  ounce,  then  stir  in  3  drachms 
of  powdered  camphor. 

Camphor,  Sir  J.  Murray's  Fluid. — Camphor  and  car- 
bonate of  magnesia,  dissolved  by  pressure  in  carbonated 
water. 

Camphor  Cerate. — Fresh  hog's  lard,  3}  oz.,  grated  cam- 
phor, 1  oz.  Dissolve  the  lard  by  boiling  water  round  a 
cup,  then  gradually  add  the  camphor  ;  stir  well ;  and 
when  cooling,  pour  off  the  sediment. 

Camphor  Ice. — Melt  spermaceti,  1  drachm,  with  almond 
oil,  1  oz.,  and  add  powdered  camphor,  1  drachm. 

Camphor  Julep,  (Concentrated.) — Camphor,  1  oz.,  rec- 
tified spirit,  by  weight,  10  oz.  ;  mix.  Twenty  drops 
to  1  oz.  of  water  make  the  ordinary  camphor  mixture 
or  julep.     Used  as  a  vehicle  for  medicines. 

Camphor  Liniment,  Extemporaneous. — Camphor,  1  oz., 
rectified  spirit,  8 \  oz.  Mix;  add  oil  of  lavender,  25 
drops,  strong  solution  of  ammonia,  10  drachms.  To 
rub  on  painful  parts,  as  in  sprains,  bruises,  rheuma- 
tism, &c,  combined  with  oil  or  with  soap  liniment. 

Camphorated  Acetic  Acid. — (E.  and  D.  Ph.) — Camphor, 
i  oz.  E.  (1  oz.  D.  ;)  acetic  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.064,)  6J  oz, 
E:  (10  oz.  _D.;)  rectified  spirit,  1  drachm  (E.  and  D.) 
Mix  the  camphor  and  spirit,  and  add  the  acid.  Used 
as  an  embrocation  for  bruises  and  swellings,  and  as  a 
scent-bottle. 

Camphorated  Chalk. — 1.  Precipitated  chalk,  6  oz.,  cam- 
phor, 1  oz. ;  mix.     Used  as  a  tooth-powder. 
2.   Precipitated  chalk,  1  lb.,  orris  root,  8  oz.,  camphor, 
4  oz.     Powder  and  mix.     Used  as  a  tooth-powder. 


46  CAM — CAO. 

Camphorated  Oil. — Olive  oil,  8  oz.,  camphor,  1  oz. 
Grate  the  camphor,  mix  with  the  oil,  and  digest  in  a 
gentle  heat. 

Camphorated  Yinegar. — Grated  camphor,  1  oz.,  vinegar 
(white  wine,)  1  quart.  Employed  as  a  scent,  a  gargle, 
and  largely  diluted,  as  a  lotion  against  infection. 

Candy. — A  sugar  preparation  of  peels,  &c.  The  peels  of 
orange,  lemon,  citron,  the  green  roots  of  ginger,  or  the 
stalks  of  angelica,  are  boiled  in  water  until  soft,  and 
afterwards  boiled  in  syrup  until  they  become  transpa- 
rent ;  they  are  then  dried  at  a  gentle  heat  in  a  stove. 
Used  in  confectionary. 

Candy,  Horehound. — To  a  strong  decoction  of  horehound 
add  4  lbs.,  or  sufficient,  of  lump  sugar  to  each  pint; 
evaporate  until  a  small  portion  candies  on  cooling,  then 
roll  it  into  cakes.  Used  to  relieve  cough.  In  a  similar 
manner  other  vegetable  candies  may  be  prepared. 

Candy,  Carraway.  Rhubarb  and  powdered  carraway,  of 
each  1  drachm,  oil  of  carraway,  10  drops,  ginger  and 
cinnamon,  of  each  15  grains,  magnesia,  6  drachms, 
sugar,  2  oz.  Add  mucilage  of  tragacanth,  sufficient 
to  make  a  paste;  cut  it  into  lozenges,  and  let  them 
dry. 

Candy,  digestive  or  Live-Long.  Heavy  magnesia,  1  oz., 
powdered  rhubarb,  1  drachm,  ginger  and  cinnamon,  of 
each  15  grains,  sugar,  2  oz.,  mucilage  as  the  last. 

Cannelle  (La.) — Cinnamon. 

Canton's  Phosphorus. — Heat  strongly  for  an  hour,  in  a 
covered  crucible,  3  parts  of  calcined  oyster-shells,  and 
1  part  of  Hour  sulphur.  After  exposure  to  sunshine, 
it  emits  light  in  the  dark. 

Caoutchouc,  known  as  India-rubber,  or  gum  elastic,  is 
waterproof,  and  hence  much  used  in  the  arts.  It  is 
more  or  less  soluble  in  various  liquids,  which  are 
used  to  distribute  it  over  clothes,  &c.  Ether  dissolves 
it  readily,  but  it  must  first  be  washed  and  decanted. 


CAO — CAP.  47 

Naphtha  distilled  from  coal-tar  is  the  solvent  menstruum 
used  for  Mackintosh's  india-rubber  fabrics.  Oil  of  tur- 
pentine highly  rectified  dissolves  it  readily.  Benzole 
will  dissolve  it,  with  continued  heat  and  digestion. 
Caoutchoucine,  the  distilled  product  of  india-rubber,  is 
employed  as  a  solvent.  The  easiest  mode  of  obtaining 
a  solution  where  expense  is  immaterial,  is  to  use  chlo- 
roform, or  bisulphuret  of  carbon,  which  are  excellent 
mediums  for  the  solution,  as  the  gum  dissolves  without 
heat,  or  with  very  little.  India-rubber,  when  boiled  in 
carbonate  of  soda,  or  water  of  ammonia,  becomes  more 
soluble  than  it  was  previously.  Linseed  oil  boiled  with 
litharge,  and  spread  in  thin  layers,  drying  each  before 
applying  another,  forms  artificial  caoutchouc.  It  is 
elastic  and  semi-transparent,  but  the  preparation  requires 
long  drying. 

Caoutchoucine. — India-rubber  is  distilled  dry,  at  a  tem- 
perature of  600°,  where  a  volatile  fluid  comes  over,  and 
on  being  rectified  once  or  twice,  it  forms  the  spirit  called 
caoutchoucine.  It  is  the  lightest  fluid  known;  it  mixes 
with  alcohol  and  oils  in  all  proportions,  and  dissolves 
india-rubber,  copal,  the  resins,  &c,  with  facility  at  the 
ordinary  temperature.  From  its  volatility  it  soon  dries, 
and  therefore  requires  to  be  kept  in  well-stoppered  ves- 
sels. 

Capillaire. — Distilled  water,  1  pint,  lump  sugar,  3  J  lbs. ; 
dissolve  with  a  gentle  heat,  and  when  nearly  cold,  add 
1  oz.  orange-flower  water.  Used  to  sweeten  liquors,  and 
to  make  summer  drinks. 

Capillaire,  Limoniated. — Add  to  the  last,  essence  of 
lemon,  i  drachm,  citric  acid,  1  oz. 

Capsules  are  used  to  enclose  nauseous  liquid  medicines. 
An  oblong  bulb  is  dipped  into  melted  gelatine,  and 
when  withdrawn  it  is  rotated,  to  distribute  the  gelatine 
equally  over  the  mould.  On  hardening,  they  are  placed 
on  pins  to  dry )  they  are  then  filied,  and  the  orifice 
closed  with  liquid  gelatine. 


48  CAR. 

Carbonate. — A  compound  of  carbonic  acid  with,  a  base. 

Carbonate  of  Iron  with  Sugar  (P.  L.) — Sulphate  of  iron, 
4  oz.,  carbonate  of  soda,  34  drachms,  sugar,  2  oz.,  boil- 
ing distilled  water,  4  pints.  Dissolve  separately  the 
carbonate  and  sulphate  in  2  pints  of  hot  water;  mix  the 
solutions,  and  let  the  carbonate  of  iron  be  deposited. 
Pour  off  the  liquor,  and  wash  the  carbonate  frequently 
with  water.  To  this  add  the  sugar,  dissolved  in  2  oz. 
of  water,  and  evaporate  to  a  dry  powder,  which  must 
be  kept  in  a  well-closed  vessel.  Tonic, — dose,  2  to  5 
grains. 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia  (P.  L.) — Sulphate  of  magnesia, 
4  lbs.,  carbonate  of  soda,  4  libs.  9  oz.,  boiling  distilled 
water,  4  gallons.  Dissolve  separately  the  carbonate 
and  sulphate  in  2  gallons  of  water;  filter,  and  mix. 
Boil  and  stir  for  2  hours,  adding  distilled  water  as  re- 
quired; pour  off  the  fluid,  wash  the  powder  with  boiling 
distilled  water,  and  dry  it. 
Characters  and  Tests  (P.  L.) — Soluble  in  dilute  sulphuric 
acid.  From  this  solution,  when  effervescence  has 
ceased,  nothing  is  thrown  down  by  bicarbonate  of  potash. 
Water  in  which  it  has  been  boiled  does  not  change  the 
colour  of  turmeric  to  yellow,  nor  does  it  throw  down 
anything  on  the  addition  of  chloride  of  barium  or  ni- 
trate of  silver. 
Antacid,  absorbent,  aperient.  Used  as  an  aperient  in 
many  disorders;  with  rhubarb  and  ginger,  it  forms 
Gregory's  Powder.     Dose:  15  to  20  grains. 

Carbonate  of  Potass. — The  P.  L.  gives  no  directions  for 
its  preparation. 
Characters  and  Tests  (P.  L.) — Deliquesces  in  the  air; 
almost  entirely  soluble  in  water.  The  solution  changes 
the  colour  of  turmeric  to  brown;  when  super-saturated 
by  nitric  acid,  neitlfer  carbonate  of  soda  nor  chloride  of 
barium  throws  down  anything,  and  nitrate  of  silver  but 
little.  100  grains  of  this  salt  lose  16  grains  at  a  high 
temperature,  and  the  same  quantity  added  to  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid  evolves  26*3  grains  of  carbonic  acid.  Let 
it  be  kept  in  a  well-stoppered  bottle. 


CAR.  49 

Antacid,  diuretic,  liquefacient.  Dose,  10  to  20  grains. 
20  grains  make  a  cooling  effervescing  draught  with 
17  grains  of  citric  acid,  or  4 \  drachms  of  lemon  juice. 

Carbonate  of  Soda. — No  directions  for  its  preparation  are 
given  in  the  P.  L. 
Characters  and  tests  (P.  L.) — Colourless;  transparent,  ex- 
■    posed  to  the  air  it  crumbles  to  powder;  is  soluble  in 
water.     The  solution  turns  turmeric  brown;  after  satu- 
ration by  hydrochloric  acid,  chloride  of  barium  throws 
nothing  down  from  it.     100  grains  of  this  salt  at  a  high 
temperature   lose    62*5    grains  of  water.       The  same 
quantity,  added  to  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  evolves  15*28 
grains  of  carbonic  acid. 
Antacid.    Used  in  indigestion  with  bitter  infusions.    Dose 
10  to  30  grains. 

Carbonate  of  Soda,  dried  (P.  L.)  Heat  1  Ho.  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  until  the  crystals  crumble  down;  afterwards 
burn  to  redness,  and  rub  to  powder.  It  is  soluble  in 
water.  100  grains,  added  to  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  emit 
40*7  grains  of  carbonic  acid.  Used  in  powders  and 
pills;  12  grains  are  equal  to  32  grains  of  common  car- 
bonate.    Dose  5  to  10  grains. 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas. — 1.  Add  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid, 
with  4  times  its  weight  of  water,  to  fragments  of  mar- 
ble, until  the  gas  is  freely  disengaged.  If  wanted  dry, 
pass  it  through  concentrated  oil  of  vitriol,  or  over  dried 
chloride  of  calcium.  It  may  be  collected  over  water, 
with  a  little  loss,  or  over  mercury  in  the  pneumatic 
trough. 
2.  Use  similarly  chalk  powder,  and  dilute  sulphuric  acid. 
Colourless,  agreeable  taste  and  odour,  irrespirable.  Sp. 
gr.  1-524.  100  cubic  inches  weigh  47*26  grains.  The 
gas  is  poisonous,  it  is  emitted  by  burning  charcoal,  at 
the  bottom  of  mines,  old  wells,  and  brewer's  vats,  and 
is  given  off  in  the  human  breath.  Cold  water  absorbs 
its  own  weight,  lime-water  is  rendered  turbid,  by  the 
formation  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Carbonic  Oxide. — Heat  finely-powdered  ferro-cyanide  of 
potassium  with  8  or  10  times  its  weight  of  concentrated 
5    ' 


50  CAR. 

sulphuric  acid.  The  salt  is  entirely  decomposed,  yield- 
ing a  copious  supply  of  pure  carbonic  oxide  gas,  which 
may  be  collected  over  water  in  the  usual  manner. 
Foiones. 
Combustible,  colourless,  inodorous,  poisonous.  Sp.  gr. 
0-973;  100  cubic  inches  weigh  30*21  grains. 

Carburetted  Hydrogen  is  the  dreaded  fire-damp  of  the 
mines,  which  explodes  immediately  from  the  flame  of  a 
candle,  &c.     It  may  be  procured  from  some  stagnant 
pools,  or  formed  artificially. 
Preparation. — Crystallized  acetate  of  soda,  40  parts,  solid 
hydrate  of  potassa,  40  parts,  quick-lime  in  powder  60 
parts.      Heat  this   mixture  strongly  in  a   retort;  the 
gas  is  evolved  abundantly,  and  may  be  received  over 
water. 
Combustible,  colourless,  almost  inodorous,  not  poisonous. 
Sp.  gr.  0-559;  100  cubic  inches  weigh  17*41  grains. 

Carlsbad  Water  (Artificial.*) — Hydro-chlorate  of  lime, 
8  grains,  tincture  of  sesqui-chloride  of  iron,  1  drop,  sul- 
phate of  soda,  50  grains,  carbonate  of  soda,  60  grains, 
hydrochloride  of  soda,  8  grains,  carbonated  water,  1  pint. 

Carminative,  Dalby's — 1.  Carbonate  of  magnesia,  2 
scruples,  oil  of  peppermint,  1  drop,  oil  of  nutmeg,  2 
drops,  oil  of  aniseed,  3  drops,  tincture  of  castor,  30 
drops,  tincture  of  assafoetida,  15  drops,  tincture  of 
opium,  5  drops,  spirit  of  pennyroyal,  15  drops,  com- 
pound tincture  of  cardamoms,  30  drops,  peppermint- 
water,  2  oz.  Mix. — Dr.  Paris. 
2.  The  following  is  a  retail  druggist's  substitute.  Car- 
bonate of  magnesia,  1  drachm,  powdered  rhubarb,  45 
grains,  fetid  spirit  of  ammonia,  1  drachm,  oil  of  ani- 
seed, 15  drops,  syrup,  2  oz.,  water,  4  oz.     Mix. 

Carmine. — A  beautiful  crimson  pigment,  between  lake  and 
vermilion  in  colour.  It  is  most  economically  prepared 
on  a  large  scale;  but  is  in  any  way  an  expensive  pre- 
paration. On  the  small  scale  it  may  be  thus  procured. 
Boil  1  oz.  of  powdered  cochineal  with  5  quarts  of  dis- 
tilled water  in  a  tinned  vessel  for  3  minutes,  add  25 
grains  of  alum,  boil  for  2  minutes,  a*id  withdraw  the 


CAR — CAS.  51 

clear  liquor,  at  a  blood  heat,  into  shallow  vessels,  then 
let  the  carmine  subside  for  2  days.  If  it  does  not 
readily  precipitate,  add  a  few  drops  of  muriate  of  tin,  or 
of  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  it  will  fall  immedi- 
ately.    Dry  the  powder  carefully. 

Carmine,  Liquid. — Carmine  dissolved  in  solution  of  am- 
monia.    Used  as  an  ink,  and  in  painting. 

Carpets,  to  Clean. — Brush  them  with  damp  waste  tea 
lecives,  sprinkle  on  them,  shake  and  beat  them,  then  mix 
3  gills  of  ox  gall  in  a  gallon  of  water;  brush  the  carpet 
over  with  this;  remove  the  lather  formed  with  plenty  of 
clean  water,  and  dry  with  dusters.  Afterwards  hang 
them  in  an  airy  apartment. 

Cx\rrabelli's  Dentifrtce. — Cuttle-fish  bone  and  prepared 
shells,  of  each  3  oz.,  cinnamon,  orris-root,  and  charcoal, 
of  each  6  drachms,  vanilla,  20  grains ;  powder  and  mix. 
Used  to  clean  the  teeth. 

Carron  Oil. — Equal  parts  of  lime-water  and  raw  linseed 
oil.  An  application  to  burnt  surfaces,  used  in  the  Car- 
ron iron-works;  it  is  the  liniment  of  lime  of  the  P.  L. 

Cartwright's  Dentifrice. — Prepared  chalk  and  orris-root, 
of  each  1  oz.,  Castile  soap,  J  drachm;  mix. 

Case-Hardening — A  superficial  hardness  bestowed  on  iron- 
work. 1.  Iron  heated  to  redness  is  sprinkled  with  ferro- 
prussiate  of  potass,  and  when  the  salt  has  fused,  the 
metal  is  plunged  into  water. 
2.  The  iron  is  enclosed  in  a  box  and  surrounded  with  ani- 
mal horns,  hoofs,  bones,  or  skins,  first  charred  and  pow- 
dered. Close  the  box  lid,  heat  it  strongly  in  a  furnace, 
and  let  it  cool.  On  removing  the  iron,  it  is  hardened 
on  the  surface,  being  superficially  converted  into  steel. 
When  goods  are  wanted  hard,  but  not  brittle,  they  are 
plunged  while  hot  into  oil. 

Casks,  to  Sweeten. — Wash  them  well  with  hot  water; 
then  proceed  to  cleanse  them  by  any  of  the  following 
modes. 
1.  Oil  of  vitriol  and  water,  equal  parts ;  mix,  wash  the  cask, 
and  afterwards  rinse  with  clean  water. 


52  CAS— CEM. 

2.  Wash  with  chloride  of  lime  first,  then  proceed  as  above . 

3.  Wash  with  strong  lime-water. 

4.  Dip  linen  cloth  in  melted  brimstone,  set  it  on  fire,  put 
it  into  the  cask  at  the  bung-hole,  and  drive  in  the  bung 
so  as  to  suspend  the  cloth.  In  two  hours  open  the 
bung-hole. 

Castor  Oil  Pomade. — Olive  oil,  5  oz.,  almond  oil,  2  oz., 
castor  oil,  1  oz.,  spermaceti,  $  oz.,  lard,  8  oz.  Melt  the 
spermaceti,  and  add  the  lard,  add  afterwards  the  oils, 
then  mix  ;  let  it  cool,  and  when  nearly  cold  add  the  fol- 
lowing scent;  essence  of  bergamotte,  10  drops,  essence 
of  ambergris,  20  drops,  oil  of  lavender,  1  drop,  otto  of 
rose,  3  drops.     Fragrant. 

Catheter. — An  instrument  for  relieving  the  bladder  when 
incapable  of  passing  the  urine.  Coat  a  piece  of  catgut 
with  melted  wax,  and  while  cooling,  give  it  the  proper 
shape.  When  cold  coat  it  with  indian-rubber  (dissolved 
in  ether,  chloroform,  or  bisulphuret  of  carbon)  and  re- 
peat the  coating  as  often  as  required ;  then  withdraw  the 
catgut  by  melting  the  wax  in  boiling  water. 

Cayenne,  Soluble. — A  pepper,  used  as  a  condiment. 
Strong  tincture  of  cayenne  is  added  to  common  salt,  and 
the  solution  evaporated  until  a  little  on  cooling  crystal- 
lizes. A  little  annatto  or  saffron  may  be  used  to  colour 
•with.  The  salt  is  soluble,  and  has  a  pungent  taste  of 
the  pepper. 

Cement. — A  compound  for  joining  surfaces,  or  a  mortar 
used  in  building. 
Cement ,  Alabaster. — 1.  Plaster  of  Paris  mixed  to  a  cream 

with  water.     Used  to  join  alabaster  or  marble. 
2.  Yellow  resin  and  bees'  wax,  equal  parts ;  melt.    Applied 
warm  to  heated  alabaster,  marble,  stone,  &c.      Small 
holes  are  filled  with  shellac,  melted,  and  coloured  to 
shade. 
Cement,  Architectural . — Strong  rice-water  size,  and  paper, 
pulped  in  boiling  water,  are  mixed  together,  enough 
whiting  is  then  added  to  make  it  of  a  proper  consistence. 
Used  to  make  paper  architectural  models. 
Cement,  Armenian. — 1.  Isinglass,  2  drachms;   soak  for 
24  hours  in  2  oz.  water,  boil  to  half,  add  1  oz.  recti- 


CEM.  53 

fied  spirit,  and  strain  while  hot  through  linen.  Melt 
1  drachm  of  mastic,  and  }  drachm  of  ammoniac  in  1 
oz.  of  rectified  spirit;  add  this  solution  to  the  first,  and 
mix  the  two  thoroughly. 

2.  Isinglass,  1  oz.,  distilled  water,  6  oz.,  boil  to  half;  add 
1 J  oz.  of  rectified  spirit,  5  oz.  tincture  of  mastic,  and 
i  oz.  of  ammoniac  emulsion. 

3.  Isinglass,  1  oz.,  dissolve  in  rectified  spirit,  add  mastic 
varnish,  li  oz. 

Used  as  a  general  cement  for  small  articles.  The  surfaces 
to  be  united  are  warmed,  spread  thinly  with  the  glue, 
and  allowed  to  cool  under  pressure. 

Cement,  Botany  Bay. — Resin  and  brickdust,  equal  parts; 
melt  the  resin,  and  sprinkle  in  the  dust.  Used  to  ce- 
ment coarse  earthenware,  knife-handles,  &c. 

Cement,  Bottle. — Resin  15  parts,  bees'-wax,  3  parts;  ivo- 
ry black,  or  Venitian  red,  to  colour.  Used  to  cover  the 
corks  of  bottles,  &c. 

Cement,  Chinese. — -Shellac  dissolved  in  wood  naphtha, 
or  rectified  spirit.  Used  to  piece  wood,  and  mend  glass, 
china,  or  fancy  ornaments.  Melted  shellac  will  answer 
equally  well  for  earthenware,  &o. 

Cement,  Coppersmith* s.  BullockVblood  thickened  with 
quick-lime.  Used  fresh  to  joints,  &c,  of  copper  ves- 
sels ;  it  hardens  very  rapidly. 

Cement,  Egg.  White  of  egg  thickened  with  powdered 
quick -lime.  Some  add  milk  curds,  others  add  cheese 
to  this  cement.     Used  to  mend  earthenware,  glass,  &c. 

Cement,  Electrical.  1.  Rosin,  5  lb,  wax,  and  dried  red 
ochre,  of  each  1  lb,  plaster  of  Paris,  4  oz.  Melt  the 
rosin  and  wax,  add  the  ochre,  and  then  the  plaster; 
mix. 

2.  Rosin,  6  lb,  dried  red  ochre  and  plaster  of  Paris,  of 
each  1  lb,  boiled  oil,  4  oz.  Melt  the  rosin  and  oil,  add 
the  ochre  and  plaster;  mix.  Both  are  used  to  cement 
voltaic  troughs,  and  join  chemical  vessels. 

Cement,  Engineers'.     1.  Red  lead  and  white  lead,  equal 
parts,  boiled  oil  sufficient  to  mix  to  a  paste.     Applied 
on  tow  or  canvass  to  render  joints  steam-tight,  and  used 
to  render  cisterns  water-tight. 
5* 


54  CEM. 

2.  Quicklime,  10  lb,  boiled  oil,  1  quart;  mix.  Applied 
on  hemp  to  water-pipes,  and  corded. 

Cement,  French.  Gum-water  and  starch.  Used  for  arti- 
ficial flowers,  and  for  paper. 

Cement,  Hydraulic.  3  lb  dried  and  powdered  clay,  1  lb 
oxide  of  iron ;  boiled  oil  sufficient  to  make  a  paste. 
Used  to  work  when  required  to  harden  under  water. 

Cement,  Hensler's.  Litharge,  3  parts,  quicklime,  2  parts, 
white  bole,  1  part;  linseed-oil  varnish  sufficient  to  make 
a  paste ;  grind  together.     Dries  slowly. 

Cement,  Iron.  1.  Iron  turnings,  5  lb,  sal  ammoniac,  2 
oz.,  sulphur,  1  oz.,  water  to  mix.  Must  be  used  imme- 
diately. Applied  to  the  joints  of  iron  pipes,  and  rammed 
in  tightly.  Dries  slowly  without  the  sulphur,  but  sets 
harder. 

2.  Powdered  dried  clay,  6  lb,  iron  filings,  1  ft>,  boiled  oil 
sufficient  to  mix.  Used  to  stop  up  cracks  in  iron  boil- 
ers, pans,  pipes,  &c. 

3.  White  of  egg,  sufficient,  quicklime  enough  to  thicken, 
iron  filings  to  mix.  Damp  with  water  for  use.  Ap- 
plied internally  to  cracks  in  boilers  or  pans. 

Cement  for  Leather  and  Cloth  An  adhesive  material 
for  uniting  the  parts  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  for  the 
seams  of  articles  of  clothing,  may  be  made  thus  :  Take 
1  lb  of  gutta  percha,  4  oz.  of  india-rubber,  2  oz.  of  pitch, 
1  oz.  of  shellac,  2  oz.  of  oil.  The  ingredients  are  to  be 
melted  together,  and  used  hot. 

Cement,  Mahogany.  Shellac  melted  and  coloured.  Used 
to  fill  up  holes  and  cracks. 

Cement,  Opticians'.  Resin,  1  lb;  melt,  add  dry  plaster 
of  Paris,  4  oz.  Used  to  fix  glasses  and  stones  while 
grinding  or  polishing.  For  fine  work  the  Chinese  ce- 
ment is  used. 

Cement,  Rice.  Add  cold  water  to  rice-flour,  and  mix 
thoroughly,  then  gradually  bring  it  to  a  proper  consis- 
tence with  boiling  water,  and  boil  one  minute.  Used 
as  a  colourless  cement  for  paper. 

Cement,  Stone.  1.  Whiting,  1  cwt.,  rosin,  2  qrs.  18  lb., 
sulphur,  18 i  lb,  tar,  9  lb;  melt  together.     Used  to  ce- 


CEM — CER.  55 

merit  together  stones  of  cisterns,  and  render  them  wa- 
terproof. 
2.  Sand,  1  cwt.,  quicklime,  28  lt>,  bone  ashes,  14  lb  ;  mix 

with  water.     Waterproof. 
Cement,  Turners'.     Rosin  and  pitch,  of  each  1  oz.,bees'- 

wax,  2  oz.,  brick-dust  sufficient  to  thicken.     Used  as 

a  temporary  fastening  by  turners. 
Cement,  Transparent.    India-rubber,  75  parts,  chloroform, 

60  parts.      Mix,  and  add  to  the  solution,  mastic,  15 

parts. 

Cephalic  Snuff.  1.  Asarabacca  leaves  dried,  3  parts, 
marjoram  and  lavender  flowers,  of  each  1  part.  Mix  in 
fine  powder. 

2.  (Boeli's.)  Valerian  and  snuff,  of  each  2  drachms,  oil 
of  lavender  and  oil  of  marjoram,  of  each  three  drops. 
Mix. 

3.  Snuff,  2  oz.,  subsulphate  of  mercury,  $  drachm;  mix. 
All  these  are  used  to  clear  the  head,  and  assist  the  eye- 
sight, by  occasionally  taking  a  pinch. 

Cerates  are  preparations  of  a  firmer  consistence  than  Oint- 
ments, from  the  wax  they  contain.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  cera,  wax. 

Cerate,  (P.  L.)  Olive  oil,  1  pint,  wax,  20  oz.  Melt  the 
wax,  and  gradually  add  the  oil.  To  protect  sores  from 
the  action  of  air. 

Cerate  of  Acetate  of  Lead,  (P.  L.)  Powdered  acetate  of 
lead,  5  drachms,  white  wax,  5  oz.,  olive  oil,  1  pint. 
Dissolve  the  wax  in  18  oz.  of  the  oil;  add  to  this  the 
lead  mixed  with  the  remainder  of  the  oil,  and  stir  with 
a  spatula  until  they  are  thoroughly  united.  Applied  to 
burns,  excoriations,  and  irritable  ulcers. 

Cerate  of  Calamine,  (P.  L.)  Prepared  calamine  and 
wax,  of  each  7 $  oz.,  olive  oil,  1  pint.  Melt  the  wax, 
add  the  oil ;  and  when  they  are  cooling,  add  the  cala- 
mine, and  stir  until  hard.  Used  to  heal  ulcers  and 
burns,  when  the  inflammation  has  subsided. 

Cerate  of  Cantharides,  (P.  L.)  Cantharides  rubbed  to 
fine  powder,  1  oz.,  spermaceti  cerate,  6  oz.     Melt  the 


56  CHA. 

cerate,  and  add  the  cantliarides.  Employed  to  promote 
the  discharge  from  a  blistered  surface. 

Cerate  of  Lead ',  Compound,  (P.  L.)  Solution  of  diace- 
tate  of  lead,  6  oz.,  wax,  8  oz.,  olive  oil,  1  pint,  camphor, 
1  drachm.  Mix  the  melted  wax  and  16  oz.  of  the  oil, 
and  when  cooling,  add  the  lead ;  stir  until  cool,  then 
add  the  camphor  dissolved  in  the  rest  of  the  oil.  Used 
as  the  former  lead  cerate. 

Cerate  of  Mercury,  Compound,  (P.  L.)  Ointment  of 
mercury  and  compound  soap  cerate,  of  each  6  oz.,  cam- 
phor, 1J  oz.  Rub  them  together.  Applied  to  thick- 
ened joints,  and  uninflamcd  tumours. 

Cerate  of  Resin,  (P.  L.)  Resin  and  wax,  of  each  15  oz., 
olive  oil,  1  pint.  Melt  the  solids,  add  the  oil,  and  strain 
through  linen.  Used  to  promote  the  suppuration  of 
boils,  ulcers,  and  open  tumours. 

Cerate  of  Soap,  Compound,  (P.  L.)  Soap,  10  oz.,  wax, 
12J  oz.,  powdered  oxide  of  lead,  15  oz.,  olive  oil,  1 
pint,  vinegar,  1  gallon.  Boil  the  lead  and  vinegar 
slowly,  stirring  until  they  unite;  add  the  soap,  and  boil 
until  the  moisture  is  evaporated ;  then  add  the  wax,  pre- 
viously dissolved  in  the  oil.  Used  as  a  cooling  dressing 
and  to  support  fractured  limbs  previous  to  applying  the 
splints. 

Chalk,  Precipitated.  Carbonate  of  soda,  11  ft),  water  by 
weight,  6  lb.  Mix,  and  add  this  to  a  solution  of  hydro- 
chlorate  of  lime;  and  repeatedly  wash  the  precipitate 
with  distilled  water. 
Chalk,  Frepared. — Rub  1  lb  of  chalk  with  water  to  a  fine 
powder,  mix  it  in  a  large  quantity  of  water,  and  after  a 
short  time  pour  off  the  still  turbid  liquor,  and  collect 
the  precipitate  which  it  will  form. 
These  chalks  are  used  in  tooth-powders,  mixtures,  and 
medicines. 

Chalybeate  Water. — 1.  Boiled  water,  1  pint,  sulphate 
of  iron,  1  grain;  mix.     Tonic. 
2.  Aerated. — Water    carbonated,    1   pint,    carbonate    of 
soda;  4  grains,  sulphate  of  iron,  1  grain;   mix. 


CHA.  57 

Chamberlain's  Restorative  Pills. — Vermilion  and 
sulphur  mixed  with  mucilage. 

Chameleon  Mineral. — Heat  in  a  crucible  equal  parts  of 
black  oxide  of  manganese  and  pure  potash;  preserve 
the  product  in  close  bottles.  Added  to  water  it  passes 
from  green  to  red. 

Chamomile  Drops. — Spirit  flowered  with  oil  of  chamo- 
mile. 

Chamomile  Pills. — Aloes  purified,  12  grains,  extract 
of  rhubarb,  12  grains,  extract  of  chamomile,  36  grains ; 
make  into  12  pills.  Tonic,  stomachic;  two  for  a 
dose. 

Chapped  Hands. — Glycerine  and  rose-water,  of  each  J  oz. ; 
mix,  and  rub  it  on  the  back  part  of  the  hands  night 
and  morning.  They  will  require  very  few  applications 
before  they  are  well. 

Charcoal. — The  calcined  product  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substances.  It  is  employed  in  medicine,  and  in  the 
arts,  and  is  an  ingredient  in  gunpowder.  It  is  only 
prepared  on  a  large  scale. 
Charcoal j  Lardner's  Prepared. — Charcoal,  1  oz.,  prepared 
chalk,  3  oz.;  mix.     Used  as  a  tooth-powder. 

Charcoal  Tooth-Powders. — The  charcoal  should  be  pre- 
pared from  willow,  areka  nut,  or  lime-tree. 

1.  Charcoal,  1  oz.,  sugar,  1  oz.,  oil  of  cloves,  3  drops,  oil 
of  cinnamon,  1  drop;  mix. 

2.  Willow  charcoal,  4  oz.,  cinchona  bark,  4  oz.,  cloves,  i 
drachm;  mix. — Desforges. 

3.  Charcoal,  1  oz.,  red  bark,  1  oz.,  sugar,  \  oz.,  oil  of 
cloves,  5  drops;  mix. 

4.  Charcoal,  1  oz.,  sulphate  of  quinine,  2  grains,  cream 
of  tartar,  \  drachm,  otto  of  rose,  2  drops;  mix. 

Paste. — Chlorate  of  potash,  J  drachni,  mint-water,  J  oz. ; 
mix,  add  charcoal,  1  oz. — Dyon. 

Charcoal  Crayons. — Saw  pieces  of  charcoal  to  the  requi- 
site shape;  let  them  macerate  for  30  minutes  in  melted 


58  CHA — OHL. 

wax;  then  dry  them  on  blotting  paper.     Drawings  of 
this,  warmed  at  the  back,  become  indelible. 

Charta  Exploratoria. — A  test  paper. 

Chavasse's  Remedy  for  Hooping  Cough.  Sulphate  of 
copper,  i  grain,  syrup  of  poppies,  J  oz.,  aniseed  water, 
li  oz.     Mix.     Dose:  one  to  two  teaspoonfuls. 

Chelsea  Pensioner.  Rhubarb,  i  oz.,  gum  guaiacum,  J 
oz.,  cream  of  tartar,  2  oz.,  sulphur,  4  oz.,  2  nutmegs, 
and  honey,  1}  lb.  Make  into  a  confection.  Used  for 
rheumatism.  A  Chelsea  pensioner  cured  Lord  Amherst 
with  it;  hence  the  name. 

Cheltenham  Salts.  Glauber's  salt,  1  oz.,  Epsom  salt,  f 
oz.,  common  salt,  1  drachm,  sulphate  of  iron,  2  grains. 
Dry  the  powders  separately,  and  mix.  An  imitation, 
when  dissolved,  of  the  Cheltenham  waters.  Purgative 
and  tonic. 

Chemical  Bronze.  Hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  62  grains, 
oxalic  acid,  15  grains,  vinegar,  1  pint.  Mix.  Clean 
the  metal  to  be  bronzed,  and  brush  in  the  bronze  to  the 
required  tint. 

Chilblains  are  the  effect  of  cold  checking  the  circulation 
of  the  blood,  or  they  arise  from  holding  the  chilled 
limbs  to  the  fire.  Exercise  and  well-shod  feet  are  the 
best  preventives. 

Chilblains,  to  cure.  Rub  them,  if  unbroken,  with  either 
of  the  following  stimulating  liniments: 

1.  Tincture  of  cantharides  and  compound  camphor  lini- 
ment, equal  parts;  mix. 

2.  Soap  liniment,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  cantharides,   i  oz., 
turpentine,  \  oz. ;  mix. 

If  broken,  dress  them  with  resin  cerate,  until  drawn,  and 
afterward  with  lead  cerate. 

Cuing' s  Worm  Lozenges  are  prepared  with  calomel  and 
jalap. 

Chlorate.  A  salt  of  chloric  acid  with  a  base.  The  chlo- 
rates are  soluble  in  water,  and  explode  when  rubbed 
with  sulphur  or  phosphorus. 


CHL.  59 

Chlorate  of  Barytes.  Saturate  solution  of  chloric  acid 
with  fresh  precipitated  carbonate  of  barytes;  filter,  and 
crystallize.  Or  pass  chlorine  gas  through  a  strong  so- 
lution of  carbonate  of  barytes. 

Chlorate  of  Potass.  Make  a  strong  and  warm  solution 
of  carbonate  of  potash,  and  saturate  it  with  chlorine 
gas;  evaporate,  and  crystallize.  Used  as  a  medicine,  in 
doses  of  5  to  15  grains,  as  a  stimulant  and  diuretic. 
In  the  arts,  to  manufacture  fire-works,  oxygen  gas,  and 
lucifer  matches.  Detonates  with  sulphur  and  phos- 
phorus. 
Chemical  Experiments.  1.  Powder  2  grains  of  chlorate 
of  potass,  triturate  gently  with  1  grain  sulphur,  then 
collect  the  whole  in  a  heap,  and  forcibly  strike  it  with 
the  pestle;  it  will  explode. 

2.  Wrap  the  above  in  a  paper,  and  strike  it  on  an  anvil 
with  a  hammer. 

3.  Sugar,  2  parts,  chlorate,  1  part;  mix,  and  on  adding 
a  little  strong  sulphuric  acid,  it  will  inflame. 

4.  Chlorate,  2  parts,  phosphorus  1  part,  triturate,  and  it 
will  explode.  Care  must  be  taken  in  these  experi- 
ments to  use  small  quantities,  and  explode  them  cau- 
tiously. 

Chloric  Acid.  A  compound  of  chlorine  and  oxygen,  pre- 
pared from  chlorate  of  baryta. 

Chloric  Ether.  Spirit  of  wine,  5  parts,  chloroform,  1 
part.     Mix. 

Chlorides.  Compounds  of  chlorine  with  a  base.  The 
best  known  preparation  is  the  chloride  of  lime,  for 
bleaching  and  disinfecting  purposes;  it  is  prepared  by 
passing  chlorine  into  lime-water.     See  Chlorine. 

Chlorine  is  prepared  most  readily  by  pouring  strong  hy- 
drochloric acid  upon  finely-powdered  black  ,  oxide  of 
manganese  in  a  retort,  and  applying  heat.  A  heavy 
yellowish  green  gas  is  disengaged,  which  may  be  col- 
lected over  warm  water,  or  by  displacement. 
Odorous,  suffocating,  soluble  in  water;  sp.  gr.  2-47;  100 
cubic  inches  weigh  76 -6  grains.    Paper  wetted  with  tur- 


60  CHL. 

pentine  and  plunged  in  chlorine  inflames ;  phosphorus 
takes  fire  spontaneously  in  it;  copper  leaf,  powdered 
antimony,  and  arsenic,  undergo  combustion  in  the  same 
manner.  Equal  parts  of  chlorine  and  hydrogen  explode 
violently  on  the  passage  of  an  electric  spark,  or  from 
the  application  of  a  lighted  taper.  Chlorine  is  a  power- 
ful bleacher,  immediately  destroying  vegetable  colours; 
and  it  is  much  employed  as  a  disinfectant.  The  usual 
substance  employed  for  this  latter  purpose  is  the  chlo- 
ride of  lime,  of  which  1  oz.  is  added  to  a  quart  of  water, 
and  sprinkled  about  the  apartment  to  be  purified. 

Chlorine  G-as.  1.  Powdered  bichromate  of  potash,  1  part, 
hydrochloric  acid,  6  parts,  (s.  g.  1*16.)  Apply  a 
gentle  heat,  and  the  gas  is  rapidly  evolved  in  a  pure 
state. 
2.  Common  salt,  6  parts;  dissolve  in  a  little  water;  add 
nitric  acid,  1  part,  black  oxide  of  manganese,  or  per- 
oxide of  lead  (minimum,)  1  part.  Apply  a  gentle 
heat,  and  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  gas  will  pass 
over.      Watt. 

Chloroform,  (P.  L.)  Chlorinated  lime,  4  lb,  rectified 
spirit,  i  pint,  water,  10  pints,  chloride  of  calcium  in 
pieces,  1  drachm.  Put  the  mixed  lime  and  water  into 
a  retort;  add  the  spirit  so  that  all  occupies  only  one- 
third  of  the  retort.  Heat  it  in  a  sand  bath,  and  when 
ebullition  commences,  at  once  withdraw  the  heat,  lest 
the  retort  be  broken.  Let  the  liquid  distil  into  the  re- 
ceiver, while  nothing  subsides;  applying  heat  again 
when  necessary.  To  the  distilled  liquid  add  J  of  the 
water,  and  mix  well.  Separate  the  heavier  portion, 
which  subsides,  add  the  chloride  to  it;  frequently  shake 
during  half  an  hour,  and  re-distil  from  a  glass  retort  into 
a  glass  receiver. 
Characters  and  Tests,  (P.  L.)  Colourless,  agreeable 
odour;  sp.  gr.  not  less  than  1-48.  Nearly  insoluble  in 
water;  does  not  turn  litmus  red.  Rubbed  on  the  skin, 
it  soon  flies  off,  and  leaves  but  little  scent. 
Used  to  produce  insensibility  to  pain,  by  breathing  the 
vapour.     Applied  locally  to  painful  parts,  and  in  tooth- 


CHO.  61 

ache,  &c.     A  ready  solvent  of  India-rubber,  and  gutta 
percha. 

Cholera.  An  epidemic  disease  of  a  severe  nature.  The 
English  Cholera  is  not  so  fatal  as  the  scourge  termed 
t\e  Asiatic  Cholera.  The  treatment  of  English  cholora 
is  somewhat  similar  to  diarrhoea;  the  bowels  are  emp- 
tied by  a  suitable  aperient,  and  astringents  with  opium 
are  then  generally  most  efficacious.  The  severer  form 
of  cholera  often  resists  alike  all  modes  of  treatment; 
but  on  the  latest  visitation  of  this  disease  the  following 
formulae  were  recommended : 

1.  Cholera  Mixture. — Tincture  of  opium,  tincture  of  cam- 
phor, and  spirits  of  turpentine,  of  each  3  drachms,  oil 
of  peppermint,  30  drops;  mix.  Dose:  One  teaspoonful 
in  brandy  and  water  for  diarrhoea;  one  tablespoonful 
for  cholera.  Sir  James  Clark.  Sir  J.  C.  has  denied 
that  this  formula  is  his ;  but  it  has  generally  been  attri- 
buted to  him.  It  proved  one  of  the  most  effective  and 
popular  remedies  in  1849. 

2.  Mixture. — Tincture  of  catechu  and  kino,  of  each  }  oz., 
tincture  of  opium,  2  drachms.  Dr.  O'Donnell.  Dose: 
One  teaspoonful  in  brandy  and  water. 

3.  Liverpool  Preventive  Powders.  Bicarbonate  of  soda, 
1  scruple,  ginger,  8  grains,  in  a  glass  of  water  after 
breakfast  and  supper. 

4.  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  12  grains,  common  salt  and  chlo- 
rate of  potash,  of  each  6  grains ;  mix,  and  take  in  cold 
water. 

5.  Chalk  mixture,  1  oz.,  aromatic  confection,  10  to  15 
grains,  tincture  of  opium,  5  to  15  drops.  To  be  taken 
every  3  or  4  hours  until  looseness  ceases.  Board  of 
Health. 

6.  Pills. — Acetate  of  lead,  20  grains,  opium,  12  grains, 
in  12  pills;   one  every  half  hour  until  looseness  ceases. 

No  two  practitioners  agreed  throughout  in  their  treatment 
of  this  disease,  against  which  every  known  agent  and 
medicine  has  failed.  The  first  form  (Sir  J.  Clark's,) 
succeeded  admirably  in  most  cases,  and  will  doubtless 
be  again  resorted  to  in  future  visitations.     Many  sur- 

6 


62  CHL — CHR. 

geons  administered  small  doses  of  calomel  every  10  or 
15  minutes;  a  plan  which  occasionally  succeeded;  and 
failed. 

Chloretum  Ammonii  Depuratum. — Hydrochlorate  of 
ammonia.  , 

Chloretum  Hydrargyri. — Calomel. 

Chromates  are  formed  of  chromic  acid  and  a  base,  are  yel- 
low or  red  in  colour;  the  latter,  when  acid  is  in  ex- 
cess. 

Chromate  of  Potash  is  prepared  from  the  chrome-iron 
ore,  and  is  the  source  of  all  the  preparations  of  chro- 
mium. Chromate  of  potash  is  of  a  bright  yellow  co- 
lour, cool,  bitter,  disagreeable  taste,  soluble  in  2  parts 
water  at  60°;  it  is  used  in  dyeing,  bleaching,  and  the 
arts. 

Chromate  of  Potash,  (Bi-) — Add  to  a  solution  of  chro- 
mate of  potash,  sulphuric  or  acetic  acid  to  acidulate  it ; 
heat  the  liquid,  and  crystallize.  Product :  red  crystals, 
soluble  in  10  parts  water. 

Chrome,  Red. — To  saltpetre  fused  at  a  low  red  heat  in  a  cru- 
cible, add  chrome  yellow  until  the  nitre  is  nearly  ex- 
hausted. The  mass  is  black  while  hot,  and  must  be 
left  a  minute  or  two  to  settle,  when  the  liquid  portion 
must  be  poured  off,  and  the  mass  well  washed  with 
water,  and  dried.  The  tint  almost  rivals  vermilion  in 
beauty.     Used  as  a  pigment. 

Chrome,  Yellow.- — 1.  Add  to  a  solution  of  chromate  or 
bichromate  of  potash,  a  solution  of  nitrate  or  acetate  of 
lead,  so  long  as  a  precipitate  falls ;  wash,  and  dry  it, 
away  from  sulphureous  vapour.  Used  as  a  pigment. 
There  are  usually  3  shades;  pale,  middle,  and  deep; 
the  pale  is  formed  by  adding  a  little  alum  or  sulphuric 
acid  to  the  chromate,  before  adding  the  solution  of 
lead;  the  deep  is  caused  by  a  similar  use  of  subacetate 
of  lead. 

Chrome,  Green. — 1.  Mix  bichromate  of  potash,  2  parts, 


CHR — CIR.  63 

with  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  1  part;  heat  to  redness, 
and  wash  with  boiling  water;  dry  the  residue.     Used 
as  a  pigment. 
2.  Prussian  blue,  and  chrome  yellow  mixed. 

Chromic  Acid. — A  compound  of  chromium  and  oxygen. 

1.  Obtained  pure  by  passing  the  gaseous  fluoride  of  chro- 
mium into  water  contained  in  a  silver  or  platinum  ves- 
sel, and  evaporating  the  liquid  to  dryness. 

2.  Or,  by  mixing  bichromate  of  potash  with  a  solution  of 
nitrate  of  silver,  washing  the  precipitate,  and  decom- 
posing it  by  muriatic  acid. 

3.  Nearly  pure. — Cold  saturated  solution  of  bichromate 
of  potash,  100  measures,  oil  of  vitriol,  150  measures; 
mix,  and  let  it  stand  to  crystallize.  Place  the  crystals 
on  a  tile  to  drain,  closely  covered  with  a  glass,  or  bell- 
jar. 

Red  crystals,  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  decomposed  by 
light  and  contact  with  organic  matter.  Must  be  pre- 
served in  well  stoppered  vessels,  and  filtered  through 
asbestos.  Employed  as  a  bleaching  agent,  and  in  ca- 
lico-printing. 

4.  Make  a  hot  concentrated  solution  of  bichromate  of  pot- 
ash, and  add  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  A  crystal- 
line crimson  precipitate  falls,  which  is  chromic  acid. 
This  is  dried  and  washed,  to  purify  it. 

Cinnabar  of  Antimony. — Vermilion. 

Cinneres  Clavellati. — Crude  carbonate  of  potash. 

Crystal  Mineral. — Fused  purified  nitre. 

Circassian  Cream. — Olive  oil,  1  pint,  white  wax,  3  oz., 
spermaceti,  2  oz.,  alkanet  root,  \  oz.  Warm  the  oil 
and  alkanet,  then  strain,  and  add  it  to  the  melted  sper- 
maceti and  wax.  Scent  with  2  \  drachms  of  English 
oil  of  lavender,  and  \  drachm  of  essence  of  ambergris. 
Used  for  the  hair. 

Circassian  Cream  for  Dressing  the  Hair. — Take  2 
oz.  of  perfectly  fresh  suet,  either  of  mutton  or  venison, 
3  oz.  of  olive  oil,  1  oz.  of  gum  benzoin  in  powder,  and 


64  era — cla. 

I  oz.  of  alkanet  root.  Put  the  whole  into  a  jam  jar, 
which,  if  without  a  lid,  must  be  tied  over  with  bladder. 
Now  place  the  jar  in  a  saucepan  containing  boiling 
water,  at  the  side  of  a  fire.  Let  the  ingredients  digest 
for  a  whole  day,  then  strain  away  all  that  is  fluid  through 
fine  muslin,  and  stir  till  nearly  cold.  Any  perfume 
that  is  most  admired  is  then  to  be  added,  such  as  essence 
of  almonds,  roses,  bergamotte,  or  cloves — say  about  a 
drachm. 

Circassian  Dentifrice. — Prepared  hartshorn,  2  oz.,  sul- 
phate of  potash,  2  oz.,  cuttle-fishbone,  8  oz.,  orris-root, 
4  oz.,  yellow  sandal  wood,  1  oz.,  rose  pink,  3  oz.,  oil  of 
rhodium,  30  drops.  Mix  the  powdered  ingredients, 
and  add  the  rhodium. — Dr.  Halifax. 

Citric  Acid  (P.  L.  1836.) — Juice  of  lemons,  4  pints,  pre- 
pared chalk,  4J  oz.,  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  27J  oz., 
distilled  water,  2  pints.  Heat  the  juice,  add  the  chalk; 
let  the  powder  subside,  and  pour  off  the  liquor.  Wash 
the  citrate  of  lime  frequently  with  warm  water,  pour 
on  it  the  sulphuric  acid  and  water,  and  boil  for  15 
minutes;  express  the  liquor,  filter  it,  and  evaporate 
with  a  gentle  heat ;  then  set  it  by  to  crystallize.  To 
obtain  the  crystals  pure,  dissolve  them  a  second  and  third 
time,  filter  each  solution,  evaporate,  and  set  it  aside  to 
crystallize. 
This  preparation,  though  easy  to  an  experienced  chemist, 
is  often  spoiled  by  the  inexperienced  operator,  and 
being  now  manufactured  on  a  large  scale,  the  London 
college  have  not  repeated  their  instructions  in  the  last 
Pharmacopoeia.  They  give,  however,  the  following 
Characters  and  Tests. — Colourless,  decomposed  by  heat, 
soluble  in  water  or  spirit;  what  is  precipitated  from  a 
watery  solution  by  acetate  of  lead  is  dissolved  by  nitric 
acid.  No  salt  of  potash  precipitates  with  citric  acid 
except  the  tartrate.  Added  sparingly  to  cold  lime- 
water,  it  does  not  render  it  turbid.  100  grains  dis- 
solved in  water  are  saturated  by  205*7  grains  of  crys- 
tallized carbonate  of  soda. 

Claudet's  Instantaneous  Positive  Paper. — Float  the 
sheet  in  a  solution  of  distilled  water,  1  pint,  and  corro- 


coc — col.  65 

sive  sublimate,  5  drachms;  dry  it,  and  wash  with  a  so- 
lution of  nitrate  of  silver,  38  grains  to  each  ounce  of 
distilled  water.  The  print,  or  negative,  is  exposed  over 
this  to  the  light,  for  a  period  varying  from  two  seconds 
to  a  minute.  The  development  is  effected  with  sul- 
phate of  iron,  15  grains,  glacial  acetic  acid,  25  grains, 
and  distilled  water,  1  oz.  The  positive  is  then  washed, 
and  fixed  with  hyposulphite  of  soda. 

Cochineal,  Liquid. — Cochineal  and  salt  of  tartar,  of  each  1 
oz.;  boil  in  8  oz.  distilled  water;  add  alum  and  cream 
of  tartar,  of  each  1  oz.,  dissolve  and  strain.  Used  to 
colour  jellies  and  confectionery. 

Cochrane' s  Cough  Mixture. — An  acidulated  syrup  of 
poppies. 

Coffee,  Essence  of. — Concentrated  infusion  of  coffee,  95 
parts,  rectified  spirit,  5  parts.  Used  to  prepare  coffee 
extemporaneously,  by  adding  1  or  2  teaspoonfuls  to 
a  cup  of  boiling  water. 

Coins  and  Medals,  to  Copy. — 1.  Cover  the  medal  or  coin 
with  isinglass  glue,  dissolved  in  brandy,  and  leave  it  a 
day  or  two  to  harden.  The  impression  is  clear,  but  if 
the  back  of  the  glue  is  breathed  on,  and  gold  leaf  ap- 
plied, the  effect  is  more  striking.  2.  Place  paper  round 
the  coin  like  a  hoop,  and  pour  in  plaster  of  Paris, 
mixed  with  water,  to  a  cream,  or  melted  wax,  stearine, 
or  fusible  metal.     Or  copy  it  by  the  electrotype  process. 

Coindet's  Pills. — Protiodide  of  mercury,  1  grain,  extract 
of  liquorice,  20  grains;  for  8  pills.  Dose  2  to  4  twice 
daily,  in  ulcers  and  scrofulous  tumours. 

Cold  Cream. — 1.  Oil  of  almonds,  8  oz.,  white  wax,  2  oz.; 
melt,  and  when  cooling,  add  4  oz.  rose-water.  Used 
to  soften  the  hands,  and  prevent  chaps. 

2.  Add  lard,  4  oz.,  to  the  last,  omit  the  rose-water,  and 
substitute  otto  of  roses,  4  drops. 

3.  White  wax,  2  oz.,  spermaceti,  3  oz.,  almond  oil,  8  oz., 
carbonate  of  potash,  30  grains,  rose-water,  sufficient  to 
mix,  and  perfume  at  pleasure. 

6* 


66  col. 

Collier's  Wine  of  Quinine. — Disulphate  of  quinine,  18 
grains,  citric  acid,  15  grains,  orange  wine,  24  oz.  Mix 
the  powders  with  a  little  wine,  and  add  the  rest.  Tonic, 
stimulant. 

Collins'  Disinfecting  Powder. — 1.  Dry  chloride  of  lime, 
2  parts,  burnt  alum,  1  part.     Used  with  or  without 
water,  to  purify  rooms,  cess-pools,  &c. 
2.  Anhydrous  sulphate  of  alumina,  1  part,  chloride  of 
lime,  2  parts.     Mix. 

Collodion. — Mix  in  a  glass  vessel,  30  parts  strong  sul- 
phuric acid  with  20  parts  of  powdered  nitre ;  place  the 
vessel  in  cold  water;  add  1  part  of  carded  cotton,  stir, 
and  open  it  with  two  glass  rods,  or  pipe-stems;  then 
wash  the  cotton  in  plenty  of  cold  water,  opening  it 
until  it  is  free  from  all  acidity;  dry  it  by  squeezing  in 
a  cloth;  spread  it  out,  and  cautiously  dry  it,  as  at  a 
moderate  heat  it  explodes.  1  part  of  the  cotton,  mixed 
with  16  parts  of  rectified  ether,  and  1  part  of  alcohol, 
forms  a  solution.     Used  to  cover  cuts,  wounds,  &c. 

Collodion  Plates,  to  Clean. — Collodion  pictures  may 
be  removed  from  glass  plates  by  the  use  of  methylic 
spirit,  which  will  remove  varnish  or  jet  black  very 
readily. 

Collodion  Process;  or,  Photography  on  Glass. — 
This  process  is  one  that  generally  gives  more  pleasure 
to  the  amateur  and  his  friends  than  any  other.  The 
first  thing  requisite  is  gun  cotton:  to  make  which, 
proceed  as  follows : — Take  half  an  ounce  of  dry  nitrate 
of  potass  (saltpetre,)  and  three  quarters  of  an  ounce  of 
strong  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol;)  mix  in  a  glass 
or  porcelain  cup;  then  add  thirty  grains  of  dry  cotton 
wool,  and  stir  the  whole  up  with  a  glass  rod  for  about 
five  minutes;  remove  the  cotton,  and  wash  it  well  in 
four  or  five  waters,  (common  water  will  do;)  when 
well  washed,  dry  it  carefully.  You  thus  obtain  gun 
cotton.  About  ten  grains  of  this  is  dissolved  in  about 
three  ounces  of  sulphuric  ether,  to  which  is  added 
about  sixty  drops  of  alcohol.  This  solution  is  called 
collodion. 


col.  67 

When  collodion  is  poured  on  a  clean  plate  of  glass, 
it  almost  instantly  hardens  into  a  beautiful  transparent 
and  very  tenacious  film;  and,  taking  advantage  of  this 
property,  we  incorporate  with  it  a  certain  amount  of 
a  sensitive  salt  of  silver,  which,  on  being  exposed  in 
the  camera  in  the  same  manner  as  paper,  produces  a 
most  beautiful  picture  in  a  space  of  time  varying  from 
the  fraction  of  a  second  up  to  ten  or  fifteen  seconds; 
and  this  is  generally  accompanied  with  the  most  per- 
fect detail  of  all  the  parts. 

There  are  several  formulas  for  the  preparation  of 
this  useful  substance;  but  we  shall  only  give  one,  as 
more  would  confuse  the  amateur,  and  we  have  always 
found  the  following  very  certain : — Dissolve  twenty 
grains  of  gun  cotton  in  six  ounces  of  ether,  to  which 
add  three  quarters  of  an  ounce  of  alcohol.  If  the  cot- 
ton does  not  entirely  dissolve,  allow  it  to  remain  for  a 
short  time,  and  pour  the  clean  part  off  for  use.  Keep 
this  solution  in  one  bottle,  and  call  it  1.  To  one  ounce 
of  alcohol  (spirits  of  wine,)  add  as  much  iodide  of  ammo- 
nium as  it  will  dissolve;  then  add  as  much  iodide  of 
silver  (made  from  the  nitrate  of  silver  and  iodide  of 
potassium,  described  in  the  third  paper,)  as  the  solu- 
tion will  take  up;  keep  this  in  another  bottle,  and  call 
it  2.  Procure  another  bottle  with  a  wide  mouth,  and 
pour  into  it  one  ounce  of  collodion  out  of  1 ;  to  which 
add  15  or  20  drops  from  2.  The  collodion  thus  formed 
is  called  collodio-iodide  of  silver. 

Having  well  washed  and  cleaned  a  plate  of  glass,  of 
the  same  size  as  the  frame  in  your  camera,  coat  it  on 
one  side  evenly,  and  without  hurry,  by  passing  the 
collodion,  on  the  centre  from  the  bottle;  pour  back  any 
excess  of  liquid  from  one  corner,  and  then  draw  the 
mouth  of  the  bottle  along  the  under  edge  of  the  glass, 
until  you  come  to  the  other  corner  of  the  plate.  In 
this  way  you  cause  the  collodion  to  cover  the  plate  in 
an  even  manner. 

To  excite  the  plate  thus  loaded  with  collodion  for 
the  camera,  proceed  as  follows : — In  a  trough  or  bath 
made  of  gutta  percha,  glass,  or  porcelain,  large  enough 


68  col. 

to  hold  the  plate,  make  a  mixture  in  the  following 
proportions :  distilled  water,  1  oz.,  nitrate  of  silver,  30 
grains,  alcohol,  30  drops;  dissolve  and  filter,  (if  the 
bath  contain  six  or  eight  ounces  you  of  course  increase 
the  quantity  of  each  six  or  eight  times;)  you  then  care- 
fully and  quickly  plunge  the  coated  plate  of  glass  into 
the  bath,  and  after  lifting  it  up  and  down  two  or  three 
times,  allow  it  to  remain  covered  by  the  solution  for 
about  two  minutes. 

To  do  this  neatly,  get  a  strip  of  glass  two  or  three 
inches  longer  than  the  plate,  and  about  two  inches 
wide;  cut  off  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  from  one  end, 
and  cement  it  on  the  front  of  the  end  from  which  you  cut 
it;  you  thus  obtain  a  dipper  on  which  the  plate  rests, 
and  by  holding  the  other  end  of  the  plate,  it  can  be 
easily  plunged  in  the  bath.  You  then  place  the  plate 
in  the  frame,  and  the  frame  in  the  camera,  (having 
previously  obtained  a  good  focus;)  and  by  pulling  up 
the  slide  in  front  of  the  plate,  you  expose  for  a  space  of 
time  varying  from  one  to  fifteen  seconds.  We  cannot 
give  any  rule  for  the  exact  length  of  time,  as  it  depends 
on  the  colour  of  the  object,  the  amount  of  light  shining 
on  it,  the  quality  of  that  light,  and  the  amount  of  light 
which  the  object  reflects,  &c,  a  knowledge  of  all  which 
must  be  obtained  by  practice. 

Having  closed  your  slide,  you  carry  the  frame  into 
the  dark  room,  and,  taking  out  the  plate,  develop  the 
picture  in  the  following  manner: — Make  a  solution, 
consisting  of  distilled  water,  4  oz.,  pyrogallic  acid,  5 
grains,  strongest  acetic  acid,  60  minims  (or  drops:) 
dissolve  and  filter.  In  applying  this  solution,  hold  the 
plate  perfectly  level,  the  collodion  side  upwards,  and 
pour  enough  of  it  on  the  plate  to  cover  it;  in  a  very 
short  time  the  picture  will  be  developed.  Wash  it  with 
water,  and  pour  over  it  some  of  the  solution  of  hyposul- 
phate  of  soda,  made  thus :  water,  1  pint,  hyposulphate 
of  soda,  4  oz.  Allow  it  to  remain  one  or  two  minutes, 
and  after  thoroughly  washing  it  all  off  again,  your  "ne- 
gative" collodion  picture  is  finished. 

As  pyrogallic  acid  is  not  to  be  had  in  every  place, 


col.  69 

we  give  another  agent  for  developing  collodion  pictures, 
which  answers  very  well;  it  is  by  Mr.  Spiiler:  water,  1 
oz.,  sulphate  of  iron,  14  grains,  nitrate  of  potash  (salt- 
petre,) 10  grains,  acetic  acid,  J  drachm,  nitric  acid 
(aqua  fortis,)  2  drops;  use  this  instead  of  the  solu- 
tion of  pyrogallic  acid,  and  6.x  in  the  same  manner. 
If,  in  the  process  of  developing  the  picture,  it  appears 
too  quickly,  use  eight  ounces  of  water  instead  of  four 
in  making  the  pyrogallic  acid  solution.  By  so  doing 
the  half  tones  will  be  much  improved;  but  the  time  re- 
•quired  will  be  longer. 

Colours  for  Confectionery,  &c. — These  should  always 
be  harmless.  Liquid  cochineal  serves  for  reds,  while 
sap  green,  Prussian  blue,  yellow  saffron,  &c,  afford  in- 
nocent means  of  colouring  sweetmeats,  jellies,  and  li- 
quors. Brandy  may  be  coloured  with  burnt  sugar,  and 
litmus  gives  a  violet  tinge. 

Colours,  Vehicles  for. — Boiled  linseed  oil,  with  dryers, 
serves  best  for  oil  paints.  Water-colours  may  be  used 
with  gum  water,  solution  of  gelatine,  or  a  solution  of 
shellac  and  borax. 

Colours  for  Show-Bottles. — Distilled  water  must  be 
used,  and  a  little  more  colour  made  than  is  requisite  to 
fill  the  bottles.  The  solution  must  be  cleared  by  sub- 
siding, or  by  filtration;  the  bottles  must  be  clean  and 
dry.  After  exposure  for  some  weeks,  the  liquid  gene- 
rally requires  a  second  filtration. 
I.  Blue. — 1.  Blue  vitriol,  1  lb  to  each  gallon.  2.  Add 
besides  1  lb  of  alum  to  each  gallon,  and  sufficient  sul- 
phuric acid  to  strike  the  colour.  3.  Sulphate  of  indigo, 
diluted  to  the  required  shade.  4,  Prussian  blue,  6 
parts,  oxalic  acid,  1  part;  rub  to  powder,  and  dilute 
with  water.  5.  Royal  Blue. — Sulphate  of  copper,  i 
lb,  or  nitrate  of  copper,  3  oz.,  to  each  gallon;  dissolve; 
add  solution  of  ammonia  to  strike  the  colour.  6.  Ace- 
tate of  copper,  1  part,  hydrochloric  acid,  3  ^parts; 
dissolve  in  water,  add  solution  of  ammonia,  q.  s.  By 
omitting  the  acid  this  is  rendered  pale  blue. 


70  con. 

II.  Green. — 1.  Add  infusion  of  saffron,  or  chromate  of 
potash,  to  any  of  the  blues.  2.  Verdigris,  8  oz.  to 
each  gallon  of  water;  add  nitric  or  sulphuric  acid, 
q.  s.  3.  Verdigris,  8  oz.,  vinegar,  1  quart;  dilute 
with  water.  4.  To  a  decoction  of  turmeric,  add  ver- 
digris and  blue  vitriol.  5.  Add  nitric  acid,  hydro- 
chlorate  of  soda  or  iron,  or  bichromate  of  potash, 
to  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper.  6.  Emerald. — 
Nitrate  of  copper,  1 J  oz.,  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids, 
of  each  2  oz.  to  each  gallon  of  water.  7.  Nickel, 
1  i  oz.,  hydrochloric  acid,  2  oz.,  nitrous  acid,  1  oz. ; 
mix,  and  in  24  hours  add  1  gallon  of  water. 

III.  Red. — 1.  A  solution  of  carmine,  or  powdered  cochi- 
neal, in  liquid  ammonia,  and  diluted  to  shade.  2.  Cochi- 
neal, J  oz.,  boiling  water,  1  gallon;  digest  and  strain; 
add  i  oz.  sulphuric  acid,  and  1  gallon  of  water. — 3.  Crim- 
son.— Iodine,  and  iodide  of  potassium,  of  each  2  drachms, 
mix  with  1  drachm  of  water;  and 4  oz.  of  hydrochloric 
acid.  4.  Pinh. — Boiling  water,  1  quart,  madder  root, 
i  oz. ;  mix,  cool ;  add  1  oz.  strong  ammonia,  and  filter 
into  1  or  2  gallons  of  water. 

IV.  Purple. — 1.  Verdigris,  1  oz.,  liquor  ammonia,  1  lb., 
or  q.  s.,  water,  6  lbs. ;  mix.  2.  Infusion  of  logwood, 
with  liquor  ammonia.  3.  Sugar  of  lead,  3  oz.,  cochi- 
neal, 1  drachm,  water,  q.  s. 

V.  Yellow. — 1.  A  solution  of  chromate  of  potash.  2.  Add  to 
the  last  sulphuric  acid,  or  nitrate  of  potash,  q.  s.  3. 
Decoction  of  French  berries  and  alum.  4.  Gamboge, 
or  annatto,  dissolved  in  liquor  of  potash ;  add  water, 
and  a  little  spirit.  The  quantity  of  alkali  ehanges  the 
colour  to  a  light  or  deep  orange. 

Concentrated  Milk. — Add  sugar  to  the  milk,  and  eva- 
porate the  mixture  by  a  gentle  heat. 

Confections,  formerly  termed  Electuaries,  are  simple  medi- 
cines, sweetened  with  sugar,  syrup,  &c,  and  mostly  used 
as  vehicles  for  more  active  remedies.  They  require  to 
be  kept  dry  and  well  covered. 

Confection  of  Almond,  L. — Sweet  almonds,  8  oz.,  powdered 
gum  Arabic,  1  oz.,  sugar,  4  oz.    Macerate  the  almonds 


CON.  71 

Confections. 

in  cold  water,  remove  the  skins  and  dry  the  fruit.  Pow- 
der the  dry  almonds,  the  gum,  and  the  sugar  separately, 
then  mix,  and  preserve  in  a  well  stopped  bottle.  Only 
used  to  prepare  almond  mixture. 

Confection,  (Aromatic)  L. — Cinnamon  and  nutmeg,  of  each 
2  oz.,  cloves,  1  oz.,  cardamom,  J  oz.,  saffron,  2  oz.,  pre- 
pared chalk,  16  oz.,  sugar,  2  lbs.,  distilled  water,  a  suffi- 
cient quantity.  Rub  the  dry  ingredients  together  into 
fine  powder,  and  preserve  the  mixture  in  a  close  vessel. 
When  required  for  use,  add  to  each  ounce  2  drachms  of 
water,  and  mix  thoroughly.  Cordial,  astringent,  and 
antacid.  Used  to  prevent  diarrhoea,  and  in  various 
mixtures.  Dose,  10  to  60  grains.  Incompatible  with 
acids,  or  acidulous  and  metallic  salts. 

Confection  of  Cassia,  L. — Prepared  cassia,  6  oz.,  manna,  2 
oz.,  prepared  tamarind,  1  oz.,  syrup  of  roses,  8  oz.  Bruise 
the  manna,  dissolve  it  in  the  syrup,  mix  in  the  tama- 
rind and  cassia,  and  evaporate  to  the  required  consist- 
ence. Used  as  a  purgative  for  children  only.  Dose,  2 
to  6  drachms. 

Confection  of  Opium,  L. — Powdered  opium,  6  drachms, 
long  pepper,  1  oz.,  bruised  ginger,  2  oz.,  carraway,  3 
oz.,  powdered  tragacanth,  2  drachms,  syrup,  16  oz. — 
Powder  the  dry  ingredients,  and  preserve  in  a  close 
vessel.  For  use,  add  hot  syrup  to  the  powder,  and  mix. 
Nine  grains  of  the  mixed  powders,  or  30  grains  of  the 
confection,  contain  1  grain  of  hard  opium.  Narcotic 
and  aromatic.  Used  to  check  diarrhoea,  in  conjunction 
with  chalk  mixture ;  and  administered  in  flatulent  colic. 
Dose,  15  to  50  grains. 

Confection  of  Orange,  L. — Fresh  orange  peel,  1  ft).,  sugar,  3 
lbs.  Bruise  the  peel  with  a  wooden  pestle,  add  the 
sugar,  and  beat  until  mixed.  Only  used  to  sweeten 
medicines,  or  as  a  sweetmeat. 

Confection  of  Pepper,  L. — Black  pepper  and  elecampane,  of 
each  1  lb.,  fennel,  3  lbs.,  honey  and  sugar,  of  each  2 
lbs.  Powder  the  dry  ingredients,  and  preserve  in  a 
close  vessel.  For  use,  add  the  honey  to  the  powder, 
and  mix  thoroughly.  Dose,  J  to  1  drachm,  twice  daily, 
in  piles. 


72  con. 

Confections. 

Confection  of  Red  Roses,  L. — Fresh  red  rose  petals,  1  lb., 
sugar,  3  lbs.  Bruise  the  rose  petals  in  a  stone  mortar, 
add  the  sugar,  and  beat  until  mixed.  Used  as  confec- 
tion of  dog  rose. 

Confection  of  Dog  Rose,  L. — Fruit  of  the  dog  rose  without 
the  seeds,  1  lb.,  sugar,  20  oz.  Add  the  sugar  gradu- 
ally to  the  roses,  and  beat  until  mixed.  Both  are  used 
to  give  form  to  pills,  and  as  additions  to  cough  mixtures. 

Confection  of  Rue,  L. — Fresh  rue,  bruised  carraway,  and 
bay  berries,  of  each  1J  oz.,  prepared  sagapenuni,  }  oz., 
black  pepper,  2  drachms,  honey,  16  oz.,  distilled  water, 
a  sufficient  quantity.  Rub  the  dry  ingredients  to  a  fine 
powder,  dissolve  the  sagapenuni  by  heat  in  the  honey, 
and  water,  and  mix  all  intimately  by  gradually  adding 
the  powder.  Used  as  an  antispasmodic  in  children's 
convulsive  fits,  and  in  enemas  for  colic.  Dose,  1  to  3 
scruples,  in  gruel. 

Confection  of  Scammony,  L. — Scammony,  1J  oz.,  cloves, 
ginger,  of  each  6  drachms,  oil  of  carraway,  \  drachm, 
syrup  of  roses,  a  sufficient  quantity.  -  Powder  the  dry 
ingredients  very  finely,  and  preserve  in  a  well- closed 
vessel.  For  use,  rub  the  syrup  with  the  powder,  add 
the  oil,  and  mix  all  together.  Stimulating,  cathartic. 
Dose,  20  to  60  grains.     Seldom  used. 

Confection  of  Senna,  L. — Senna,  8  oz.,  figs,  1  lb.,  tamarind 
pulp,  cassia,  and  pulp  of  prunes,  of  each  i  lb.,  cori- 
ander, 4  oz.,  fresh  liquorice,  3  oz.,  sugar,  2 i  lbs.,  dis- 
tilled water,  3  pints.  Bub  the  senna  with  the  coriander 
in  a  mortar,  and  by  a  sieve  sift  10  oz.  Boil  together 
the  water,  figs,  and  liquorice,  to  one-half,  and  strain. — 
Evaporate  the  strained  liquor  in  a  wrater-bath  down  to 
24  oz.,  add  the  sugar,  the  tamarinds,  cassia,  and  prunes, 
and  while  cooling  stirin  the  powder,  and  mix  thoroughly. 

Congreve  Matches. — 1.  Chlorate  of  potash,  2  parts,  phos- 
phorus, 4  parts,  glue,  2  parts,  gum  Arabic,  7  parts. — 
Divide  the  phosphorus  in  the  gum,  made  into  mucilage, 
and  warm,  then  add  the  melted  glue.  Powder  the 
chlorate,  moisten  it  with  mucilage,  and  mix  all  together. 
The  matches,  dipped  first  in  melted  sulphur,  are,  when 
dry,  dipped  in  this  paste,  and  dried. 


cop.  73 

2.  Phosphorus,  9  parts,  gum  Arabic  and  vermilion,  of  each 
16  parts,  saltpetre,  14  parts.  Divide  the  phosphorus  in 
urine,  by  a  water-bath,  and  mix  it  with  the  rest  in  a 
paste.  Dip  the  matches  in,  dry,  and  again  dip  in  thin 
gum-water,  to  which  some  nitre  is  added. 

3.  Glue,  8  oz.,  water,  J  pint;  dissolve  by  heat;  add  phos- 
phorus, 3  oz.,  mix  well  to  a  whitish  paste;  add  chlorate 
of  potash,  6  drachms,  and  2  oz.  of  colouring;  well  mixed, 
powdered,  and  wetted  to  prevent  firing.  Stir  for  10 
minutes,  and  use. 

Copaiba  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  oils ;  when  mixed 
with  -^g-  of  its  weight  of  magnesia,  it  thickens,  and  be- 
comes in  a  few  hours  nearly  solid.  It  may  thus  be  ad- 
ministered in  pills.  It  is  diuretic,  stimulant  and  ca- 
thartic.    Used  chiefly  in  gonorrhoea. 

Copaiba,  Solution  of. — Boil  for  15  minutes,  water,  7  parts, 
copaiba,  2  parts,  liquor  of  potash,  3  parts :  cool,  add  ni- 
tric ether,  1  part.  Draw  off  the  clear  liquor  from  the 
lower  portion  of  the  vessel,  avoiding  the  upper  stratum 
of  oil.     A  substitute  for  Franks'  Solution. 

Copaiba  Mixture. — Balsam  of  copaiba,  1 J  oz.,  nitric  ether, 

1  oz.,  tincture  of  henbane,  3  drachms,  liquor  of  potash, 

2  drachms,  cinnamon  water  sufficient  to  make  the  mix- 
ture 8  oz.  Dose,  2  table-spoonfuls  twice  a-day,  in  go- 
norrhoea.— Arnold. 

Copal  is  readily  dissolved.  1.  In  the  cold,  by  a  mixture  of 
caoutchoucine  and  alcohol  (0*825)  equal  parts.  2. 
When  fused  by  heat  it  will  mix  with  hot  oil,  and  is 
thus  usually  prepared  in  varnish-making.  3.  Camphor, 
i  oz.,  to  highly  rectified  oil  of  turpentine  or  alcohol,  1 
quart,  enables  either  to  dissolve  copal  by  heat.  The 
first  mode  is  the  simplest  for  experiment  on  small  quan- 
tities ;  the  copal,  in  any  case,  must  only  be  coarsely  pow- 
dered, as,  if  too  fine,  it  clings  together. 

Copper,  Nitrate  of. — Saturate  nitric  acid  with  copper; 
evaporate  until  the  acid  flies  off;  re-dissolve  with  fresh 
acid ;  filter,  evaporate,  and  crystallize.  Used  in  electro- 
typing,  and  in  making  show  colours. 

7  "' 


74  cop — cos. 

Copper ',  Oxide  of. — Heat  to  redness  nitrate  of  copper;  it  is 
decomposed,  and  becomes  the  oxide,  or  protoxide  of 
copper.     Used  to  prepare  oxygen  gas. 

Copper,  Powdered. — Immerse  zinc  into  an  acid  solution 
of  sulphate  of  copper.  The  copper  will  be  precipitated 
in  a  finely  divided  state. 

Coral,  (factitious.) — Prepared  chalk,  coloured  with  ses- 
quioxide  of  iron,  or  rose  pink,  is  sold  as  powdered  coral. 

Corns. — Soak  the  feet  in  warm  water,  pare  the  top  of  the 
corn,  and  proceed  to  apply  one  of  the  following  sol- 
vents : — 

1.  Lunar  caustic.  Moisten  the  corn,  and  rub  it  with  the 
caustic. 

2.  Nitric  acid,  applied  with  a  rod  or  stick. 

3.  Strong  solution  of  subcarbonate  of  potash. 

The  corn  is  gradually  eaten  away  and  disappears.  To 
prevent  them,  wear  easy  shoes;  and  wash  the  feet  fre- 
quently with  cold  water. 

Cosmetics  ;  external  applications  to  improve  the  skin,  teeth, 
or  hair. 

Skin  Cosmetics. — Ordinary  soap  with  water,  is  one  of  the 
most  useful  cosmetics  that  can  be  applied  to  the  skin. 
Before  the  invention  of  soap  many  skin  diseases  were 
more  prevalent  than  at  present;  but  even  yet  many  per- 
sons, especially  in  lower  life,  are  disgustingly  filthy  in 
their  persons.  Good  soap  is  a  ready  cleanser  of  the  skin, 
removing  the  oily  perspiration  which  mixes  with  any  dirt 
or  dust  that  may  be  touched.  From  the  quantity  of 
alkali  soap  contains  it  gives  a  roughness  to  some  sen- 
sitive skins,  which  are  better  suited  with  oily  soaps,  as 
the  Castile,  almond,  and  Naples  soaps.  For  the  same 
purpose,  namely,  to  soften  the  skin,  various  articles  are 
used,  such  as  cold  cream,  milk  of  roses,  camphor  balls, 
and  almond  paste. 
Wash  for  the  Skin. — Emulsion  of  bitter  almonds,  3  oz.,  rose 
and  orange-flower  water,  of  each  4  oz.,  borax,  1  drachm, 
tincture  of  benzoin,  2  drachms;  mix. —  Copland. 

Kali/dor,  and  Gowlandh  Lotion,  are  imitated  by  emul- 


COU — CRA.  75 

sion  of  bitter  almonds,  1  pint,  bichloride  of  mercury,  5 
grains;  mix.  Applied  with  a  napkin  or  towel  to  the 
face,  &c.j  it  removes  all  blotches  and  eruptions 

Milk  of  Roses, — 1.  Mix  1  oz.  of  almond  oil  with  10  drops 
of  oil  of  tartar  (carbonate  of  potash,  10  grains)  and  add 
a  pint  of  rose-water. 

Almond  Soap. — Blanch  and  powder  2  oz.  of  bitter  al- 
monds, beat  to  a  paste,  with  camphor,  1  drachm;  add 
tincture  of  benzoin,  10  drachms;  mix  well;  then  work 
it  up  gradually  with  1  lb.  of  good  common  soap.  An 
excellent  softener  for  the  skin,  and  preventive  of  chaps. 
Perhaps  nothing  superior  can  be  used  during  the  winter 
for  a  tender  skin.  Sometimes  called  "  Lady  Derby's 
Soap."     For  other  cosmetics  see  Index. 

Cough,  Popular  Remedies  for. — Mixtures. — 1.  Syrup  of 
poppies,  syrup  of  squills,  and  paregoric,  equal  parts; 
mix.  Dose,  a  teaspoonful  when  the  cough  is  trouble- 
some. Dr.  Radcliff. 
2.  Syrup  of  poppies,  1  oz.,  paregoric  and  tincture  of  squills, 
of  each  J  oz.,  tincture  of  tolu,  1  drachm;  mix.  Dose, 
a  teaspoonful  when  the  cough  is  troublesome. 
Draught.  Laudanum,  \  drachm,  vinegar  and  honey, 
each  J  oz.,  ipecacuanha  wine,  20  drops;  mix,  and  take 
at  bedtime. 

Cottereau's  Solution  for  toothache. — Saturate  ether 
with  camphor,  and  add  a  few  drops  of  ammonia. 

Court  Plaster. — Brush  silk  over  with  a  solution  of  isin^ 
glass,  in  spirit;  dry,  and  repeat  several  times.  For  the 
last  coat  apply  balsam  of  Peru.  Used  to  close  cuts  and 
wounds,  by  warming  it,  and  applying.  It  does  not 
wash  off  until  the  skin  partially  heals. 

Crayons,  Drawing. — Dissolve  shellac,  1  part,  in  wood  naph- 
tha, 2  parts;  mix  with  this  the  colouring  matter  pre- 
viously stirred  up  with  an  equal  weight  of  fine  blue  clay. 
Dry  on  a  stove. 
Crayons,  Lithographic. — Soap,  1J  oz.,  tallow,  2  oz.,  vir- 
gin wax,  2'J  oz.,  shellac,  1  oz.,  lamp  black,  I  oz.  Melt 
the  wax  and  tallow  until  they  ignite;  while  burning, 


76  CRA — CRE. 

add  the  soap,  in  slices,  letting  one  melt  before  another 
is  added;  then  let  the  ingredients  burn  until  reduced  to 
one-third  in  volume.  Add  the  shellac,  and  when  it  is 
melted  extinguish  the  flame.  Heat  linseed  oil  till  it 
will  ignite,  light  it  with  paper,  and  let  it  burn  to  one- 
half;  mix  the  black  with  this  to  a  thick  varnish ;  then 
add  this  varnish  to  the  crayon  mixture.  Great  experi- 
ence is  required  to  make  this  chalk  well.  Fielding, 
Used  to  draw  upon  lithographic  stones. 

Crayons  for  Writing  on  Glass. — Spermaceti,  4  parts,  tal- 
low, 3  parts,  wax,  2  parts:  fuse  together;  add  minium, 
6  parts,  potash,  1  part.  Mix  well,  and  form  into  pen- 
cils, which  may  be  pointed  for  use. 

Cream,  Cold  (Hudson's.) — Oil  of  almonds,  4  oz.,  white 
wax  and  spermaceti,  of  each  2  drachms;  melt;  add  rose 
water,  4  oz.,  orange-flower  water,  1  oz.  Used  to  soften 
the  skin. 

Cream,  Crystalline.— -Olive  oil,  3  lbs.,  spermaceti,  4  to  6 
oz.;  melt,  cool,  and  add  essence  of  bergamotte  and  es- 
sence of  lemon,  of  each  6  drachms,  oil  of  cinnamon,  20 
drops,  otto  of  rose,  1}  drachm;  mix.  Fragrant.  Used 
for  the  hair. 

Cream,  Fox's. — Marrow  pomatum  and  almond  oil,  of  each 
2  oz. ;  dissolve;  add,  while  cooling,  2  drachms  of  essence 
of  jessamine  or  bergamotte.  Bateman.  Used  for  the 
hair. 

Cream,  Furniture. — 1.  Soft  water,  1  gallon,  bees'-wax,  1 
lb.,  soap,  4  oz.,  pearlash,  2  oz.;  boil  and  dissolve.  Laid 
on  furniture,  and  polished  off  with  a  brush  and  leather. 

2.  Bees'-wax,  4  oz.,  white  soap,  i  oz.,  oil  of  turpentine, 
and  boiling  water,  of  each  8  oz.  Melt  the  wax  in  the 
turpentine,  dissolve  the  soap  in  the  water,  and  mix  the 
two  liquids.     Barwise. 

Cream,  Painters'. — Nut  oil,  6  oz.,  mastic,  1  oz.;  dissolve, 
add  sugar  of  lead,  \  oz.,  ground  in  oil;  mix  the  whole 
with  sufficient  water  to  make  it  like  cream.  Used  to 
lay  on  paint  when  unfinished,  to  prevent  it  hardening. 
It  is  washed  off  with  water  and  a  sponge. 


cm — cur.  77 

Crickets  may  be  destroyed  by  putting  Scotch  snuff  into 
their  retreats,  or  using  the  wafers.     See  Beetles. 

Crimson  Liquid  for  Tinsel  or  Paper. — Drop  lake  is 
boiled  in  solution  of  soda,  then  allowed  to  settle  for 
twenty- four  hours;  and  the  decanted  fluid  is  mixed 
with  glue  or  isinglass,  and  a  little  sugar.  Apply  it 
with  a  brush. 

Crystal  Mineral. — Fused  purified  nitre. 

CaiLLEREE  Ordinaire  (Une.) — A  tablespoonful. 

Cuiller  a  Bouchk  (Une.) — Five  drachms. 

Cuiller  a  Cafe  (Une.) — A  large  teaspoonful,  1\  drachm. 

Cundell's  Photographic  Paper  Process. — A  good  sheet 
of  Turner's  paper  is  selected,  and  washed  with  the  fol- 
lowing solution : — nitrate  of  silver,  17  grains,  distilled 
water,  1  oz. ;  dry  the  paper,  and  wash  with  iodide  of 
potassium,  400  grains,  common  salt,  100  grains,  pure 
water,  1  pint;  when  partially  dried,  the  prepared  side 
must  be  cleared  of  the  potash  by  floating  it  on  water 
for  five  to  ten  minutes,  then  dry  it.  Now  prepare  a 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver,  25  grains,  glacial  acetic 
acid,  1  drachm,  distilled  water,  1  oz. ;  add  to  some  of 
this  an  equal  quantity  of  a  solution  of  crystallized  gallic 
acid  in  cold  distilled  water,  and  the  gallo-nitrate  of  sil- 
ver thus  formed  is  applied  to  the  paper,  which  is  then 
ready  for  use,  after  rinsing  in  elean  water.  The  gallic 
acid  solution  and  the  gallo-nitrate  of  silver  will  not  keep 
long,  and  should  only  be  made  when  required.  After 
exposure  in  the  camera,  the  gallo-nitrate  is  again  applied 
to  develop  the  picture,  which  is  then  washed,  and  fixed 
with  the  solution  of  hyposulphite  of  soda. 

Curry  Powder.- — A  flavouring  mixture  of  spices  used  in 
India  to  season  meats  with.  There  are  a  great  variety 
of  recipes  extant  for  the  true  curry  powder,  all  of  which 
differ  in  the  quantities  of  ingredients.  The  articles 
used  are  similar  in  all. 
Turmeric  and  coriander  seeds,  of  each  4  oz.,  black  pepper, 
2  J  oz.,  ginger,  14  drachms,  cinnamon,  mace,  and  cloves^ 

7* 


78  CUS — DAN. 

each  i  oz.,  cardamom  seeds,  1  oz.,  cummin  seeds,  2  dr. 
Cayenne  pepper,  1  oz.;  powder  and  mix.     Bateman. 

Custard  Powder. — Sago  meal  in  fine  flour,  colour  with 
turmeric  to  a  cream  colour,  add  bitter-almond  powder 
to  flavour,  and  if  preferred,  a  few  drops  of  oil  of  cassia. 
Used  with  sweetened  milk  to  form  extemporaneous  cus- 
tards. 

Custard  Powder. — Powdered  tragacanth,  2  oz.,  potato 
starch,  1  lb.,  curcuma,  2  J  drachms,  essential  oil  of  al- 
monds, i  drachm,  essence  of  lemon,  1  drachm.  Mix, 
and  put  up  in  ounce  packets.  Take  one  pint  of  milk, 
rub  up  the  contents  of  a  packet  with  a  little  of  it,  boil 
the  remainder  with  2  oz.  of  lump  sugar,  pour  while  boil- 
ing on  the  custard,  stir  it  well,  and  bake. 

Cyanide  of  Potassium. — Obtained  by  adding  hydrocyanic 
acid  in  excess  to  a  concentrated  solution  of  pure  potash, 
evaporating  until  crystallization  commences,  and  then 
fusing  at  a  red  heat.  Employed  in  electrotyping,  and 
to  obliterate  the  nitrate  of  silver  marking-inks. 

Daffy's  Elixir. — Resembles  the  compound  tincture  of 
senna,  which  answers  equally  well.  Purgative,  carmi- 
native, stimulant.     Used  in  colic,  dyspepsia,  &c. 

Dahlia  Test. — An  evaporating  strong  solution  of  dahlia 
petals,  into  which  papers  are  dipped,  and  dried  for  use. 
Used  as  a  chemical  test-paper. 

Damp  Walls,  Remedy  for. — Dissolve  gutta  percha  in  spirits 
of  turpentine,  mix  with  the  solution  ground  white  lead, 
and  apply  the  composition  with  a  brush. 

Dandelion  Coffee. — Chicory,  1  oz.,  dried  dandelion  roots, 
8  oz.,  coffee,  3  lbs. ;  mix  in  powder.  Said  to  be  tonic 
and  alterative  when  used  as  a  beverage  once  or  twice 
a-day.  The  public  are  occasionally  fond  of  medicated 
food,  or  any  novel  mixture  which  is  puffed  off  under  a 
strange  name.  Pea-meal,  wheat-flour,  cocoas,  coffees, 
&c,  &c,  have  recently  fetched  enormous  prices  when 
packed  up  and  advertised  as  newly-discovered  articles 
of  surprising  efficacy  in  all  disorders,  real  or  imaginary. 


DAR — DEC.  79 

Darcet's  Carminative  Lozenges. — Bicarbonate  of  soda, 
2  drachms,  refined  sugar,  14  oz.,  oil  of  peppermint,  4 
drops;  made  into  lozenges  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth. 
Used  in  flatulency,  heartburn,  &c. 

Deafness,  Remedy  for. — Oil  of  almonds,  1  lb.,  bruised 
garlic,  2  oz.,  alkanet,  i  oz. ;  infuse  and  strain.  Ap- 
plied with  a  little  cotton  to  the  ear. 

Decoctions  differ  from  infusions  only  in  being  boiled.  In- 
fusions preserve  the  volatile  principles  more  effectually 
than  decoctions.  Decoctions  soon  spoil;  therefore  they 
are  generally  prepared  only  when  wanted.  They  should 
be  strained  while  hot. 

Decoction  of  Aloes,  Compound,  L. — Extract  of  liquorice,  7 
drachms,  carbonate  of  potash,  1  drachm,  extract  of 
aloes,  powdered  myrrh,  and  saffron,  of  each  1 J  drachm, 
distilled  water,  1J  pint,  compound  tincture  of  carda- 
moms, 7  oz.  Boil  the  liquorice,  potash,  aloes,  myrrh 
and  saffron,  with  the  water,  down  to  a  pint ;  strain,  and 
add  the  tincture. 

Antacid,  tonic,  mildly  cathartic,  incompatible  with  acids 
or  acidulous  salts.     Dose,  i  to  2  oz. 

Decoction  of  Yellow  Bark,  L. — Yellow  bark  bruised,  10 
drachms,  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Boil  for  10  minutes 
in  a  lightly  covered  vessel,  and  strain  while  hot. 

Decoction  of  Pale  Bark,  L. — As  Yellow  Bark. 

Decoction  of  Red  Baric,  L. — As  Fellow  Bark.  All  used  as 
tonics,  in  doses  of  1  to  2  oz.  three  times  a-day. 

Decoction  of  Barley,  L. — Barley,  2  J  oz.,  distilled  water, 
4  J  pints.  Clean  the  barley  in  water,  then  boil  it  with 
half  a  pint  of  water,  throw  this  water  away,  add  the  rest 
(4  pints)  first  made  hot,  boil  down  to  two  pints,  and 
strain.  Emulcent  drink  in  gonorrhoea  and  fever.  Dose, 
at  pleasure. 

Decoction  of  Barley  (  Compound^)  L. — Decoction  of  barley, 
2  pints,  sliced  figs,  2  J  oz.,  fresh  liquorice  sliced,  5  dr., 
stoned  raisins,  2  J  oz.  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Boil  down 
to  two  pints  and  strain.     Used  as  the  simple  decoction. 

Decoction  of  Broom  (^Compound)  L. — Broom,  bruised  ju- 
niper, bruised  dandelion,  of  each  J  oz.,  distilled  water, 


80  DEC. 

Decoctions. 

1  \  pint.     Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.     Diuretic,  laxative. 
Dose:  1  to  2  oz.,  three  times  daily. 

Decoction  of  Dandelion,  L. — Bruised  dandelion,  4  oz., 
distilled  water,  1<|  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain. 
Laxative,  diuretic.  Dose  :  at  pleasure,  in  dropsy,  jaun- 
dice, and  liver  complaint. 

Decoction  of  Elm,  L. — Bruised  elm  bark,  2  J  oz.,  distilled 
water,  2  pints.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Tonic, 
astringent.     Dose  :  4  to  6  oz.  three  times  a-day. 

Decoction  of  Galls,  L. — Bruised  galls,  2 \  oz.,  distilled 
water,  2  pints.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Astringent. 
Dose :  1  oz.  three  times  a  day. 

Decoction  of  Liverwort,  L. — Liverwort,  5  drachms,  dis- 
tilled water,  1J  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Dose, 
1  to  4  oz.  three  times  a-day 

Decoction  of  Logwood,  L. — Cut  logwood,  10  drachms,  dis- 
tilled water,  1 J  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Dose, 
1  to  2  oz.,  often,  as  an  astringent  in  diarrhoea,  or  dy- 
sentery. 

Decoction  of  Madder  Root. — Powder  of  madder  root,  15 
grains,  water,  1  pint;  boil.  Take  in  three  portions 
during  the  day,  for  diseases  affecting  the  bones,  scro- 
fula, rickets,  &c.  The  madder  root  is  powdered  by 
drying,  and  grinding  in  a  coffee  mill. 

Decoction  of  Oak  Bark,  L. — Bruised  oak  bark,  10  dr., 
distilled  water,  2  pints.  Boil  to  a  pint,  and  strain. 
Astringent.  Used  as  a  gargle  in  relaxed  or  sore  throat, 
and  as  an  injection  in  piles,  &c. 

Decoction  of  Pareira,  L. — Pareira  sliced,  10  drachms, 
distilled  water,  1^  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint,  and  strain. 
Bitter  tonic.  Used  in  chronic  catarrh  and  inflamma- 
tion of  the  bladder.    Dose  :  2  to  4  oz.  three  times  a-day. 

Decoction  of  Pomegranate,  L. — Pomegranate  rind,  2  oz., 
distilled  water,  \\  pint.  Boil  to  a  pi  at  and  strain. 
Astringent.  Dose  :  1  oz.  three  times  a-day,  or  as  an 
injection,  2  oz.  each  night  and  morning. 

Decoction  of  Pomegranate  Root,  L. — Boot  of  pomegra- 
nate sliced,  2  oz.,  distilled  water,  2  pints.  Boil  to  a 
pint,  and  strain.     Used  only  as  an  anthelmintic.     Dose: 


DEC.  81 

Decoctions. 

1  to  2  oz.  every  half  hour,  until  a  pint  has  been  taken, 
to  be  followed  by  a  dose  of  castor  oil. 

Decoction  of  Poppy,  L. — Bruised  poppy,  4  oz.,  distilled 
water,  4  pints.  Boil  for  15  minutes  and  strain.  Ano- 
dyne, emollient.  Used  chiefly  as  a  fomentation  to  pain- 
ful parts. 

Decoction  of  Quince,  L. — Quince,  2  drachms,  distilled 
water,  1  pint.  Boil  for  10  minutes  and  strain.  Ap- 
plied externally  to  sore  nipples,  chapped  lips,  hemor- 
rhoids, &c. 

Decoction  of  Sarsaparilla,  L. — Sarsaparilla,  5  oz.,  dis- 
tilled water,  4  pints.  Boil  to  2  pints  and  strain.  Al- 
terative.    Dose:  2  to  7  oz.,  twice  or  three  times  a-day. 

Decoction  of  Sarsaparilla  (Compound)  L. — Boiling  de- 
coction of  sarsaparilla,  4  pints,  sassafras  sliced,  guaia- 
cum  wood  rasped,  and  fresh  liquorice  root  bruised,  of 
each  10  drachms,  mezereon,  3  drachms.  Boil  for  15 
minutes  and  strain.  Alterative.  Dose:  1  to  8  oz., 
twice  or  three  times  a-day. 

Decoction  of  Senega,  L. — Senega,  10  drachms,  distilled 
water,  2  pints.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Acrid, 
stimulant,  expectorant.     Dose:  1  to  3  drachms. 

Decoction  of  Starchy  L. — Starch,  4  drachms,  water,  1  pint. 
Bub  the  starch  with  the  water  gradually  added,  and 
boil  for  a  short  time.  Used  chiefly  as  a  vehicle  for  ene- 
mas. 

Decoction  of  Tormentil,  L. — Bruised  tormentil,  2  oz.,  dis- 
tilled water,  1 J  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Power- 
fully astringent.  Used  in  dysentery  and  diarrhoea.  Dose  : 
1  to  3  oz. 

Decoction  of  'Whortleberry,  L. — Whortleberry,  1  oz.,  dis- 
tilled water,  1J  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Diu- 
retic, astringent.  Used  in  diseases  of  the  bladder. 
Dose:  1  to  3  oz. 

Decoction  of  Winter- Green,  L. — Winter-green,  1  oz.,  dis- 
tilled water,  1 J  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint  and  strain.  Used 
in  scrofula,  dropsies,  bladder  and  calculous  disorders. 
Dose:  I  to  2  oz. 

Decoction  of  Woody  Nightshade,  L.- — Woody  nightshade, 


82  DEN — DEP. 

10  drachms,  distilled  water,  If  pint.  Boil  to  a  pint 
and  strain.  Used  in  skin  diseases  and  in  rheumatism. 
Dose:  J  to  4  oz. 

Dentifrice. — An  application  to  the  teeth  for  the  purpose 
of  cleaning  them;  usually  in  the  form  of  powder,  paste, 
or  wash,  as  in  the  following  receipts.  - 

Oriental  Tooth  Paste. — Pumice  stone,  1 J  oz.,alum,  i  dr., 
bitartrate  of  potash,  1-J  oz.,  cochineal,  2  J-  scruples,  bi- 
carbonate of  potash,  1J  drachm,  orris,  1J  oz.,  syrup,  3$ 
oz.,  essence  of  lemon,  1  drachm,  oil  of  cloves  and  essence 
of  bergamotte,  of  each  J  drachm,  otto  of  roses,  8  drops; 
mix. — Turner, 

Tincture  for  the  Teeth. — Spirit  of  nutmegs,  1  drachm,  tinc- 
ture of  rhatany,  2  drachms,  compound  tincture  of  carda- 
moms, 8  drachms,  compound  spirit  of  lavender  and  spirit 
of  cinnamon,  of  each  \  drachm,  otto  of  roses,  3  drops; 
mix. — Bateman. 

For  other  preparations,  see  Index. 

Depilatories. — Preparations  to  remove  hair  from  the  hu- 
man skin,  usually  applied  to  superfluous  hair  on  the 
forehead,  &c,  and  to  women's  beards,  and  used  instead 
of  the  razor  by  some  foreign  Jews.  All  these  appli- 
cations are  more  or  less  dangerous  or  severe,  and  must 
be  cautiously  used ;  the  active  ingredients,  such  as  arse- 
nic, quicklime,  &c,  being  either  absorbed  by  the  skin, 
or  likely  to  remove  it  along  with  the  hair.  They  do  not 
cause  a  permanent  removal  of  hair,  but  often  leave  deep 
marks. 

Delcroix's  Foudre  Suhtile. — Orpiment,  (sulphuret  of  ar- 
senic) 1  part,  quicklime  and  starch,  of  each  11  parts; 
powder  and  mix.  Shave  the  hair  off,  apply  the  powder, 
mix  to  a  paste  with  warm  water,  and  wash  it  off  when 
it  becomes  dry. 

Ilayer's  Depilatory. — Lime,  1  oz.,  carbonate  of  potash,  2 
oz.,  charcoal,  1  drachm ;  mix.     Used  as  above. 

Redwood's  Depilatory. — Strong  solution  of  sulphuret  of 
barium ;  add  starch  to  form  a  paste.  Apply  for  a  few 
minutes,  and  remove  it  with  the  back  of  a  knife. 

Many  others  might  be   added,  but   the  ingredients  are 


DET — DRA.  83 

similar  in  all,  with  slight  variation  in  the  quantities  em- 
ployed. 

Detergent,  Collier's. — Liquor  of  potash,  2  drachms,  rose 
water,  5j  oz.,  spirit  of  rosemary,  J  oz.j  mix.  Used  to 
free  the  head  from  scurf,  by  brushing  a  little  in  occa- 
sionally with  a  stiff  brush. 

Derbyshire's  Embrocation  for  Sea-Sickness. — Castile 
soap  and  opium,  of  each  2  oz.,  extract  of  henbane,  2 
drachms,  mace,  J  drachm,  proof  spirit,  1  quart.  Digest 
fourteen  days,  filter,  and  add  liquor  ammonia,  1  oz. 

Dextrine. — See  British  gum. 

Diapente. — Equal  parts  of  gentian,  turmeric,  bay  berries 
and  mustard.     Used  as  a  tonic  by  farriers. 

Disinfectants. — Substances  which  remove  or  destroy  ©£| 
fensive  effluvia.  Chlorine,  or  its  preparations  of  lime 
and  soda,  are  powerful  disinfectants  of  the  air  of  apart- 
ments, which  are  at  the  same  time  ventilated.  Steam, 
or  the  heat  of  a  stove,  is  used  for  dirty  clothes  in  some 
of  the  workhouses  and  hospitals.  Quicklime  or  whiting 
is  useful  in  covering  walls.  The  sulphates  of  iron  or 
lime  will  deodorize  cess-pools ;  so  does  chloride  of  lime 
or  soda.  Suitable  and  efficient  ventilation,  with  clean- 
liness, are  the  best  disinfectants  known. 

Doors,  Creaking. — Rub  the  hinges  with  soap  or  oil. 

Drawings,  to  Fix. — Wash  with  well-skimmed  milk,  weak 
solution  of  isinglass,  or  rice  water. 

Drawings  and  Photographs,  to  Mount. — India-rubber 
paste  is  to  be  made  a  little  thinner  than  that  which  is 
sold  at  the  Macintosh  shops,  and  spread  as  thinly  as 
possible  on  the  back  of  the  drawing,  and  on  the  mount- 
ing board.  The  best  way  of  doing  this  is  to  put  it 
roughly  on,  and  then  draw  over  the  surface  the  edge  of 
a  piece  of  plate  glass  ground  smooth,  which  pushes  all 
superfluous  paste  before  it,  and  leaves  the  paper  with 
little  more  than  a  stain  upon  it.  Both  the  drawing  and 
board  are  now  to  be  dried  at  the  fire  until  all  smell  of 
the  naphtha  or  turpentine  used  to  dissolve  the  caout- 
chouc has  gone  off.     When  quite  cold,  the  two  fresh 


81  DRO. — DRU. 

surfaces  of  caoutchouc  are  brought  together,  and  adhere 
perfectly/ much  more  so,  indeed,  than  if  brought  to- 
gether moist.  Any  superfluous  caoutchouc  is  now 
rubbed  off  the  edges  of  the  drawing  either  with  the 
finger  or  a  clean  piece  of  India-rubber.  The  best  .sol- 
vent for  the  caoutchouc  is  a  mixture  of  two-thirds  naph- 
tha and  one  third  camphine,  or  any  highly  rectified 
turpentine.  Naphtha  alone  dries  so  quickly,  that  it  is 
difficult  to  cover  a  large  surface  smoothly. 

Drops,  Jesuits'. — 1.  Gum  guaiacum,  7  oz.,  balsam  of  Peru, 
4  drachms,  sarsaparilia,  5  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  21  lbs.; 
digest  for  14  days,  and  strain. 
2.  Balsam  of  copaiba,  6  oz.,  gum  guaiacum,  1  oz.,  Ohio 
turpentine,  J  oz.,  subcarbonate  of  potash,  $  oz.,  co- 
chineal, 1  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  1  quart.  Alterative, 
anti-venereal. 

Drops,  Bateman's  Pectoral. — Castor,  1  oz.,  oil  of  ani- 
seed, 1  drachm,  camphor,  5  drachms,  cochineal,  1?  dr., 
opium,  6  drachms,  treacle,  1  lb.,  proof  spirit,  1  gallon; 
digest  7  days,  and  strain.     Used  in  coughs. 

Drops,  Scouring. — Oil  of  lemons,  and  spirit  of  turpentine, 
both  recent,  of  each  equal  parts.  Used  to  remove  grease. 

Druggists'  Show-Colours  for  Windows,  &c. — 

Blue. — -1.  Sulphate  of  copper,  1  oz.,  sulphuric  acid,  J  oz., 
water,  10  oz. 

2.  Dissolve  nickel  in  diluted  nitric  acid,  add  ammonia  in 
excess,  and  dilute  with  water. 

3.  As  No.  2,  using  sulphuric,  instead  of  nitric  aci$. 

4.  Ammonio-sulphate  of  copper,  ammonio-nitrate  of  nickel 
(No.  2,)  and  water. 

5.  Prussian  blue,  10  grains,  oxalic  acid,  20  grains,  water, 
16  oz. 

Green. — 1.  Sulphate  of  copper,  2  oz.,  chloride  of  sodium 
(common  salt,)  4  oz.,  water,  20  oz. 

2.  Nickel,  1  oz.,  nitric  or  sulphuric  acid,  6  oz.;  dissolve, 
and  add  water,  5  pints. 

3.  To  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  add  nitric  acid  suffi- 
cient to  produce  the  colour  desired. 

4.  Add  bichromate  of  potash  to  a  solution  of  sulphate,  or 
ammonio-sulphate  of  copper. 


DRY.  85 

5.  Dissolve  verdigris  in  acetic  acid,  and  dilute  with  water. 

Lilac. — 1.  Dissolve  zaffre  (impure  oxide  of  cobalt)  in  hy- 
drochloric acid,  filter,  add  carbonate  of  ammonia  in  ex- 
cess, then  add  ammonio-sulphate  of  copper,  or  ammonio- 
nitrate  of  nickel,  (Blue,  No.  2,)  q.  s. 

Orange. — A  solution  of  bichromate  of  potash,  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid. 

Pink. — 1.  Dissolve  oxide  of  cobalt,  2  oz.,  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  6  oz.,  filter,  add  carbonate  of  ammonia  in  excess, 
then  add  liquor  of  potash,  1  oz.,  and  dilute  as  required. 

2.  Use  the  nitrate  of  cobalt  as  above. 

Purple. — 1.  Sulphate  of  copper,  1  oz.,  carbonate  of  am- 
monia, 1  oz.,  water,  2 J  pints. 

2.  Add  to  the  above  a  little  of  Pink  solution  No.  1. 

Red. — 1.  Macerate  cochineal  or  carmine  in  ammonia,  and 
dilute. 

2.  Dissolve  madder  lake  in  solution  of  carbonate  of  am- 
monia. 

Violet. — Ammonio-sulphate  of  copper  dissolved  in  water, 
with  Pink  solution  No.  1,  q.  s. 

Yellow. — Bichromate  of  potash,  J  oz.,  carbonate  of  potash, 
J  oz.,  water,  16  oz. 

Dryers. — 1.  White  lead,  2  lbs.,  white  copperas  and  sugar 
of  lead,  each  1  lb.;  grind  in  boiled  oil  to  a  paste.  Used 
in  addition  to  all  mixed  oil  paints,  except  white  lead, 
to  make  them  dry.  White  lead  becomes  discoloured 
with  it. 
2.  Patent. — Dried  white  copperas,  15  lbs.,  sugar  of  lead, 
4  lbs.,  litharge,  7  lbs.  Mix  with  boiled  oil  and  pass 
through  a  paint-mill  3  or  4  times.  Then  mix  1  cwt. 
of  Paris  white  with  J  cwt.  of  Dutch  lead  (barytes)  and 
boiled  oil  to  form  a  paste;  pass  them  through  the  mill, 
mix  the  whole,  and  grind  once  more.  Product:  2  cwt. 
Used  to  mix  with  oil  paint  to  make  it  dry  quicker. 

Drying  Oil. — Linseed  oil  boiled  with  a  little  litharge  and 
umber.     Used  to  mix  oil-colours. 

Dubbing. — Sheep-skin  cuttings,  boiled  in  common  cod  oil. — 
Used  to  soften  leather,  boots,  &c. 


86  DUP — DYE. 

Dupuytren's  Eye  Sal  ye. — Nitric  oxide  of  mercury,  10 
grains,  sulphate  of  zinc,  20  grains,  lard  2  oz.;  mix.  Ap- 
plied as  a  stimulant  in  diseases  of  the  eye.  The  oint- 
ment of  nitrate  of  mercury  is  substituted  for  this. 
Dupuytren's  Pomade. — A  preparation  of  lard  or  marrow, 
4  oz.,  with  tincture  of  cantharides,  J  drachm;  as  a  sti- 
mulant. Applied  to  the  head  in  baldness,  after  wash- 
ing the  hair  from  scurf. 

Dutch  Drops. — The  genuine  drops  are  the  residue  after  the 
distillation  of  oil  of  turpentine.  The  imitations  disposed 
of  here  are  prepared  thus.  1.  Oil  of  turpentine,  tinc- 
ture of  guaiacum,  and  nitric  ether,  of  each  1  oz.,  oils  of 
amber  and  cloves,  of  each  15  drops;  mix.  2.  Linseed 
oil,  1  quart,  rosin,  2  lbs.,  sulphur,  1  lb.;  boil  until 
mixed,  add  oil  of  turpentine,  1  pint,  liquor  ammonia, 
50  drops;  mix.     Diuretic,  stimulant,  detergent. 

Dyes,  Hair. — Hair-dyes  colour  the  hair  only  as  far  as  the 
roots,  and  require  to  be  applied  as  frequently  as  the 
growth  of  hair  shows  both  false  and  real  colour. 

1.  Dr.  Hanman's — Litharge,  J  oz.,  quicklime,  3}  oz., 
starch,  2  oz.;  mix  in  powder.  For  use,  mix  in  warm 
water,  and  rub  on  the  hair  to  the  roots.  Cover  the 
head  with  oil-skin  or  wadding  for  the  night. 

2.  Orfila's — Litharge,  6  parts,  quicklime,  5  parts,  starch, 
1  part;  mix,  and  apply  as  above. 

3.  Spencer's — Sap  green,  £  drachm,  nitrate  of  silver,  1 
drachm,  hot  water,  1  oz.;  dissolve.  Combed  in  the  hair 
for  use. 

4.  Chevellier' s— Mix  5  drachms  of  fresh  slaked  lime  with 
1 J  oz.  of  water;  strain  and  bottle.  Dissolve  5  drachms  of 
acetate  of  lead  in  water,  add  enough  slaked  lime  to  satu- 
rate the  acetic  acid,  wash  the  precipitate,  and  mix  it 
with  the  milk  of  lime. 

5.  Warren1  s — Lime,  4  oz.,  white  lead,  }  oz.,  litharge,  1 
drachm;  mix  in  powder.  Used  with  a  sponge  and  water, 
to  dye  black,  or  with  milk,  to  dye  brown. 

6.  Delcroix's. — Acetate  of  lead,  2  oz.,  prepared  chalk,  3 
oz.,  quicklime,  4  oz.     As  No.  1. 

7.  Cattel's — Nitrate  of  silver,  11  drachms,  nitric  acid,  1 


DYE.  87 

Hair  Dyes. 

drachm,  sap  green,  3  drachms,  gum  Arabic,  1  drachm, 
distilled  water,  1  pint;  mix. 

8.  Brush  the  hair  with  nitrate  of  silver,  1  drachm,  dis- 
tilled water,  1  oz.  Then  with  a  weak  solution  of  hy- 
drosulphuret  of  ammonia,  which  at  once  blackens  it. 

9.  Pomade. — Lard  mixed  with  nitrate  of  bismuth.  Said 
to  turn  the  hair  black. 

10.  Lard  and  wax  melted  to  a  proper  consistence,  and 
mixed  with  ivory  black  or  colours.  Used  for  whiskers, 
eyebrows,  &c. 

11.  Silver,  2  drachms,  iron  filings,  J  oz.,  nitric  acid,  1  oz., 
distilled  water,  8  oz.;  digest  and  preserve  the  liquor. 
Apply  with  a  brush. 

12.  Nitrate  of  silver  and  sulphate  of  iron,  of  each  1  drachm, 
distilled  water,  1  pint;  mix. 

13.  Chinese. — Nitrate  of  silver,  2  drachms,  sap  green,  1J 
dr.,  oxide  of  bismuth,  and  rust  of  iron,  (ferri  rubigo,)  of 
each  i  drachm.  Dissolve  the  green  in  J  pint  of  dis- 
tilled water,  and  add  the  rest.  For  use,  apply  with  a 
toothbrush. 

Other  dyes  are  similar  to  the  above,  and  known  by  va- 
rious singular  titles,  in  order  to  take,  as  essence  of  Tyre, 
eau  de  Egypt,  eau  de  China,  Greek  or  Grecian  water, 
&c,  all  being  preparations  of  silver.  The  solution  of 
silver  stains  the  shin  as  well  as  the  hair;  the  caustic 
earths  act  as  depilatories.  The  silver  solutions  are 
therefore  most  generally  used,  being  carefully  applied 
to  the  hair  only.  La  Forest's  cosmetic  wash,  the  py- 
rogallic  stain,  &c,  differ  little  from  common  ink,  which 
is  cheaper,  and  equally  effectual.  The  hair  must  al- 
ways be  washed  free  from  scurf  before  applying  any 
dye. 

Dye,  Ivory,  to. — Red.     1.  Soak  it  in  a  weak  solution 

of  aquafortis,  and  immerse  it  in  liquid  carmine. 
2.  Boil  it  with  Brazil  wood,  1  lb.,  and  water,  1  gallon,  then 

add  alum,  4  oz.,  and  boil  again. 
Blaeh. — Dip  in  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  and  expose 

to  the  light;  or,  first  boil  in  galls  and  logwood,  and  then 

in  iron  liquor. 


88  EAT— EAU. 

Green. — Dip  in  a  solution  of  verdigris,  to  which  a  little 
aquafortis  is  added,  or  verdigris   and  vinegar. 

Purple. — Boil  in  a  decoction  of  logwood,  then  add  alum,  1 
oz.,  to  each  quart,  and  boil  again. 

Yellow. — Steep  in  a  saturated  solution  of  orpiment  in  am- 
monia. 

Blue. — Steep  in  a  solution  of  salt  of  tartar  and  sulphate  of 
indigo. 

Eaton's  Styptic. — A  spirituous  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron, 
coloured. 

Eau  (French  for  Water.) — Various  liquors  are  so  called. 
In  perfumery  it  is  applied  to  fragrant  solutions  of  oil,  in 
spirits  and  distilled  waters,  of  odorous  plants.  The 
same  title  is  adopted  for  cordial  liquors. 

Eau  d'Ambre. — Tincture  of  musk-seed,  1  lb.,  essence  of 
ambergris,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  musk,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
2  lbs.,  orange-flower  water,  a  sufficient  quantity;  mix, 
and  filter. 

Eau  d'Ange. — 1.  Myrtle  flowers,  16  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  1 
gallon;  distil  in  a  water-bath. 
2.  Myrtle  flower- water. 

Eau  de  Bouquet. — 1.  Spirit  of  rosemary  and  essence  of  vio- 
lets, of  each  1  oz.,  essence  of  bergamotte  and  jasmine, 
of  each  1  drachm,  oils  of  verbena  and  lavender,  each  1 
scruple,  eau  de  rose,  i  pint,  orange-flower  water,  1  oz., 
rectified  spirit,  2  pints;  mix,  digest,  and  filter. 

2.  Honey- water,  2  oz.,  tincture  of  cloves,  1  oz.,  tinctures 
of  calamus,  of  lavender,  and  of  long  Cyprus,  each  J  oz., 
eau  sans  pareille,  4  oz.,  spirit  of  jessamine,  9  drachms, 
tincture  of  orris,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  neroli,  20  drops;  mix, 
and  filter. 

3.  English  oil  of  lavender,  oil  of  cloves,  and  oil  of  berga- 
motte, of  each  2  drachms,  otto  of  roses,  and  oil  of  cin- 
namon, of  each  20  drops,  essence  of  musk,  1  drachm, 
rectified  spirit,  1  pint;  mix. 

Eau  de  Cologne. — 1.  Essence  of  bergamotte,  40  drops, 
essence  of  lemon,  45  drops,  oil  of  rosemary,  6  drops,  oil 


EAU— EFF.  89 

of  orange,  22  drops,  neroli,  12  drops,  essence  of  musk, 
1  drop,  rectified  spirit,  6  oz.;  mix,  and  filter. 

2.  Oils  of  bergamotte,  lemons,  and  cedrat,  of  each  3  oz., 
oils  of  rosemary,  lavender,  and  neroli,  of  each  1J  oz., 
oil  of  cinnamon,  6  drachms,  rectified  spirit,  3  gallons, 
spirit  of  rosemary,  1  quart,  compound  spirit  of  balm 
(eau  de  melisse  de  Carmes,)  3  pints;  digest  for  8  days, 
and  distil  3  gallons. — Paris  Codex. 

3.  Essence  of  bergamotte,  6  drachms,  of  lemon,  2  J  drachms, 
oils  of  neroli,  lavender,  and  rosemary,  of  each  1  drachm, 
oils  of  orange  and  nutmeg,  of  each  2  drachms,  essence 
of  cedrat,  J  oz.,  essence  of  millefleurs,  and  of  roses,  of 
each  2  i  drachms,  rose  water,  1  lib.,  rectified  spirit,  6  lbs. 

4.  Oil  of  oranges,  J  oz.,  essences  of  bergamotte  and  lemon, 
and  oil  of  lavender,  of  each  2  drachms,  oil  of  rosemary, 

1  drachm,  oil  of  thyme,  20  drops. 

5.  Grape  spirit,  3  gallons,  oil  of  neroli,  1J  oz.,  oil  of  rose- 
mary and  of  bergamotte  peel,  of  each  1  oz.;  oil  of  orange 
and  citron  peels,  of  each  2  J  oz. 

Eau  de  Lavande. — 1.  Mitcham  oil  of  lavender,  8  oz.,  es- 
sence of  bergamotte,  1}  oz.,  essence  of  musk,  4  oz.,  rec- 
tified spirit,  2  gallons;  mix.     Used  by  Her  Majesty. 
2.  Oil  of  lavender,  oil  of  bergamotte,  of  each  3  drachms, 
otto  of  roses,  and  oil  of  cloves,  of  each  6  drops,  musk, 

2  grains,  oil  of  rosemary,  1  drachm,  honey,  1  oz.,  ben- 
zoic acid,  2  scruples,  rectified  spirit,  1  pint,  distilled 
water,  3  oz. — Pereira. 

Eau  de  Mareschale. — Grain  musk  and  ambergris,  of  each 
20  grains,  oils  of  bergamotte,  lavender,  and  cloves,  of 
each  1  oz.,  oil  of  sassafras,  10  drops,  oil  of  origanum, 
20  drops,  rectified  spirit,  2  quarts;  mix. 

Eau  de  Millefleurs. — Spirit  of  cummin  seed,  oils  of  sas- 
safras and  rosemary,  of  each  10  drops,  oil  of  lavender, 
and  otto  of  roses,  of  each  2  drachms,  neroli,  }  drachm, 
oils  of  pimento  and  cloves,  of  each  20  drops,  essence 
bergamotte,  4  drachms,  oil  of  orange,  1  drachm,  es- 
sence of  lemon,  8  oz.,  vanilla,  1  scruple,  elder-flower 
water,  4  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  30  oz.;  mix  and  filter. 
8* 


90  EAU — ELD. 

2.  Rose  and  orange  flower  water,  of  each  4  oz.,  oil  of  cloves 
and  English  oil  of  lavender,  of  each  1  drachm,  oil  of 
bergamotte,  2  drachms,  musk,  2  grains,  spirit  of  wine, 
1  pint;  mix.  Digest  a  week;  and  add  a  drachm  of  es- 
sence of  musk. — Bateman. 

Eau  de  Lavande  aux  Millefleurs. — Eau  de  lavande, 
eau  de  millefleurs,  of  each  2  oz.;  mix  and  filter. 

Eau  sans  Pareille. — 1.  Musk,  10  grains,  civet,  5  grains, 
balsam  of  Peru,  12  grains,  oil  of  cloves,  4  drops,  oil  of 
rhodium,  2  drops,  salt  of  tartar,  }  drachm,  rectified 
spirit,  2  oz.;  digest  and  filter. — Bateman. 
2.  Rose  and  orange  waters,  of  each  4  oz.,  oil  of  cloves,  and 
English  oil  of  lavender,  of  each  1  drachm,  oil  of  berga- 
motte, 2  drachms,  musk,  2  grains,  spirit  of  wine,  1  pint; 
mix.  Digest  a  week,  and  add  1  drachm  of  essence  of 
musk.— Bateman. 

Eau  de  Melisse  des  Carmes. — Fresh  balm  flowers,  24  oz., 
fresh  lemon-peel,  4  oz.,  cinnamon  cloves  and  nutmeg, 
of  each  2  oz.,  coriander  seed  and  dried  angelica-root,  of 
each  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  8  lbs.;  macerate  for  8  days, 
and  distil  in  a  water  bath  to  dryness. — Paris  Codex. 

Eau  de  Portugal. — Oil  of  orange  peel,  24  drops,  of  lemon 
peel  and  of  bergamotte,  of  each  4  drops,  of  lemon  grass 
and  otto  of  roses,  of  each  1  drop,  spirit  (60  o.  p.)  2  oz. 

Eau  de  Vie  Allemande. — Compound  tincture  of  jalap. 

Effervescent  Magnesia.- — Carbonate  of  magnesia,  1  part, 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  tartrate  of 
potash  and  of  soda,  tartaric  acid,  of  each  2  parts;  dry 
by  heat  and  mix.  Dose:  one  teaspoonful  in  a  glass  of 
water. 

Eggs,  to  Preserve. — Lime,  1  bushel,  salt,  2.  lbs.,  cream 
of  tartar,  J  lb.,  water  to  make  a  liquid  in  which  an  egg 
will  float.  Eggs  may  be  preserved  in  this  solution  for 
two  years. 

Elder  Flower  Water. — Elder  flowers,  9  lbs.,  water,  4 
gallons;  draw  over  3  gallons  by  distillation,  and  add 
rectified  spirit,  3  oz. 


ELI— EMU.  91 

Elixtr. — A  name  for  compound  tinctures. 

Elixir,  Daffj/s. — 1.  {Dicey ■$)  Senna,  1  lb.,  guaiacum 
shavings,  dried  elecampane  root,  aniseed,  carraway  seed, 
coriander  seed,  and  liquorice  root,  of  each  J  lb.,  stoned 
raisins,  2  lbs.,  proof  spirit,  9  quarts.  Digest  14  days, 
and  strain. 

2.  (Swinton's)  Jalap,  3  lbs.,  senna,  1  lb.,  coriander  and 
carraway  seeds,  liquorice  root,  and  elecampane  root,  of 
each  4  oz.,  rectified  spirit  and  water,  of  each  1  gallon. 
Purgative,  stimulant. 

The  compound  tincture  of  senna  answers  every  purpose 
for  which  this  elixir  is  used. 

Elixir ,  Radcliff's. — Aloes,  6  drachms,  cinnamon,  zedoary, 
and  cochineal,  of  each  J  drachm,  rhubarb,  1  drachm, 
syrup  of  buckthorn,  2  oz.,  proof  spirit,  16  oz.,  water,  5 
oz. — Dr.  Paris.     Purgative,  stomachic. 

Elixir,  Squires'. — Opium,  2  oz.,  camphor  and  cochineal, 
of  each  \  oz.,  sweet  fennel,  1  drachm,  tincture  of  ser- 
pentaria,  10  oz.,  spirit  of  aniseed,  1  gallon,  water,  1  pint; 
mix.     Stimulant,  anodyne. 

Elixir,  Stoughton's. — Gentian,  36  oz.,  serpentaria,  16  oz., 
dried  orange-peel,  24  oz.,  sweet  flag,  4  oz.,  rectified 
spirit  and  water,  of  each  6  gallons,  old  measure.  Sto- 
machic. 

Elixir  of  Roses. — Cloves,  1  drachm,  cinnamon,  3  oz  ,  gin- 
ger, 2  oz.,  spirit,  2|  pints,  oil  of  orange,  1  drachm,  otto 
of  roses,  15  drops,  essence  of  peppermint,  1  oz.;  digest 
14  days,  and  filter.     Used  to  clean  the  teeth. 

Elixir  de  Vie. — Compound  tincture  of  aloes. 

Embrocation,  Guestonian. — Olive  oil  and  oil  of  turpen- 
tine, of  each  1  £  oz.,  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  3  drachms; 
mix.     Applied  in  rheumatic  cases. 

Embrocation,  Roche's. — Sweet  oil,  2  oz.,  oil  of  amber,  1 
oz.,  oil  of  cloves,  1  drachm.  Formerly  used  in  hooping- 
cough. 

Emplastrum  Cephalicum. — Plaster  of  opium. 

Emulsion. — An  admixture  of  oil  and  water  by  some  sub- 
stance which  combines  them.  1  drachm  of  mucilage 
of  gum  Arabic,  or  1  oz.  of  almonds,  or  an  egg,  will 


92  EMU-—  ENE. 

form  an  emulsion;  with  1  oz.  of  water  and  2  drachms 

of  any  oil. 
Emulsion  of  Gum. — Sweet  almonds  blanched,  10  drachms, 

white  sugar,  5  drachms,  mucilage,  3  oz.,  water,  1  quart. 

Used  in  coughs,  either  alone  or  combined  with  other 

medicines. 
Emulsion  of  Oil  of  Almonds. — Oil  of  almonds,  3  drachms, 

mucilage  and  syrup,  of  each  J  oz.,  rose  water,  1  oz., 

distilled  water,  3  to  4  oz.;  mix. 
The  emulsions  of  the  pharmacopoeia  are  included  under 

the  head  of  Mixtures. 

Enemas. — These  should  generally  be  administered  at  a  tem- 
perature of  94  or  96°  F  The  quantity  for  an  adult 
should  range  from  J  to  f  of  a  pint;  for  an  infant  1  oz., 
and  medium  quantities  according  to  age.  The  active 
ingredient  must  be  proportioned  according  to  the  effect 
it  may  have  on  the  patient;  and  drugs  such  as  opium, 
&c,  should  never  be  used  for  infants. 

Enema  of  Aloes,  L. — -Aloes,  2  scruples,  carbonate  of  pot- 
ash, 15  grains,  decoction  of  barley,  10  oz.  Mix,  and 
rub  them  together.  Used  to  dislodge  ascarides,  and  as 
a  stimulant  in  constipation. 

Enema  of  Assafoetida,  L. — Prepared  assafoetida,  1  dr., 
decoction  of  barley,  10  oz.  Hub  the  assafoetida  with 
the  decoction  gradually  added,  until  thoroughly  mixed. 
Used  to  expel  wind  and  empty  the  bowels  in  the  con- 
stipation of  hysterical  women. 

Enema  of  Colocynth,  L. — Extract  of  colocynth,  J  drachm, 
soft  soap,  1  oz.,  water,  1  pint.  Mix  and  rub  together. 
Used  in  constipation  and  colic. 

Enema  of  Opium,  L. — Tincture  of  opium,  30  drops,  de- 
coction of  starch,  4  oz.;  mix.  Used  as  an  anodyne  for 
irritable  bowels. 

Enema  of  Tobacco,  L. — Tobacco,  1  scruple,  boiling  water, 
10  oz.  Macerate  1  hour,  and  strain.  Used  in  cases 
of  hernia,  lead  colic,  obstructed  bowels,  &c.  Its  use  is 
always  dangerous. 

Enema  of  Turpentine,  L. — Oil  of  turpentine,  1  oz.,  the 
yolk  of  an  e^,  decoction  of  barley,  19  oz.     Rub  the  oil 


ERG — ESS.  93 

with  the  yolk,  and  add  the  decoction.     Employed  in 
worm  cases,  in  tympanitis,  and  puerperal  peritonitis. 

Ergot. — The  diseased  production  of  rye.  On  some  occa- 
sions when  the  grain  has  been  spurred  or  covered  with 
ergot,  it  has  caused  death  frequently  to  the  partakers. 
Medically,  it  is  administered  to  contract  the  uterus  in 
labour,  and  it  is  very  powerful  in  this  case.  The  active 
property  appears  to  reside  in  the  oil,  which  is  taken  up 
by  hot  water,  (tea,  &c.,)  alcohol  and  ether,  and  these 
preparations  are  generally  administered  uncombined 
with  other  medicines.  Powdered  ergot  is  given  in  re- 
peated doses  of  10  to  20  grains,  or  in  one  dose  of  }  dr., 
in  which  case  it  generally  acts  in  less  than  20  minutes. 

Ergot,  Ethereal  Tincture  of,  L. — Powdered  ergot,  15  oz., 
ether,  2  pints;  macerate  7  days,  express  and  strain .  Dose : 
15  to  60  drops,  according  to  the  object  in  view. 

Ergot,  Tincture  of,  D. — Powdered  ergot,  8  oz.,  proof  spirit, 
2  pints;  macerate  14  days,  strain,  express,  and  filter. 
Dose:  15  drops  to  2  drachms,  as  required. 

Eschalot  Wine. — Bruised  shalots,  3  oz.,  sherry  wine,  1 
pint;  infuse  10  days,  and  strain.  One  ounce  of  scraped 
horse-radish,  and  1  drachm  of  thin  lemon-peel  may  be 
added.     Used  in  cooking,  as  a  relish. 

Esprit  (French  for  Spirit.) — A  term  applied  to  spirituous 
perfumes. 
Esprit  de  Bergamotte. — Essence  of  bergamotte,  5  oz.,  es- 
sence of  ambergris,  2  oz.,  essence  of  musk,  J  oz.,  oil  of 
verbena,  2  drachms,  rectified  spirit,  1  gallon;  mix. 
Esprit  de  Rose, — Otto  of  roses,  }  drachm,  rectified  spirit, 
1  quart;  dissolve,  and  filter  if  required. 

Essence. — A  concentrated  preparation  of  any  substance  in 
perfumery  or  medicine,  usually  prepared  with  highly- 
rectified  spirit.  In  perfumery  it  should  be  colourless, 
and  void  of  peculiar  scent  or  taste.  Essences  of  all- 
spice, aniseed,  carraway,  cinnamon,  fennel,  nutmeg, 
pennyroyal,  peppermint,  rosemary,  and  spearmint,  are 
all  prepared  by  dissolving  1  oz.  of  the  oil  in  9  oz.  of 
rectified  spirit.     When  weaker  than  this  they  are  called 


94  ess. 

Essences. 

spirits,  and  are  prepared  of  the  strengths  directed  in  the 
pharmacopoeia. 
Essence  of  Ambergris. — 1.  Generally  the  simple  tincture 
of  ambergris,  1  drachm  to  3  oz.  of  spirit. 

2.  (Compound)  Ambergris,  1  drachm,  civet,  15  grains, 
musk,  30  grains,  carbonate  of  potash,  20  grains;  mix, 
and  add  oil  of  cinnamon,  10  drops,  oil  of  lavender,  2 
drops,  oils  of  rhodium,  of  neroli,  and  otto  of  roses,  of 
each  6  drops,  rectified  spirit,  6  oz.;  digest  and  filter. 

3.  Ambergris,  2  oz.,  bladder  musk,  1  oz.,  spirit  of  am- 
brette,  1  gallon;  digest  and  filter. 

Essence  of  Anchovies. — 1.  Beat  1  lb.  of  anchovies  to  a 
paste,  and  pulp  them  through  a  sieve;  cover  the  bones, 
&c,  with  1  pint  water,  and  boil  them  gently;  strain, 
add  the  liquor  to  the  fish,  and  mix  with  flour  sufficient 
to  make  a  paste.  Flavour  with  salt,  Cayenne,  and  mush- 
room catsup  to  taste,  and,  if  required,  colour  with  bole, 
annatto,  or  infusion  of  cochineal.  The  colouring  is 
generally  better  left  out. 

2.  Powdered  sweet  almonds,  6  oz.,  anchovies,  8  lbs.,  salt, 
2 J  lbs.,  nitre,  6  oz.,  Cayenne,  J  oz.,  bole,  i  oz.,  water, 
2  gallons.  Proceed  as  above  in  boiling  the  fish,  and 
add  the  other  ingredients,  using  sufficient  gum  traga- 
canth  to  thicken  it,  if  desired  more  solid. 

Essence  cV  Ambrette. — Bruised  musk  seed,  16  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  3  pints;  digest  «and  filter. 

Essence  de  Bouquet. — Triple  extract  of  roses,  1  pint,  ex- 
tract of  ambergris,  2  oz.,  extract  of  orris,  8  oz.,  otto  of 
lemons,  2  drachms,  otto  of  bergamotte,  1  oz.;  mix. 

Essence  of  Bitter  Almonds. — Essential  oil  of  almonds,  1 
part,  rectified  spirit,  20  parts.  Used  to  flavour  wine, 
cordials,  liquors,  perfumery,  pastry,  &c.  It  is  poison- 
ous  in  large  quantity,  and,  having  a  strong  taste,  very 
little  serves  to  impart  flavour.  When  too  much  is  used 
in  liquors,  &c,  nothing  but  reducing  with  fresh  liquor 
will  cover  the  taste,  and  it  becomes  disagreeable  from 
its  strength.  One  drop  of  the  volatile  oil  of  almonds 
serves  for  four  doses  in  medicine. 

Essence  of  Cayenne — 1.  Cayenne,  i  oz.,  brandy,  \  pint 
digest  14  days,  and  strain.     Used  in  cookery. 


ess.  95 

Essences. 

2.  (Concentrated?)  Capsules  of  capsicum  bruised,  3  lbs., 
rectified  spirit,  1  gallon;  digest  14  days  and  filter. 
Used  in  dispensing,  and  for  producing  soluble  Cayenne 
pepper. 

Essence  of  Cedar. — Otto  of  cedar,  J  oz.,  triple  extract  of 
roses,  2  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  10  oz.;  mix.  An  excellent 
dentifrice. 

Essence  of  Ergot  of  Rye. — Bruised  ergot,  1  oz.,  boiling 
water,  2  fluid  ounces;  infuse  for  twenty-four  hours,  and 
add  rectified  spirit,  1J  oz.  Digest  ten  days,  and  filter, 
li  fluid  drachms  are  equal  to  half  a  scruple  of  the 
powder. 

Essence  of  Ginger  and  Chamomile. — Tincture  of  ginger, 
15  oz.,  essence  of  ginger,  3  oz.,  compound  tincture  of 
gentian,  9  oz.,  oil  of  chamomile,  J  drachm;  mix.  Tonic, 
stomachic. 

Essence  of  Ginger. — 1.  Sliced  ginger,  6  oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
12  oz.,  water  and  lump-sugar,  of  each  4  oz.,  cardamom 
seeds,  2  drachms;  macerate  21  days  and  filter,  or  pro- 
ceed by  percolation. 

2.  Ginger,  1  lb.,  cloves,  4  oz.,  Cayenne,  2  oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
1  pint,  proof  spirit,  2  pints;  macerate  14  days  and  filter. 

3.  Ginger,  12  lbs.,  rectified  spirit,  2£  gallons;  digest  14 
days,  express,  strain,  and  distil  until  reduced  to  1  gal- 
lon.    Filter.     Quality,  very  fine. 

Essence  of  Camphor. — 1.  Camphor,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
9  oz.,  by  weight;  dissolve.  20  drops  to  7  J  drachms  of 
distilled  water  make  about  1  oz.  of  solution  of  camphor. 

2.  (Compound)  Camphor,  1J  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  4  oz.; 
dissolve,  and  add  tincture  of  myrrh,  J  oz.  Use  50  drops 
to  1  pint  of  water. 

Essence  for  Smelling  Bottles. — Essence  of  ambergris,  1 
oz.,  otto  of  roses,  and  oil  of  lavender,  of  each  20  drops, 
essence  of  bergamotte,  2  drachms;  mix,  and  add  5  oz. 
of  the  strongest  solution  of  ammonia.  Fragrant,  re- 
freshing. 

Essence  of  Flowers. — Essence  of  jasmine,  2  drachms,  otto 
of  rose,  and  essence  of  ambergris,  of  each  20  drops,  oil 
of  cinnamon,  1  drop,  essences  of  citron,  of  cedrat,  of 


96  ess. 

Essences. 

lemon,  of  orange,  of  each  4  drops,  oil  of  neroli,  10  drops, 
tincture  of  orris,  4  oz.,  water,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  8  oz. 

Essence  of  Violets. — 1.  Orris  root,  2  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  8 
oz. ;  digest,  express,  and  filter,  or  proceed  by  percolation. 

2.  Alcoholic  extract  of  cassie,  1  pint,  esprit  de  rose, 
tincture  of  orris  and  of  tuberuse,  of  each  i  pint,  oil  of 
almonds,  3  drops. 

Essence  of  Verbena. — 1.  Oil  of  verbena,  1  drachm,  rectified 
spirit,  1  oz. ;  mix,  and  add  essence  of  vanilla,  10  drops. 

2.  Oil  of  lemon  grass,  3  drachms,  of  lemon  peel,  2  oz., 
of  orange  peel  4  drachms,  spirit,  one  pint;  mix  and 
filter. 

Essence  of  Peppermint. — Oil  of  peppermint,  1  oz.,  recti- 
fied spirit,  1  oz.,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  i  oz.,  water, 
7i  oz.  Mix  the  oil  and  magnesia  intimately,  put  them 
in  the  filter,  pour  on  the  spirit,  and  afterwards  the  water. 
Mixes  with  water;  it  may  be  filtered  again,  if  not  quite 
clear. 

Essence  of  Civette. — Civet,  1  oz.,  spirit  of  wine  or  spirit 
of  ambrctte,  1  pint ;  mix.     Fragrant. 

Essence  of  Cubebs. — Ground  cubebs,  4  lbs.,  rectified  spirit, 

1  gallon.     Digest  14  days,  express,  and  filter. 

Essence  for  Headache. — Oil  of  lavender,  1  drachm,  cam- 
phor, 1  oz.,  liquor  of  ammonia,  3  oz.,  spirit,  1  pint,  dis- 
solve.    Fragrant. 

Essence  of  Lilac. — Alcoholic  extract  of  tuberuse,  20  oz., 
of  orange  flowers,  5  oz.,  extract  of  civet,  J  oz.,  otto  of 
almonds,  3  drops. 

Essence  of  Magnolia. — Alcoholic  extract  of  orange  flowers, 

2  oz.,  of  roses,  4  oz.,  of  violets  and  tuberuse,  of  each  1 
oz.,  oil  of  citron,  20  drops,  essential  oil  of  almonds,  1 
drop. 

Essence  of  Music. — 1.  Finest  musk,  1}  oz.,  civet,  \  oz.,  es- 
sence of  ambergris,  5  oz.,  spirit  of  ambrette,  1  quart. 
Digest  in  a  moderately  warm  situation  for  2  months. 
Quality,  superior. 

2.  Musk,  14  drachms;  triturate  with  an  equal  quantity  of 
sugar,  add  10  oz.  boiling  water,  digest  until  cold,  then 


ess.  97 

Essences, 

add  rectified  spirit,  6}  pints,  carbonate  of  potash,  } 
drachm  ;  digest  and  filter. 

Essence  of  Mustard. — Oil  of  turpentine,  1  pint,  camphor, 
oil  of  rosemary,  and  flour  mustard,  of  each  J  oz. ;  mix. 
Rubefacient ;  used  to  bathe  rheumatic  limbs,  &c. 

Essence  of  Neroli. — Oil  of  orange,  2  drachms,  bruised  or- 
ris root,  i  oz.,  ambergris,  10  grains,  neroli,  15  drops, 
spirit  of  wine,  1  pint.  Digest  14  days,  and  filter. 
Odorous. 

Essence  of  Patchouli. — 1.  Dried  patchouli,  1  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  1  pint,  digest  and  filter.     Used  as  a  perfume. 

2.  Oil  of  patchouli,  10  drachms,  otto  of  roses,  2  drachms, 
spirit,  1  gallon. 

Essence  for  Preston  Salts. — Oil  of  cloves,  1  drachm,  Eng- 
lish oil  of  lavender,  2  drachms,  essence  of  bergamotte,  5 
drachms,  strong  liquor  of  ammonia,  1  pint ;  mix. — 
Mounsey. 

Essence  of  Quinine. — 1.  Diluted  sulphuric  acid,  1  part, 
alcohol,  8  parts,  and  sulphate  of  quinine  as  much  as  it 
will  dissolve. 

2.  Sulphate  of  quinine,  J  oz.,  aromatic  sulphuric  acid,  1 
oz.,  mix,  and  add  tincture  of  orange,  12  oz.,  syrup  of 
red  poppy,  and  water,  of  each  1  oz. 

Essence  of  Rondeletia. — 1.  Essences  of  bergamotte  and 
lemon,  and  oil  of  cloves,  of  each  1  drachm,  otto  of  roses, 
6  drops,  rectified  spirit,  1  pint. 

2.  Oil  of  lavender,  2  oz.,  of  cloves,  1  oz.,  of  bergamotte,  1 
oz.,  otto  of  roses,  3  drachms,  essence  of  musk,  vanilla, 
and  ambergris,  of  each  5  oz.,  grape  spirit,  1  gallon. 

Essence  of  Red  Roses. — Red  rose  leaves,  1  ft).,  rectified 
spirit,  and  water,  of  each  2  quarts,  dilute  sulphuric 
acid,  2  drachms;  digest  14  days,  express,  and  filter. 
Used  to  make  the  honey  and  syrup  of  roses. 

Essence  of  Spring  Flowers. — Extract  of  roses  and  violets, 
of  each  1  pint,  of  cassie,  2  J  oz.,  oil  of  bergamot,  2 
drachms,  of  ambergris,  1  oz. 

Essence  of  Sweet  Brier. — Spirituous  extract  of  rose  po- 
matum, 10  oz.;  ditto  of  cassie  and  orange  flowers,  of  each 


98  ESS— ETC. 

Essences. 

2 i  oz.,  esprit  de  rose,  2  J  oz.,  oils  of  neroli  and  verbena, 

of  each  15  drops;  mix. 
Essence  of  Sweet  Pea. — Extract  of  tuberuse,  of  orange 

flower,  and  of  roses,  of  each  10  oz.,  extract  of  vanilla, 

1  oz. 
Essence  of  Tonquin. — Tonquin  beans,  1  lb.,  spirit,  1  gal* 

Ion;  digest  four  weeks  and  strain. 
Essence  of  Vanilla. — 1.  Vanilla,  4  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  1 

pint.     Digest  for  two  months,  and  filter. 

2.  Vanilla,  9  oz.,  essence  of  ambrette,  1  quart,  cloves,  J 
drachm,  grain  musk,  7  grains.  Digest  and  filter.  Used 
as  a  perfume,  and  for  flavouring. 

3.  Vanilla  pods  (chopped),  J  lb.,  spirit,  1  gallon;  mace- 
rate for  one  month,  and  strain. 

Essence  of  Verbena. — Oil  of  lemon  grass,  3  drachms,  of 

lemon  peel,  2  oz.,  of  orange  peel,  4  drachms,  spirit, 

one  pint;  mix  and  filter. 
Essence  of  Violets. — Alcoholic  extract  of  cassie,  1   pint, 

esprit  de  rose,  tincture  of  orris  and  of  tuberuse,  of  each 

J  pint,  oil  of  almonds,  3  drops. 
Essentia  Odorifera. — Grain  musk  and  balsam  of  Peru, 

of  each  11  grains,  civet  and  oil  of  cloves,  of  each   5 

grains,  oil  of  rhodium,  2  grains,  salt  of  tartar,  30  grains, 

alcohol,  2  oz. ;  digest  and  filter. 

Etching. — A  method  of  engraving  on  plates  with  acids, 
which  are  poured  into  lines  drawn  on  the  plate,  co- 
vered with  a  wax  ground.  The  plate  is  warmed,  the 
ground  is  applied,  and  distributed  evenly  by  heat,  and 
when  cool,,  a  bodkin,  &c,  is  used  to  engrave,  by  re- 
moving the  wax,  so  as  to  expose  the  plates  in  lines  suit- 
ed to  the  sketch.  The  acid  is  then  applied  to  bite  away 
the  exposed  portion  of  the  plate ;  it  is  prevented  from 
acting  elsewhere  by  the  untouched  wax,  and  when  it  has 
acted  sufficiently  the  wax  is  removed  and  the  sketch 
printed  from. 
Etching  Ground. — Melt  in  a  glazed  earthen  vessel  2  oz. 
of  powdered  asphaltum,  then  add  1  oz.  of  Burgundy 
pitch;  melt,  and  add  1|  oz.  of  virgin  wax;  mix  well, 


ETH.  99 

pour  into  warm  water  and  incorporate  the  whole  with 
the  hands. — Lowry. 

Transparent  Etching  Ground. — Resin,  1  oz.,  virgin  wax, 
2  oz. ;  melt  in  an  earthen  pipkin.  Or  turpentine  var- 
nish mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  bismuth. 
— Fielding. 

Bordering  Wax. — Burgundy  pitch,  3  lbs.,  bees'-wax,  1 
lb. ;  melt,  and  add  J  pint  of  sweet  oil.  Pour  it  into 
water  and  work  it  with  the  hands. — Fielding. 

Etching  Fluid  for  Copper. — 1.  Nitrous  acid,  1  part,  water, 
5  parts;  mix  gradually,  and  add  the  size  of  a  hazel  nut 
of  sal  ammoniac  to  each  pint. — Fielding. 

2.  Verdigris,  alum,  sea  salt,  and  sal  ammoniac,  of  each  1 
part,  vinegar,  2  parts;  dissolve,  add  water,  4  parts, 
boil  a  minute,  and  cool. —  Callot. 

3.  Iodine,  2  parts,  iodide  of  potassium,  5  parts,  water,  8 
parts. 

Etching  Fluid  for  Steel. — 1.  Pyroligneous  acid  and  nitric 
acid,  each  1  part,  water,  6  parts. — Fielding. 

2.  Iodine,  1  oz.,  iron  filings,  £  drachm,  water,  4  oz.;  di- 
gest until  dissolved. 

3.  Hydrochloric  acid,  10  parts,  distilled  water,  70  parts, 
chlorate  of  potash,  2  parts.  Dissolve  the  chlorate  in 
the  water,  and  add  the  acid.  Diluted  with  water  for 
use  to  the  strength  required. 

Ether. — No  formula  is  given  for  its  preparation  in  the  P.  L. 
It  was  formerly  called  sulphuric  ether. 
Characters  and  tests. — Colourless,  sp.  gr.  not  exceeding 
0-750.  Exposed  to  the  air  it  flies  off  in  vapour;  it  af- 
fects litmus  with  a  red  colour,  either  very  slightly  or 
not  at  all.  Half  an  ounce  mixes  completely  in  half  a 
pint  of  water. — L. 
Dose:  i  drachm  to  2  drachms  in  any  convenient  vehicle. 
Stimulant  and  antispasmodic.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol, 
but  if  the  two  are  mixed  with  water  the  ether  separates. 
Ether  dissolves  resins  and  caoutchouc,  and  will  dissolve 
and  remove  bichloride  of  mercury  from  its  solution  in 
water  or  in  organic  fluids.  "It  mixes  better  with 
water  if  each  drachm  be  triturated  with  2  grains  of 
spermaceti." — United  States  Dispensary. 


100  EXT. 

Etiiiops,  Martial. — Iron   filings  oxidized  under  water. 

Formerly  much  esteemed  as  a  tonic. 
Etiiiops  Mineral. — A  mercurial  compound  used  in  cattle 

medicine. 
Extracts. — Thickened  juices  of  various  vegetable  medi- 
cines. 

Directions  of  the  London  College. — "In  preparing  extracts, 
unless  otherwise  ordered,  evaporate  the  liquid  by  a  water 
bath  in  a  pan  as  quickly  as  possible,  stirring  constantly 
towards  the  end  with  a  spatula,  until  a  consistence  is 
acquired  suitable  for  forming  pills/' 

Extract  of  Aconite,  L. — Fresh  leaves  of  aconite,  1  fb., 
bruise  them  in  a  stone  mortar,  press  out  the  juice,  and 
evaporate  it  unstrained  to  a  proper  consistence.  Used 
in  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  fever,  &c.  Dose:  1  to  2  gr., 
beginning  with  the  smaller  doses.     A  powerful  poison. 

Extract  of  Aloes ,  L. — Socotrine  aloes,  15  oz.,  boiling  dis- 
tilled water,  1  gallon.  Macerate  with  a  gentle  heat  for 
3  days,  strain  and  set  aside,  afterwards  pour  off  the  clear, 
and  evaporate  to  a  proper  consistence.  Dose:  5  to  15 
grains. 

Extract  of  Barhadoes  Aloes,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of 
aloes.  Dose:  5  to  15  grains.  Both  are  prepared  to 
separate  impurities,  and  render  the  medicine  more  mild 
in  its  operation. 

Extract  of  Belladonna,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  aco- 
nite. Acrid,  narcotic,  resolvent.  Used  in  neuralgia, 
tic-douloureux,  and  in  diseases  of  the  eye.  Dose:  one- 
tenth  to  2  grains,  used  cautiously. 

Extract  of  Dandelion  (Fluid?) — Fresh  dandelion  roots, 
20  lbs.  (av.,)  alcohol,  sp.  gr.  -835,  four  pints;  beat  or 
slice  the  roots  to  a  pulp,  add  the  alcohol,  mix,  let  stand 
a  month  or  more,  express  strongly,  and  filter. 

Extract  of  Elder  Flowers. — Tincture  of  benzoin,  1  oz., 
elder  flower  water,  1  quart;  gradually  add  the  water  to 
the  spirit. 

Extract  of  Elder  Floivers,  for  the  Complexion. — Take 
gum  benzoin,  1  drachm,  spirits  of  wine,  a  wineglassful, 
elder  flower  water,  1  pint.  Powder  the  gum,  and  put 
it  into  the  spirit  (unsweetened  gin  will  do.)  In  a  short 
time  it  will  be  dissolved.  Now  put  this  mixture  into 
a  jug,  and  then  gradually  add  the  elder  flower  water. 


EXT.  101 

Extracts. 

If  there  be  any  particles  of  benzoin  not  dissolved,  the 
extract  must  be  strained  through  fine  muslin  prior  to 
its  being  put  into  the  toilet-bottle.  On  account  of  the 
milky  appearance  of  this  preparation,  the  French  per- 
fumers call  it  lait  virginal. 

Extract  of  Yellow  Baric,  L. — Yellow  cinchona  coarsely 
bruised,  3  lbs.,  distilled  water,  6  pints.  Add  4  pints 
of  water  to  the  bark,  stir  until  the  bark  is  soaked,  ma- 
cerate for  24  hours,  and  strain  through  linen.  Mace- 
rate the  bark  in  the  remaining  water  for  24  hours;  mix 
the  liquors,  and  evaporate  to  the  required  consistence. 

Extract  of  Pale  Bark,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  yellow 
bark. 

Extract  of  Red  Bark,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  yellow 
bark.  All  the  varieties  are  tonic  and  stomachic.  Dose: 
10  to  30  grains.  Little  used  since  the  discovery  of  qui- 
nine. 

Extract  of  Colchicum,  L. — Fresh  colchicum  cormi,  1  lb. 
Remove  the  outer  coats,  and  proceed  as  for  extract  of 
aconite.  Used  in  the  early  stages  of  acute  rheumatism. 
Dose :  1  to  2  grains  every  4  hours,  until  it  acts  as  a  pur- 
gative. 

Extract  of  Colchicum,  (acetic)  L. — Meadow  saffron  cor- 
mus,  fresh,  1  lb.,  acetic  acid,  3  oz.  Strip  the  cormus, 
bruise  it,  and  sprinkle  the  acetic  acid  on  it,  express  the 
juice,  and  evaporate  it  unstrained  to  an  extract.  Em- 
ployed in  acute  rheumatism  and  gout.  Dose:  1  to  2 
grains,  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

Extract  of  Colocynth,  L. — Cut  colocynth  without  seeds, 
3  lbs.,  distilled  water,  4  pints.  Macerate  the  colocynth 
for  36  hours,  frequently  pressing  it  with  the  hand. 
Express  strongly,  and  strain  the  liquor,  which  evapo- 
rate to  an  extract.     Purgative.     Dose :  5  to  20  grains. 

Extract  of  Dandelion,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  liquo- 
rice. Tonic,  aperient,  alterative.  Used  in  liver-com- 
plaints, &c.     Dose:  10  to  60  grains. 

Extract  of  E later  ium,  L. — Take  of  wild  cucumbers,  1  lb., 
slice  them  longitudinally,  and  strain  the  juice  very 
gently,  express  through  a  very  fine  hair  sieve,  and  set 


102  EXT. 

Extracts. 

it  by  to  subside.  The  thinner  fluid  being  rejected,  dry 
the  thicker  portion  with  a  gentle  heat.  Strong  hydra- 
gogue,  cathartic.  Used  in  dropsy,  and  in  combination, 
for  obstinate  constipation.     Dose:  of  good  extract  I  to 

1  gr.,  of  inferior  up  to  1  gr.     Varies  greatly  in  quality. 
Extract  of  Gentian,  L. — Gentian  sliced,  3  lb.,  distilled 

water,  6  pints.  Macerate  the  gentian  in  4  pints  of 
water  for  12  hours,  and  strain.  Add  the  remaining 
water  to  the  gentian,  macerate  for  6  hours,  express  and 
strain.  Evaporate  the  mixed  liquids  to  an  extract. 
Tonic,  stomachic.     Dose:  5  to  20  grains. 

Extract  of  Heliotrope. — Alcoholic  extract  of  vanilla,  1 0  oz. , 
of  rose  pomatum,  5  oz.,  orange-flower  pomatum,  2  oz., 
of  ambergris,  1   oz.,  essential  oil  of  almonds,  5  drops. 

Extract  of  Honeysuckle. — Alcoholic  extracts  of  rose  po- 
matum, of  violet,  and  of  tuberuse,  of  each  10  oz./ ex- 
tracts of  vanilla  and  tolu,  of  each  5  oz.;  otto  of  neroli,  5 
drops,  otto  of  almonds,  2  drops. 

Extract  of  Hyoscyamus  (Fluid.)  —  Henbane  leaves, 
coarsely  powdered,  8  oz.  troy,  sugar,  8  oz.  troy,  diluted 
alcohol,  q.  s.;  add  to  the  leaves  1  pint  of  alcohol,  mace- 
rate twenty -four  hours,  and  by  percolation  obtain  3  pints 
of  tincture,  evaporate  to  10  fluid  ounces;  while  hot,  add 
the  sugar,  make  up  1  pint  with  alcohol,  and  strain. 
Dose:  15  to  30  drops. 

Extract  of  Hemlock,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  aconite. 
Narcotic,  resolvent.     Dose:  2  to  6  grains. 

Extract  of  Henbane,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  aconite. 
Narcotic,  anodyne.     Dose:  2  to  10  grains. 

Extract  of  Hop,  L. — Hops,  2 1  lbs.,  boiling  distilled  water, 

2  gallons.  Proceed  as  for  extract  of  liquorice.  Bitter 
tonic.     Dose:  5  to  20  grains. 

Extract  of  Jonquil. — Alcoholic  extract  of  jasmine  and 
of  tuberuse,  of  each  10  oz.;  of  orange  flower,  5  oz.,  ex- 
tract of  vanilla,  1  oz. 

Extract  of  Jalap,  L. — Powdered  jalap,  2}  lbs.,  rectified 
spirit,  1  gallon,  distilled  water,  2  gallons.  Macerate 
the  jalap  in  the  spirit  for  4  days,  and  pour  oif  the  tinc- 
ture. Boil  the  jalap  in  the  water  to  4  pints,  strain  the 
tincture  and  decoction  separately.     Distil  the  tincture 


EXT.  103 

Extracts. 

and  evaporate  the  decoction  until  each  thickens,  then 
mix  and  evaporate  to  an  extract.  This  extract  should 
be  kept  soft  to  form  pills,  and  hard  to  rub  to  powder. 
Purgative.     Dose:  10  to  20  grains. 

Extract  of  Lettuce,  L.— -Prepared  as  extract  of  aconite. 
Sedative.     Dose  3  to  10  grains. 

Extract  of  Lavender. — Otto  of  lavender  (English,)  1  oz., 
rose  water,  5  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  25  oz.;  mix  and  distil 
25  oz. — Smyth. 

Extract  of  Liquorice,  L. — Fresh  sliced  liquorice,  2  J  lbs., 
boiling  distilled  water,  2  gallons.  Macerate  for  24 
hours,  boil  to  a  gallon,  strain  while  hot,  and  evaporate  to 
an  extract. 

Extract  of  Logwood,  L. — Sliced  logwood,  2  J  lbs.,  boiling 
distilled  water,  2  gallons.  Proceed  as  for  extract  of  li- 
quorice.    Astringent.     Dose;  10  to  30  grains. 

Extract  of  Malt. — Evaporate  a  strong  decoction  or  infusion 
of  malt  to  the  consistence  of  treacle.  Used  as  a  cough 
medicine. 

Extract  of  Meat. — Minced  lean  meat,  1  part,  water,  8 
parts,  heat  gradually  to  the  boiling  point,  strain,  and 
evaporate  in  a  water  bath.  2  lbs.  yield  1  oz.  of  extract. 
It  will  not  keep  if  made  with  the  fatty  portion. 

Extract  of  Opium,  L. — Opium  sliced,  Ij  lbs.,  distilled 
water,  5  pints.  Macerate  the  opium  in  half  the  water 
for  24  hours,  frequently  stirring,  then  strain,  macerate 
for  24  hours  in  the  remaining  water,  strain  and  evapo- 
rate the  mixed  liquors  to  an  extract.  Used  as  a  mild 
preparation  of  opium.     Dose :  1  to  6  grains. 

Extract  of  Pareira,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  logwood. 
Used  in  bladder  complaints.     Dose  :  10  to  30  grains. 

Extract  of  Poppy,  L. — Poppies  bruised  and  freed  from  the 
seeds,  15  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  gallon  ;  macerate 
for  24  hours,  boil  to  four  pints,  strain  while  hot,  and 
evaporate  to  an  extract.  Anodyne  narcotic.  Dose  :  2 
to  20  grains. 

Extract  of  Rhubarb,  L. — Rhubarb  powdered,  15  oz., 
proof  spirit,  1  pint,  distilled  water,  7  pints;  macerate 
for  4  days,  strain,  and  when  the  dregs  have  subsided 


104  EXT — FER. 

Extracts. 

evaporate  the  clear  liquor  to  an  extract.      Purgative, 
and  used  as  a  vehicle  for  purgatives.     Dose :  10  to  30 
grains. 
Extract  of  Sarsa/parilla,  (Fluid}  L. — Sliced  sarsaparilia, 
3  J  lbs.,  boiling  distilled  water,  5  gallons,  rectified  spirit, 

2  oz.  Boil  the  sarsaparilla  in  3  gallons  of  water  to  12 
pints,  and  strain*.  Boil  it  again  in  the  remaining  water, 
and  strain.  Evaporate  the  mixed  liquors  to  18  oz.,  and 
when  cold  add  the  spirit.  Dose:  1  to  2  drachms  or 
more. 

Extract  of  Senna,  {Fluid.} — 1.  Senna,  15  lbs.  av.,  boil- 
ing water,  q.  s.,  concentrate  the  infusion  to  10  lbs. 
av.,  dissolve  in  it  6  lbs.  of  thick  treacle,  add  24  fl.  oz. 
of  rectified  spirit,  and  water  q.  s.  to  make  15  pints  o.  m. 
Dose,  two  drachms.  Each  oz.  represents  one  oz.  of 
senna. — Duncan. 

2.  Mix  2  J  lb.  of  senna  in  coarse  powder  with  64  oz.  of 
proof  spirit;  in  24  hours  percolate,  adding  water,  mixed 
with  i  its  measure  of  spirit,  until  9  J  pints  have  passed : 
evaporate  in  a  water-bath  to  20  oz.,  filter,  add  20  oz. 
of  sugar,  and  when  dissolved  add  further  2  drachms  of 
compound  spirit  of  ether,  mixed  with  1  drachm  of 
oil  of  fennel. —  U.  States  Dis.  1  oz.  is  equal  to  1  oz.  of 
senna. 

Extract  of  Stramonium,  L. — Thorn  apple  seeds,  15  oz., 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  gallon;  macerate  for  4  hours 
with  a  gentle  heat,  then  bruise  the  seeds  and  return 
them  to  the  liquor,  boil  down  to  4  pints,  strain  while 
hot,  and  evaporate  to  an  extract.  Anodyne,  irritant. 
Dose :  i  of  a  grain,  cautiously  increased  to  2  grains. 

Extract  of  Whortleberry,  L. — Prepared  as  extract  of  hops. 
Use  in  diseases  of  the  bladder.     Dose :  6  to  30  grains. 

Feet,  The — of  some  persons,  naturally  evolve  a  disagreeable 
odour.  Wash  them  in  warm  water,  to  which  a  little 
hydrochloric  acid  or  chloride  of  lime  has  been  added. 

Fermented  Medical  Preparations. — An  aqueous  solu- 
lution  is  first  prepared;  then  to  every  8  parts  of  this 

3  parts  of  sugar  are  added,  and  yeast,  q.  s.     After  re- 


FER — FLA.  105 

maiaing  one  or  two  months  at  65°  to  75°  F.,  tlie  mix- 
ture is  strained  for  use. 
Ferridcyanide  of  Iron. — Precipitate  a  solution  of  pro- 

tosulphate  of  iron  by  another  of  red  prussiate  of  potash. 

It  forms  a  Prussian  blue  of  a  beautiful  tinge,  sometimes 

called  Turnbuirs  Blue. 
Filtering  Powder. — Fuller's  earth  purified  and  powdered 

mixed  with  animal  charcoal.     Used  to  filter  oils,  &c.; 

and  to  render  various  liquids  whiter. 

Filtration  is  the  process  adopted  for  separating  the  liquid 
from  the  solid  portions  of  a  mixture.  The  media  con- 
sists of  unsized  paper,  flannel,  cloth,  sand,  and  various 
powders.  Sometimes  a  little  tow  or  cotton  wool  serves 
the  purpose.  Tinctures,  spirits,  perfumes,  and  other 
preparations  of  the  retail  trade  are  generally  filtered 
through  paper,  folded  properly  for  the  purpose,  and 
loosely  fitted  in  a  funnel. 

Finings. — 1.  Isinglass,  1  lib.,  beer,  cider,  or  vinegar,  | 
gallon.  Mix  until  it  becomes  a  jelly,  then  add  suffi- 
cient of  the  liquid  it  is  to  fine,  to  reduce  it  to  a  proper 
consistence.  Used  to  refine  porter,  wine,  &c. 
2.  For  Gin.  Subcarbonate  of  potash,  4  oz.,  roche  alum, 
8  oz.     Mix  in  powder. 

Fires  to  Extinguish. — Various  solutions  of  salts  have 
been  proposed  as  more  effectual  than  water.  Dr. 
Clanny's  consists  of  5  oz.  of  sal-ammoniac  to  each 
gallon  of  water,  and  in  small  fires  it  is  effectual,  but  in 
large  fires  its  action  is  insignificant  beyond  the  effect  of 
common  water.  It  is  said  that  dried  prussiate  of  pot- 
ash, chlorate  of  potash,  and  sugar,  form  the  compound 
used  in  Phillips'  Fire-Annihilator. 

Fixing  Solution  for  Paper  Pictures. — Hyposulphite 
of  soda,  1  oz.,  pure  water,  1  quart.  The  picture  must 
be  well  soaked  or  washed  in  water  and  dried,  then 
washed  on  both  sides  with  the  fixing  solution,  and 
finally  rinsed  with  clean  water. 

Flame,  Coloured. — Alcohol  mixed  with  nitrate  of  copper 


106  FLA — FLO. 

or  boracic  acid  burns  green;  and  with  the  nitrates  of 
strontian,  iron,  or  liine,  a  red  ;  and  with  nitrate  of  soda, 
a  yellow. 

Flash. — Essence  of  capsicums  and  burnt  sugar  mixed. 
Used  to  make  weak  spirit  taste  strong. 

Flavouring  Essence. — Oil  of  bitter  almonds,  8  drops, 
essence  of  lemon,  12  drops,  oil  of  cassia,  6  drops,  oil  of 
nutmeg,  4  drops,  oil  of  cloves,  1  drop,  rectified  spirit, 
1  oz.     Used  for  pastry  and  custards. 

Flies,  to  Destroy. — Boil  some  quassia  chips  in  a  little 
water,  sweeten  the  clear  liquor  with  some  treacle,  and 
place  it  in  saucers.  It  is  destructive  to  flies,  but  not 
to  children.  Or  spread  paper  with  turpentine-varnish, 
and  oil  it  to  keep  the  varnish  from  drying :  it  entangles 
the  flies  which  rest  on  it. 

Flour,  Baked. — Astringent.  Used  for  infants  troubled 
with  diarrhoea.  Vended  under  the  title  of  Hard's 
farinaceous  food. 

Flour  Wheat. — Adulterated  flour  may  be  tested  as  fol- 
lows : — 

1.  By  its  sp.  gr.  Potato-flour,  gypsum,  or  ground  bones 
increase  its  density,  so  that  a  measure  holding  1  lb.  of 
pure  flour,  will  hold  1J  lb.  of  the  adulterated. 

2.  Nitric  acid  colours  wheat-flour  a  fine  orange  yellow; 
it  does  not  affect  fecula  or  starch. 

3.  Pure  hydrochloric  acid  colours  wheat-flour  of  a  deep 
violet,  but  dissolves  without  colouring  fecula  or  starch, 
forming  a  thick  substance,  decomposable  by  alkalies. 

4.  Pure  flour  absorbs  more  water  than  fecula. 

5.  Boiling  water  will  develop  the  scent  of  bean  or  pea 
flour. 

Flowers. — To  hasten  the  blowing  of  flowers,  use  the  fol- 
lowing mixture.  Nitrate  or  sulphate  of  ammonia,  4  oz., 
nitrate  of  potash,  2  oz.,  sugar,  1  oz.,  hot  water,  1  pint; 
dissolve  and  keep  well  closed.  Add  20  drops  to  the 
water  used  to  moisten  or  surround  the  flowers,  changing 
it  each  week.     Cut  flowers  may  be  preserved  longer  by 


FLU — FOI.  107 

using  a  little  nitrate  of  soda  to  the  water  in  which  they 
are  put,  or  by  placing  over  them  a  bell  jar.     A  Ward's 
case  will  keep  them  a  long  time,  as  fresh,  apparently, 
as  at  first. 
Flux. — -A  substance  added  to  render  others  more  fusible. 

1.  Black  Flux. — Cream  of  tartar,  2  parts,  nitre,  1  part; 
mix,  and  throw  by  portions  into  a  red  hot  crucible. 
Used  to  smelt  metallic  ores.  So  also  is  Morveau's, 
glass,  16  parts,  calcined  borax,  2  parts,  charcoal,  1 
part;  mix. 

2.  White  Flux. — As  before,  but  equal  parts  of  nitre 
and  tartar. 

3.  Crude  Flux. — The  first  mixture  before  deflagration. 

4.  Cornish  Fax. — Cream  of  tartar,  10  parts,  nitre  4  parts, 
borax,  3  parts;  mix. 

Christisoyi' s  Flux  for  reducing  Arsenic. — Crystallized 
carbonate  of  soda,  8  parts,  charcoal,  1  part;  mix,  and 
heat  gradually  to  redness. 
Fresenius's  Flux. — Dry  carbonate  of  potass,  3  parts, 
cyanide  of  potassium,  1  part.  Used  to  reduce  the 
sulphuret  of  arsenic. 

Foie  de  Soufre. — Sulphuret  of  potash. 

Foie  de  Soufre  Calcaire. — Sulphuret  of  lime. 

Foils  are  thin  leaves  of  metal,  used  to  heighten  the  effect 
of  jewellers'  stones  and  pastes.  The  white  foils  are 
made  of  thin  sheet  copper,  plated  with  silver,  and 
drawn  through  two  rollers  so  as  to  make  it  very  thin, 
the  silver  is  then  burnished.  This  is  covered  with 
colour  when  required,  and  in  all  cases  the  foil  is  en- 
closed in  the  setting,  entirely  covering  the  back  of  the 
stone,  to  which  it  imparts  much  of  its  own  brilliancy. 
When  it  is  desired  to  modify  the  colour  of  the  stone,  a 
foil  of  lighter  or  darker  tint  is  used  as  required.  The 
reflection  of  the  colour  is  so  diffused  throughout  the 
stone,  as  to  render  it  difficult  in  many  cases  to  ascertain 
whether  the  tint  is  real  or  artificial.  The  white  foil  is 
coloured  as  follows : 
Blue. — Turnbull's  blue  ground  with  pale  quick-drying 
oil  to  the  shade  required.  Used  to  deepen  the  shade 
of  sapphires. 


108  FRE. 

Green. — Shellac  dissolved  in  alcohol,  and  sufficient  verdi- 
gris added  to  colour. 

Yellow. — Mastic  in  alcohol  with  turmeric,  or  a  solution 
of  hay  saffron  and  isinglass. 

Red. — The  solution  of  carmine  in  ammonia,  or  lake  or 
carmine  ground  in  isinglass. 

Any  of  the  above  may  be  varied  in  shade  by  mixing,  and 
when  dry  may  be  varnished  to  heighten  the  brilliancy. 

Freckles  may  be  removed  by  frequently  applying  dilute 

spirit,  or  acid,  or  alkaline  solutions. 
Lotion  for  Freckles. — 1.   Hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  1 

drachm,  lavender  water,  2  drachms,  spring  water,  1 

pint.     Apply  with  a  sponge   2  or  3    times  a  day. — 

Kittoe. 
2.  Hydrochloric  acid,  1  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  1  oz., 

water,  8  oz.;  mix,  and  apply  as  before. 

Freeman's  Bathing  Spirits. — A  mixture  of  opodeldoc 
and  Daffy's  elixir. 

Freezing  Mixtures. — An  artificial  means  of  producing 
cold  by  dissolving  certain  salts  in  water.  The  as- 
sistance of  ice  or  snow  produces  greater  cold,  and  saves 
trouble  and  expense,  but  as  artificial  cold  is  chiefly  re- 
quired when  these  are  not  to  be  had,  means  are  then 
resorted  to  which  render  them  unnecessary. 
With  Ice  or  Snow. — 1.  Snow,  3  parts,  potash,  4  parts. 
Sinks  the  thermometer  83  degrees. 

2.  Snow,  2  parts,  crystallized  muriate  of  lime,  3  parts. 
Thermometer  sinks  82  degrees. 

3.  Snow,  3  parts,  diluted  sulphuric  acid  (2  parts  acid  to 
1  water,  by  weight)  2  parts.  The  thermometer  sinks 
55  degrees. 

Without  Snow. — 1.  Sulphate  of  soda,  6  parts,  nitrate  of 
ammonia,  5  parts,  diluted  nitrous  acid,  (2  acid  to  1 
water  by  weight,)  4  parts.  Thermometer  sinks  64  de- 
grees. 

2.  Phosphate  of  soda,  9  parts,  nitrate  of  ammonia,  6  parts, 
diluted  nitrous  acid,  as  above,  4  parts.  Sinks  the 
thermometer  71  degrees. 


FEE.  109 

3.  Phosphate  of  soda,  9  parts,  diluted  nitrous  acid,  as  be- 
fore, 4  parts.     Thermometer  sinks  62  degrees. 

4.  Nitrate  of  ammonia  and  water,  equal  parts.  Thermo- 
meter sinks  46  degrees. 

5.  Nitrate  of  ammonia,  carbonate  of  soda,  and  water,  equal 
parts.     Thermometer  sinks  57  degrees. 

By  cooling  the  vessels  and  mixtures  previous  to  com- 
mencing, an  extreme  degree  of  cold  may  be  produced. 
Mr.  Walker,  in  this  manner,  produced  a  cold  equal  to 
132  degrees  below  the  freezing  point  of  water.  The 
eoldest  mixtures  are  produced  by  other  liquids  than 
water,  but,  for  retailing,  the  powdered  and  mixed  salts 
are  prepared  so  as  to  require  water  only.  Besides  the 
above,  there  are  other  proportions  suited  for  the  pur- 
pose; when  made  up  they  are  sold  as  freezing  powders. 

1.  Powdered  muriate  of  ammonia,  8  oz.,  nitre,  13  oz.;  mix. 

2.  Nitrate  of  ammonia  and  muriate  of  ammonia,  equal 
parts;  mix. 

3.  Nitrate  of  ammonia  and  crystallized  carbonate  of  soda, 
equal  parts;  mix.     This  is  one  of  the  best. 

French  Polish. — A  varnish  for  furniture.  The  simplest, 
and  perhaps  the  best,  is  the  solution  of  shellac  only,  but 
many  add  gums  sandarac,  mastic,  copal,  Arabic,  benja- 
min, &c,  from  the  idea  that  they  contribute  to  the  effect. 
Gum  Arabic  is  certainly  never  required  if  the  solvent 
be  pure,  because  it  is  insoluble  in  either  rectified  spirit 
or  rectified  wood  naphtha,  the  menstrua  employed  in 
dissolving  the  gums.  As  spirit  is  seldom  used  on  ac- 
count of  its  expense,  most  of  the  following  are  men- 
tioned as  solutions  in  naphtha,  but  spirit  can  be  sub- 
stituted when  thought  proper. 

1.  Shellac,  1J  lb.,  naphtha,  1  gallon;  dissolve,  and  it  is 
ready  without  filtering. 

2.  Shellac,  12  oz.,  copal,  3  oz.,  (or  an  equivalent  of  var- 
nish;) dissolve  in  one  gallon  of  naphtha. 

3.  Shellac,  1 J  lb.,  seed  lac  and  sandarac,  each  4  oz.,  mastic, 
2  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve. 

4.  Shellac,  2  lbs.,  benzoin,  4  oz.,  spirit,  1  gallon. 

5.  Shellac,  10  oz.,  seed-lac,  sandarac,  and  copal  varnish, 
of  each  6  oz.;  benzoin,  3  oz.,  naphtha,  1  gallon. 

10 


110  FRU — FUM. 

To  darken  polish,  benzoin  and  dragon's  blood  are  used, 
turmeric  and  other  colouring  matters  are  also  added; 
and  to  make  it  lighter  it  is  necessary  to  use  bleached 
lac,  as  though  some  endeavour  to  give  this  effect  by 
adding  oxalic  acid  to  the  ingredients,  it,  like  gum 
Arabic,  is  insoluble  in  good  spirit  or  naphtha.  For  all 
ordinary  purposes  the  first  form  is  best  and  least 
troublesome,  while  its  appearance  is  equal  to  any  other. 

French  Polish,  To. — The  wood  must  be  placed  level,  and 
sand-papered  until  it  is  quite  smooth,  otherwise  it  will 
not  polish.  Then  provide  a  rubber  of  cloth,  list,  or 
sponge,  wrap  it  in  a  soft  rag,  so  as  to  leave  a  handle 
at  the  back  for  your  hand,  shake  the  bottle  against  the 
rubber,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  varnish  on  the  rag 
place  with  your  finger  a  little  raw  linseed  oil.  Now 
commence  rubbing,  in  small  circular  strokes,  and  con- 
tinue until  the  pores  are  filled,  charging  the  rubber 
with  varnish  and  oil  as  required,  until  the  whole  wood 
has  had  one  coat.  When  dry  repeat  the  process  once 
or  twice  until  the  surface  appears  even  and  fine,  be- 
tween each  coat  using  fine  sand-paper  to  smooth  down 
all  irregularities.  Lastly,  use  a  clean  rubber  with  a 
little  strong  alcohol  only,  which  will  remove  the  oil 
and  the  cloudiness  it  causes;  when  the  work  will  be 
complete. 

Frustula. — A  little  bit. 

Fulminating  Powder. — Dry  and  powder  separately  3 
parts  of  nitre,  2  of  carbonate  of  potash,  and  1  of  flour 
sulphur,  then  mix  gently  in  a  warm  mortar.  The  com- 
pound heated  over  the  fire  explodes  with  great  violence, 
and  should  therefore  be  cautiously  used. 

Fumigation. — The  purifying  air  or  solid  bodies  by  disin- 
fectants. Chlorine  is  the  most  powerful  for  ordinary 
use,  and  is  mostly  applied  by  sprinkling  in  the  room, 
&c,  a  solution  of  1  oz.  of  chloride  of  lime  in  1  quart 
of  water.  When  an  apartment  is  not  inhabited  chlo- 
rine gas  may  be  used  instead  of  the  lime,  but  it  is  more 
difficult  to  manage.  Mix  1  oz.  of  common  salt  with 
i  oz.;  of  oxide  of  manganese  in  a  China  cup,  pour  on 


fi:r,  111 

this  6  drachms  of  oil  of  vitriol,  the  cup  being  placed  in 
hot  sand  in  the  middle  of  the  apartment,  chlorine  gas 
is  immediately  given  off,  and  if  the  chimney,  windows, 
&c,  have  been  properly  stopped  up,  it  will  fill  the  room 
thoroughly,  destroying  vermin  and  contagion.  It  spoils 
polished  metals,  such  as  steel  fenders,  fire-irons,  &c, 
and  also  many  colours  in  furniture,  bed,  or  paper  hang- 
ings, which  should  therefore  be  removed.  When  a 
few  hours  have  elapsed,  the  windows  and  chimney  must 
be  opened  to  let  the  gas  pass  off.  The  fumigations  of 
nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid  gas  are  not  now  used,  being 
superseded  by  better  modes  of  purification.  Nor  is  any 
dependence  to  be  placed  on  the  efficacy  of  sulphur, 
acetic  acid,  or  tar  fumigations,  or  the  burning  of  pas- 
tilles, gums,  camphor,  tobacco,  &c,  all  being  much  in- 
ferior to  chlorine  gas,  or  to  the  chlorides  of  soda  and 
lime. 

Furniture  Polishes. — New  wood  is  often  French-polished. 
Or  the  following  may  be  tried : 

Melt  3  or  4  pieces  of  sandarac,  each  the  size  of  a  walnut, 
add  1  pint  of  boiled  oil,  and  boil  together  for  1  hour. 
While  cooling  add  1  drachm  of  Venice  turpentine,  and 
if  too  thick  a  little  oil  of  turpentine  also.  Apply  this 
all  over  the  furniture,  and  after  some  hours  rub  it  off; 
rub  the  furniture  daily,  without  applying  fresh  varnish, 
except  about  once  in  2  months.  Water  does  not  in- 
jure this  polish,  and  any  stain  or  scratch  may  be  again 
covered,  which  cannot  be  done  with  French  polish. — 
J.  Rhode.  To  give  a  gloss  to  household  furniture,  va- 
rious compositions  are  used,  known  as  wax,  polish, 
creams,  pastes,  oils,  &c.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
forms  used. 

Furniture  Cream. — Bees' -wax,  1  lb.,  soap,  4  oz.,  pearl- 
ash,  2  oz.,  soft  water,  1  gallon;  boil  together  until 
mixed. 

Furniture  Oil. — 1.  Acetic  acid,  2  drachms,  oil  of  laven- 
der, i  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  1  drachm,  linseed  oil, 
4  oz. 

2.  Linseed  oil,  1  pint,  alkanet  root,  2  oz.;  heat,  strain,  and 
add  lac  varnish,  1  oz. 


112  '       FUS — GAS. 

3.  Linseed  oil,  1  pint,  rectified  spirit,  2  oz.,  butter  of  an- 
timony, 4  oz. 

Furniture  Paste. — 1.  Bees'-wax,  spirit  of  turpentine,  and 
linseed  oil,  equal  parts;  rneit  and  cool. 

2.  Bees'-wax,  4  oz.,  turpentine,  10  oz.,  alkanet  root  to 
colour;  melt  and  strain. 

3.  Bees'-wax,  1  ft).,  linseed  oil,  5  oz.,  alkanet  root,  i  oz.; 
melt,  add  5  oz.  of  turpentine,  strain  and  cool. 

4.  Bees'-wax,  4  oz.,  resin,  1  oz.,  oil  of  turpentine,  2  oz.; 
Venitian  red  to  colour. 

Fusible  Metal. — 1.  Newton's.  8  parts  bismuth,  5  lead, 
3  tin;  mix.     Melts  at  212°. 

2.  Rose's. — 2  bismuth,  1  lead,  1  tin;  melts  at  201°. 

3.  Onion's. — 5  bismuth,  3  lead,  2  tin;  melts  at  199°. 

4.  Walker's. — 8  bismuth,  5  lead,  4  tin,  1  antimony. 
For  electrotype  casts. 

All  the  above  are  rendered  more  fusible  by  adding  a  little 
mercury  to  them. 

Gall,  Clarified. — Evaporate  clear  ox-gall  to  the  consis- 
tence of  syrup,  then  expose  it  thinly  spread  on  dishes 
to  dry.  It  is  dissolved  in  water  for  use.  Or,  boil  and 
skim  1  pint  of  ox-gall,  add  1  oz.  of  alum,  and  bottle; 
treat  another  pint  similarly,  using  1  oz.  of  salt  instead  of 
alum.  In  3  months  mix  the  galls,  and  filter  the  clear. 
Used  to  mix  with  water-colours,  to  remove  the  grease 
from  drawing-papers  and  ivory.  Also  employed  to 
clean  carpets  and  clothes. 
Gall,  Inspissated. — Strain  fresh  ox-gall  through  flannel, 
and  evaporate  in  a  water-bath  to  the  proper  consistence. 
It  may  be  evaporated  to  dryness,  powdered,  and  pre- 
served. 

Ganteine. — Soap,  3  oz.,  water,  2  oz. ;  beat  together,  and 
add  eau  de  javelle,  2  oz.,  liquor  ammonia,  1  drachm. 
The  paste  is  used  to  rub  over  soiled  kid  gloves,  pro- 
perly stretched,  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  them. 

Gas  is  the  vapour  of  various  chemical  substances.  The  or- 
dinary coal  gas  of  the  street  lamps  is  prepared  by  dis- 
tilling coal  gas  in  iron  retorts,  and  may  be  illustrated 


GER— GIL.  113 

on  the  small  scale- as  follows: — Nearly  fill  the  bowl  of  a 
tobacco-pipe  with  small  coal,  and  stop  the  top  close  with 
clay,  or  sand  and  beer;  insert  the  bowl  in  the  fire,  and 
when  the  smoke  issues  from  the  stem  it  may  be  lighted. 
The  modes  of  producing  chemical  gases  are  stated  under 
the  proper  heads  in  this  work. 

German  Paste. — Blanched  sweet  almonds,  1  lb.,  pea-meal, 
2  lbs.,  butter,  3  oz.,  saffron,  4  grains,  the  yolk  of  2 
eggs,  honey  sufficient  to  make  a  paste,  which  must  be 
passed  through  a  sieve.  Used  to  feed  larks,  nightin- 
gales, and  other  insectivorous  singing  birds. 

Gilding. — The  process  of  attaching  gold  to  any  substance. 
Books  are  gilt  and  lettered  by  a  hot  iron  or  brass  tool 
being  pressed  on  the  leather,  the  tool  having  on  its  face 
a  little  gold-leaf.  The  heat  alone  causes  it  to  adhere, 
though  some  spread  finely  powdered  mastic  over  the 
leather  before  applying  the  tool.  The  edges  of  books 
are  cut,  and  varnished  with  size,  the  gold  leaf  is  then 
attached  and  burnished. 

Gilding ,  Burnished. — Coat  the  wood  first  with  size,  and 
afterwards  with  size  and  whiting  mixed  until  a  sufficient 
thickness  is  obtained.  .  Between  each  coat,  glass  paper 
must  be  used  to  smooth  the  surface.  The  gold  size  is 
now  applied  thinly,  and  when  nearly  dry  the  leaf  is 
attached,  and  afterwards  burnished. 

Gilding ',  Cold. — Pure  gold,  5  drachms,  pure  copper,  1 
drachm,  nitro-muriatic  acid,  10  oz.;  dissolve.  Dip  li- 
nen rags  in  this  solution,  dry  and  burn  them ;  the  ashes 
contain  gold  in  the  finest  powder.  Clean  the  copper  or 
brass  intended  to  be  gilt,  rub  the  powder  on  with  a 
cork  dipped  in  salt  and  water  until  well  gilt,  and  after- 
wards burnish. 

Gilding  Liquor. — Common  salt  and  alum,  of  each  1  oz., 
pure  nitre,  2  oz.,  water,  5  oz.  Trinkets  of  gold  are 
dipped  in  this  pickle,  which  imparts  a  rich  colour. 

Gilding  Metals. — Perfectly  bright  or  polished  iron  or  steel 

may  be  written  on  or  painted  with  an  ethereal  solution 

of  gold,  the  ether  flies  off  and  leaves  the  gold,  which 

will  require  burnishing.     Or,  heat  the  polished  metal  to 

10* 


114  GIL — GIN. 

blueness,  apply  the  gold  leaf  carefully,  repeat  the  heat- 
ing and  gilding  until  thick  enough,  then  cool  and 
burnish. 

Gilding  China  and  Glass. — Powdered  gold  is  mixed  with 
borax  and  gum-water,  and  the  solution  applied  with  a 
camel-hair  pencil.  Heat  is  then  applied  by  a  stove  until 
the  borax  fuses,  when  the  gold  is  fixed,  and  afterwards 
burnished. 

Gilding  silk,  satin,  woollen,  ivory,  bone,  &c. — Dissolve 
terchloride  of  gold,  1  part,  in  water,  4  parts,  paint  the 
article  with  this  solution,  and  expose  it  to  the  vapour 
of  hydrogen  gas,  when  it  will  become  brilliant  with  a 
coating  of  gold,  which  will  not  readily  tarnish. 

Gilding,  Water, — An  amalgam  of  gold  and  mercury  is 
i  applied,  and  the  mercury  being  volatilized  by  heat, 
leaves  the  gold. 

Gilders'  "Wax.— 1.  Bees'  -wax,  4  parts,  verdigris  and  sul- 
phate of  copper,  each  1  part;  mix. 

2.  Instead  of  the  sulphate,  substitute  1  part  each  of  red 
ochre  and  alum.  Used  to  give  a  red  colour  to  water- 
gilding. 

There  are  also  the  voltaic  and  electrotype  modes  of  gild- 
ing, and  these  are  used  in  many  fine  works;  the  pro- 
cesses may  be  seen  in  any  treatise  on  Electrotyping  or 
Electro-Metallurgy,  such  as  Sinee's,  Napier's,  or  Wal- 
ker's. 

Ginger  Beer. — See  Beer.  Powders  for  imitating  ginger- 
beer  are  prepared  as  follows : 

1.  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  30  grains,  white  sugar,  1  drachm, 
powdered  ginger  5  grains,  mix,  for  each  blue  paper; 
and  put  25  grains  of  tartaric  acid  in  each  white  paper. 
— Pereira. — For  use,  the  contents  of  one  blue  paper 
is  stirred  in  a  tumbler  of  cold  water,  and  when  dissolved, 
the  contents  of  a  white  paper  added,  and  the  mixture 
taken  while  effervescing. 

2.  Sugar,  2  drachms,  sesquicarbonate  of  soda,  2  scruples, 
ginger,  4  grains,  essence  of  lemon,  2  drops,  mix,  for  i 
each  blue  paper;  and  in  each  white  paper  put  35  grains' 
of  tartaric  acid. — Pharm.  Journal. 


GIN — GLA.  115 

3.  Sugar,  10  oz.,  carbonate  of  soda,  624  grains,  ginger, 
192  grains,  mix;  for  12  blue  papers.  For  12  white 
papers:  divide  360  grains  of  tartaric  acid. — Bateman. 

4.  Use  lemonade  powders,  and  add  to  the  water  some  es- 
sence of  ginger  while  mixing. 

Gingerbread. — A  confection  often  used  in  which  to  ad- 
minister purgatives  to  children.  If  required  to  be  pur- 
gative, sufficient  jalap  must  be  added  to  allow  each 
cake  7  grains. 
Ormskirh. — Flour,  4  lbs.,  sugar,  2  lbs.,  treacle,  2  lbs., 
butter,  22  oz.,  candied  lemon,  8  oz.,  ginger,  1  oz.,  and 
1  nutmeg.  Mix  the  flour  and  powdered  spices  with 
the  butter,  add  the  treacle  and  sugar,  and  divide  into 
cakes. 

Glass  is  a  well  known  transparent  substance,  used  chiefly 
to  admit  light  and  exclude  cold  air.  The  most  com- 
mon varieties  are  crown,  or  window  glass,  worked  in 
circular  tables,  with  a  bull-eye  in  the  centre,  and  the 
table  not  quite  flat,  and  sheet  glass,  or  flattened  large 
sheets,  which  are  now  made  of  such  excellent  quality 
as  to  almost  supersede  the  more  expensive  plate  glass. 
Flint  glass  is  that  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bottles, 
&c. 

To  clean. — Rub  it  with  powdered  rotten-stone  or  fuller's 
earth  and  a  moistened  flannel,  then  wipe  it  dry.  Or 
as  this  leaves  the  powder  in  the  corners,  simply  wash 
the  glass  with  clean  water,  dry  with  a  duster,  and  po- 
lish with  chamois  leather.  No  better  method  can  be 
used. 

To  cut. — No  means  serve  so  well  as  using  the  glazier's 
diamond,  but  in  default  of  this  try  the  following: — 
Use  a  triangular  file,  and  "keep  the  edge  wet.  with 
water  or  turpentine.  When  the  article  is  a  tube  or 
bottle,  the  mark  must  be  carried  round,  and  the  tube 
will  separate  on  applying  a  little  force.  Holes  may  be 
drilled  in  glass  by  moistening  the  point  of  the  drill 
with  turpentine,  and  using  but  little  pressure.  Tubes 
and  bottles  will  separate  by  applying  a  heated  metal 
ring  to  the  part,  or  by  tying  round  them  a  string  of 


116  GLA— GLE. 

worsted  dipped  in  turpentine,  and  setting  it  on  fire, 
afterwards  in  either  case  dipping  the  heated  glass  into 
cold  water.  A  broken  bottle  may  be  cut  straight  by 
marking  with  ink  where  it  should  be  divided,  then 
with  a  hot  pointed  iron  begin  at  some  distance  off; 
when  the  glass  cracks,  carry  the  iron  along  to  the  mark, 
and  turn  the  glass  round  under  the  point;  plunge  im- 
mediately into  water  and  it  will  separate.  Of  these 
methods  the  use  of  the  file  is  most  certain,  the  others 
sometimes  fail. 
To  -powder. — Heat  glass  red  hot,  throw  it  into  cold  water, 
dry,  and  powder  it.  It  becomes  more  brittle  by  the 
sudden  cooling.  Used  to  make  glass-paper  and  corn- 
rubbers,  and  as  a  filtering  powder  for  acids. 

Glass,  Ground,  is  one  of  the  varieties  of  window  glass. 
It  may  be  imitated  by  dabbing  plain  glass  on  one  side 
with  putty,  or  better  still,  with  white  lead  and  sugar  of 
lead  ground  together. 

Glass,  Writing  on. — Use  a  mixture  of  size  and  lamp- 
black as  a  temporary  means,  or  for  permanency  the 
shellac,  or  other  incorrodible  ink  (see  Ink.)  To  en- 
grave or  etch  on  glass,  it  is  covered  with  etching- 
ground,  through  which  the  design  is  cut  down  to  the 
glass.  Liquid  hydrofluoric  acid  is  then  poured  on  for 
a  transparent  design,  or  the  glass  is  exposed  to  the 
vapour  of  the  gas  if  desired  to  be  opaque.  This  acid 
rapidly  corrodes  the  glass,  and  removes  the  parts  which 
it  attacks;  when  these  are  sufficiently  bitten  in,  the 
acid  is  poured  off  and  the  glass  washed.  This  method 
is  applied  to  flashed  glass,  or  that  only  coloured  on 
one  side,  as  ruby  always  is;  the  acid  eats  the  colour 
and  leaves  a  white  design  on  the  coloured  ground. 
'  It  does  not  remove  the  colour  from  pot  metal,  or  glass 
coloured  throughout,  but  it  appears  lighter  where  the 
acid  has  been  applied.  The  fluoric  acid  is  very  corro- 
sive, and  must  not  be  touched  on  any  account  with  the 
fingers,  nor  must  the  vapour  be  breathed. — See  Hydro- 
fluoric Acid. 

Gleba. — A  lump. 


GLU — GLY.  117 

Glue  is  the  evaporated  solution  of  animal  skins.  Ox  hides, 
&c,  are  cleared  from  foreign  matter  and  prepared  for 
boiling;  they  are  then  dissolved  b)  steaming  or  boiling, 
and  the  clear  liquor  being  evaporated  and  cooled  in 
wooden  boxes,  is  cut  with  a  wire,  and  dried  on  nets 
spread  to  the  air.  The  varieties  are  known  by  their 
local  names,  as  French,  Flemish,  Scotch,  and  Irish 
glues.     A  weaker  description  of  glue  is  termed  size. 

Glue,  Portable. — Glue,  1  lb.,  melt  with  water,  add  brown 
sugar,  J  R>.,  boil  till  thick,  and  when  cold  divide  it 
into  moderate-sized  pieces.  Damped  with  the  mouth, 
it  serves  to  glue  papers,  &c,  or  it  will  dissolve  in  warm 
water. 

Glue,  Liquid. — A  solution  of  shellac  in  naphtha,  made 
as  French  polish,  has  been  vended  under  this  title.  It 
is  also  called  Chinese  Cement.  Used  to  piece  wood, 
glass,  China,  &c. 

Glue,  Marine. — Dissolve  by  heat  1  part  of  India-rubber 
in  naphtha,  and  when  melted  add  2  parts  of  shellac; 
melt  until  mixed.  Pour  it  while  hot  on  metal  plates  to 
cool;  when  required  for  use,  melt  and  apply  with  a 
brush.  A  strong  cement  for  wood,  which  is  said  to 
rend  any  where  else  rather  than  at  the  cemented  part. 

Glue  impervious  to  Water. — If  a  coating  of  glue  or  size 
be  brushed  over  with  a  decoction  of  1  part  of  powdered 
nut-galls  in  12  of  water,  reduced  to  8  parts,  and  strained, 
it  becomes  hard  and  solid.  It  makes  a  good  coat  for 
ceilings  to  whitewash  on,  and  for  lining  walls  for  paper 
hangings. 

Glycerine  mixes  with  aqueous  liquids,  with  alcohol,  and 
with  acetic  acid.  It  is  easily  scented,  it  does  not 
evaporate,  ferment,  or  become  rancid.  It  is  an  excellent 
cosmetic  and  softener  of  the  skin. 

Glycerine  Balsam. — White  wax  and  spermaceti,  of  each 
1  oz.,  almond  oil,  8  oz.,  glycerine,  2  oz.,  otto  of  roses, 
15  drops. 

Glycerine  Ointment. — Melt  together  spermaceti,  J  oz., 
and  white  wax,  1  drachm ;  put  them  into  a  stone  mortar, 


118  GOD — GOL. 

add  glycerine,  1  fluid  oz.,  oil  of  almonds,  2  fluid  oz., 
and  rub  them  together  until  cold.  Used  for  chapped 
hands,  &c. 
Godfrey's  Cordial. — A  solution  of  opium  and  spices  in 
treacle  and  water.  Very  frequently  it  consists  of  no- 
thing besides  laudanum  and  treacle  diluted  with  water, 
but  some  use  more  ingredients.  It  is  a  vicious  drug, 
but  the  sale  is  not  encouraged  by  conscientious  drug- 
gists. 

1.  Mix  6  Tb.  of  treacle  with  4  J  lib.  of  water,  add  tincture 
of  opium,  8  oz.,  tincture  of  ginger,  2  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed, 
i  drachm,  oil  of  sassafras,  1  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  12 
oz.  Strength:  20  drops  in  each  oz.,  but  by  lessening 
the  opium,  may  be  made  to  contain  5,  10,  or  15  drops 
to  the  oz. 

2.  Water,  26  pints,  carbonate  of  potash,  2 J  oz.;  dissolve, 
add  16  pints  of  treacle;  simmer,  and  remove  the  scum; 
cool,  and  add  ready  mixed,  }  oz.  of  oil  of  sassafras,  24 
oz.,  tincture  of  opium,  and  rectified  spirit,  2  pints  (all 
old  wine  measure.)  Contains  16  drops  of  laudanum  in 
each  oz. 

Gold  is  a  soft  metal  of  a  rich  yellow  colour.  Sp.  gr.  19*2 
to  19-5;  melts  at  2016°  to  2518°  F.  It  may  be  beaten 
into  leaves  of  the  200,000th  of  an  inch  thickness;  a 
single  grain  in  leaf  will  perfectly  cover  56  square 
inches  of  surface,  or  1  grain  may  be  drawn  into  a  wire 
500  feet  long.  Neither  air,  water,  nor  pure  acids  affect 
it,  but  a  mixture  of  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids  dis- 
solves it  with  ease.  Protosulphate  of  iron  throws  it 
clown  from  this  solution  in  the  state  of  fine  powder, 
called  gold  bronze.  The  equivalent  of  gold  is  197,  its 
symbol  Au  (aurum.) 

Gold  (Artificial.') — Platinum,  16  parts,  copper,  7  parts, 
zinc,  1  part;  melt  under  animal  charcoal. 

Gold,  detergent. — Fresh  slaked  lime,  1  oz.,  water,  1  pint. 
Pearlash,  2  oz.,  water,  1  quart.  Mix  the  two  solutions, 
agitate  occasionally,  and  in  an  hour  decant  and  bottle 
the  clear  liquor.  Used  to  clean  gilding,  by  washing 
with  a  sponge,  and  afterwards  rinsing  with  clean  water. 


GOU.  119 

Gold j  factitious. — 1.  Platinum,  16  parts,  copper,  7  parts, 
zinc,  1  part.  Cover  with  charcoal  and  melt  in  a  crucible. 
— Hermstadt. 

2.  Platinum,  7  parts,  copper,  16  parts,  zinc,  1  part;  as  be- 
fore. These  alloys  resist  ordinary  nitric  acid,  and  are 
very  heavy. 

Gold,  fulminating ,  is  prepared  by  digesting  the  peroxide 
or  terchloride  of  gold  in  liquid  ammonia,  and  drying 
the  powder  at  a  low  temperature.  The  least  friction  or 
increase  of  heat  causes  it  to  explode  violently.  If  boiled 
in  a  ley  of  pearlash,  or  in  oil  of  vitriol,  it  loses  its  ex- 
plosive property,  and  after  washing  the  powder,  the  metal 
may  be  obtained  pure  by  melting. 

Gold,  liquid. — Agitate  ether  with  terchloride  of  gold,  and 
after  repose  decant  the  clear  liquor.  Used  to  write  on 
steel,  &c. — See  Gilding.  The  alchemists  sought  a  so- 
lution of  gold  as  the  aqua  vital. 

Gold  Powder. — See  Bronze  Powders. 

Gold,  Terchloride  of. — Nitro-hydrochloric  acid,  3  parts, 
gold,  1  part;  dissolve,  evaporate  until  chlorine  is  disen- 
gaged, and  crystallize.  Ked  crystals  form  very  deli- 
quescent, soluble  in  ether,  alcohol,  and  water.  This  is 
the  most  important  salt  of  gold,  and  is  used  to  form  va- 
rious other  salts. 

Gold  Size  (Oil.) — Grind  yellow  ochre  or  calcined  red 
ochre,  to  the  utmost  smoothness  with  a  little  boiled  oil; 
add  it  to  boiled  oil,  and  thin  with  turpentine.  Used  for 
oil-gilding;  improves  by  age. 

(Water.) — Size  of  parchment  or  isinglass  mixed  with 
finely-ground  yellow  ochre.  Used  in  burnished  or  dis- 
tempered gilding. 

Gout. — A  painful  disease  of  the  limbs.  Its  prevalence  has 
led  to  the  puffing  of  nostrums  as  infallible  cures,  the 
basis  of  almost  all  of  which,  whether  pill  or  mixture,  is 
colchicum.  In  small  doses,  combined  with  suitable  pur- 
gatives, this  is  considered  a  valuable  remedy,  as  it  allevi- 
ates the  fit,  but  in  large  doses  or  strong  preparations  it 
is  considered  injurious.  The  various  gout  pills  and 
specifics  are  generally  unsuitable. 


120  GOW — GRE. 

Gout  Cordial,  (Warner's.*) — Rhubarb,  1  oz.,  senna  and 
red  sanders,  of  each  2  drachms,  coriander  and  fennel 
seeds,  of  each  1  drachm,  saffron  and  liquorice,  of  each 
i  drachm,  stoned  raisins,  8  oz.,  proof  spirit,  48  oz.; 
macerate  for  14  days,  express  and  filter. —  U.  States  Dis. 
Dose:  i  to  1£  oz. 

Gowland's  Lotion,  (St.  Bar.  Hospital) — Blanch  3  dr. 
of  bitter  almonds,  beat  them  with  6  oz.  of  water,  gradu- 
ally added;  strain,  and  add  3  grains  of  corrosive  subli- 
mate. Used  chiefly  as  a  cosmetic  for  eruptions  and 
slight  sores. 

Grains  of  Paradise. — A  stimulant  cattle-medicine;  em- 
ployed by  fraudulent  dealers  to  adulterate  wine,  beer, 
vinegar,  and  spirits. — The  penalty  for  so  using  them  is 
£200,  and  for  vending  them  to  brewers,  £500. 

Gramme. — About  15  grains. 

Greek  Fire  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  mixture  of  pitch 
nitre,  and  sulphur.  It  is  said  to  have  been  used  in  an- 
cient wars,  and  was  inextinguishable  by  water. 

Green  Liquid  for  Tinsel. — Sesquiferrocyanuret  of  iron, 
J  oz.,  bicarbonate  of  potash,  |  oz.,  gum  mastic,  2  oz., 
methylic  or  pyroxilic  spirit,  q.  s.  Grind  the  powders 
finely,  mix  with  the  spirit,  and  apply  with  a  brush. 

Green  Ointment,  Blake's. — Formed  of  soap,  cerate,  and 
arnica  montana.     A  very  useful  external  application. 

Gregory's  Powder. — 1.  Calcined  magnesia,  2  J  oz.,  pow- 
dered Turkey  rhubarb,  1  oz.,  powdered  ginger,  J  oz.; 
mix. —  Gregory. 

2.  Rhubarb,  2  oz.,  magnesia,  6  oz.,  ginger,  1  oz. ;  mix. 
Ph.  E.  andD. 

3.  Magnesia,  10  parts,  rhubarb  5,  ginger,  3;  mix. 

The  first  is  the  original  formula  of  Dr.  Gregory,  of  Edin- 
burgh, the  second  that  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Dublin 
Pharmacopoeias,  the  third  a  formula  commonly  used  in 
the  trade.  It  is  a  popular  antacid,  stomachic,  and 
mild  purgative,  useful  in  colic,  diarrhoea,  and  dyspepsia. 
Dose:  20  to  30  grains  in  water. 


GRI — GUT.  121 

Grindstones,  Artificial. — 1.  Washed  silicious  sand,  or 
emery,  3  parts;  shellac,  1  part;  melt  and  shape  the 
mixture. 
2.  Barclay  s. — Emery  mixed  with  Stourbridge  loam  and 
a  little  water,  is  screwed  by  a  press  into  a  metallic 
mould,  and  after  drying  is  fired  in  a  furnace  beyond 
the  red  heat.  The  coarse  emery  requires  one-half  of 
loam,  the  fine  emery  one-fourth,  the  flour  emery  does 
not  require  any.  Said  to  wear  exceedingly  well,  and 
retain  the  shape  given  to  it  for  a  considerable  time  in 
use.     Used  by  dentists  and  cutlers. 

Grindrod's  Eemedy  tor  Spasms. — Acetate  of  morphia,  1 
grain,  sal  volatile  and  sulphuric  ether,  of  each  1  oz., 
camphor  mixture,  4  oz.  Mix.  One  teaspoonful  for  a 
dose,  in  wine  or  water.     An  effective  remedy. 

GIros. — Seventy- two  grains. 

Gunpowder. — An  explosive  compound  of  sulphur,  nitre, 
and  charcoal.  The  theoretical  proportion  for  the  best 
gunpowder  is  75  parts  nitre,  13-23  charcoal,  and  11*77 
sulphur;  but,  practically,  this  proportion  is  little  used. 
The  royal  mills  at  Waltham  Abbey  use  nitre  75,  char- 
coal 15,  and  sulphur  10  parts;  while  sporting  powder 
is  nitre  78,  charcoal  12,  and  sulphur  10  parts.  Diffe- 
rent proportions  are  used  in  different  countries,  but  the 
variations  are  not  great;  the  two  examples  given  may  be 
considered  the  average. 

Gutta  Percha  is  much  used  in  the  arts.  It  is  soluble 
to  some  extent  in  coal-tar,  naphtha  or  turpentine,  and 
completely  so  in  benzole,  chloroform,  and  bisulphuret 
of  carbon.  The  first  two  solvents  are  used  for  applying 
it  to  boot-soles,  as  a  paste,  the  others  for  more  exact  pur- 
poses. Medals  are  formed  by  pressing  gutta  percha  be- 
tween dies,  after  dipping  it  in  boiling  water  to  soften  it. 
In  the  same  manner  it  has  been  used  to  copy  printing 
type,  and  the  gutta  percha  afterwards  had  a  copper  fac- 
simile electrotype  on  it.  For  wood  and  metal  cuts  this 
is  an  easy  mode  of  taking  copies,  as  the  copper  imitations 
are  very  durable.     It  is  very  useful  for  taking  impres- 

11 


122  HAI. 

sions  of  medals,  &c,  for  electrotyping,  and  is  used  for 
this  purpose  by  amateurs. 
Hair,  the. — This  ornament  of  the  human  head  has  received 
its  due  share  of  attention,  in  the  preparation  of  dyes, 
pomades,  and  cosmetics  for  its  especial  benefit.  Hair 
dyes  and  depilatories  have  already  been  mentioned. 

Hair  Dye. — 1.  Lead  filings,  2  oz.,  hartshorn  shavings,  1 
oz.,  oxide  of  lead,  2  drachms,  camphor,  1  drachm,  water, 
1  pint.  Boil  for  30  minutes,  and  pour  the  clear  liquor 
on  diacetate  of  lead  and  rose  leaves,  of  each  1  drachm. 
The  liquor  constitutes  the  dye. 
2.  Liquor  potassee,  1  oz.;  add  as  much  oxide  of  lead 
freshly  precipitated  as  the  liquor  will  dissolve,  and  to 
the  clear  solution  add  3  oz.  of  distilled  water.  Does 
not  blacken  the  skin. 

Hair  Powder. — Pure  wheat  starch,  powdered. 

Violet. — Wheat  starch,  6  parts,  orris  root  powder,  1  part; 

scent  at  pleasure. 
Hair  Powder  was  formerly  much  used  for  the  same  purpose 
that  dyes  are  now  resorted  to,  to  hide  gray  hair.  The 
basis  was  starch,  and  the  perfume  according  to  choice. 
It  is  little  employed  in  the  present  day,  partly  from  being 
considered  old-fashioned,  and  partly  from  the  tax  of 
<£!  3s.  6d.  per  year,  for  the  liberty  of  dusting  the  hair. 
The  compounds  for  promoting  the  growth  of  hair  depend 
on  rosemary,  cantharides,  and  sulphate  of  copper,  as 
their  chief  ingredients;  but  no  compound  can  be  of  ser- 
vice unless  the  roots  of  the  hair  are  sound,  though,  per- 
haps, inactive.  Washes  to  cleanse  the  hair  are  com- 
posed of  alkalies  as  the  main  ingredient,  the  chief  of 
which  is  the  carbonate  of  potash,  these  combined  with 
the  oil  and  scurf,  forming  a  soapy  mixture  which  is 
washed  out  with  clean  water.  A  little  carbonate  of 
potash  in  water  is  an  excellent  wash,  and  may  be  used 
occasionally  when  the  head  requires  cleansing;  it  serves 
as  well  for  the  purpose  as  the  perfumed  and  coloured 
disguises  of  it  sold  at  a  high  price.  The  various  cos- 
metics for  the  hair  will  be  found  under  their  proper 
heads. — See  Index. 


HAL — HON.  ,  123 

Halford's  (Sir  Henry)  Aperient  Pills. — Blue  pill,  20 
grains,  compound  pill  of  colocynth,  30  grains;  mix  for 
12  pills.  This,  or  equal  parts,  form  the  common  ape- 
rient pill  of  the  druggist. 

Halford's  (Sir  H.)  Gout  Pills. — Acetic  extract  of  col- 
chicum,  2 i  grains;  Dover's  powder,  1J  grains,  compound 
pill  of  colocynth;  1J  grains;  for  one  pill.  One  for  a 
dose. 

Hannay's  Lotion. — A  solution  of  potash  in  water.  Used 
to  prevent  infection,  for  which  purpose  it  is  useless. 

Harrogate  Waters. — Chloride  of  sodium,  500  grains, 
chloride  of  calcium,  150  grains,  chloride  of  magnesia, 
90  grains,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  250  grains,  sulphate  of 
soda,  120  grains,  water,  1  gallon. 

Heading  for  Beer. — Equal  parts  of  alum  and  sulphate  of 
iron;  mixed.  Some,  also,  add  1  part  of  salt.  Used  to 
make  beer  retain  its  froth  or  head. 

Herb  Tobacco. — Coltsfoot,  thyme,  betony,  and  rosemary; 
mixed.     Formerly  used  in  asthma,  cough,  &c. 

Hiera  Picra. — Holy  hitter.  Aloes  4  parts,  canella,  1  part; 
powder  and  mix.     Purgative  dose,  10  to  20  grains. 

Holloway's  Ointment. — Butter,  12  oz.,  bees' -wax,  4  oz., 
yellow  resin,  3  oz.  Melt;  add  vinegar  of  cantharides, 
1  oz.,  evaporate,  and  add  Canada  balsam,  1  oz.,  oil  of 
mace,  J  drachm,  and  balsam  of  Peru,  15  drops. 

Holloway's  Pills. — Aloes,  4  parts,  myrrh,  jalap,  and 
ginger,  of  each  2  parts,  and  mucilage  to  mix. 

Honey. — The  sweet  substance  procured  by  the  bee,  and 
stored  in  its  hive.  Virgin  honey  is  that  which  flows 
naturally  from  the  comb,  whereas  ordinary  honey  is 
forced  out  by  heat  and  pressure.  Naroonne  honey  is 
very  fine-flavoured,  from  the  beautiful  flowers  of  the 
neighbourhood;  from  this  quality,  honey  descends  to 
that  of  Trebisond,  in  Asia,  which  is  narcotic  and  poison- 
ous, being  secreted,  doubtless,  from  poisonous  plants. 
Honey  is  used  to  make  syrups,  gargles,  pill-masses,  and 
mixtures,  but  clarified  honey  is  alone  used  medicinally. 


124  HON. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — If  when  dissolved  in  water  "by 
a  heat  of  170°,  and  cooled  again,  it  be  mixed  with  io- 
dide of  potassium,  and  dilute  nitric  acid,  it  exhibits  no 
blue  colour. 

Honey,  Clarified,  L. — Melt  the  honey  by  a  water-bath, 
and  strain  it  while  hot  through  flannel.  Some  add  water 
to  the  honey,  and  after  melting,  skimming,  and  strain- 
ing, it  is  evaporated  to  its  former  consistence.  In  either 
case  it  is  purified,  and  known  as  despumated  honey. 
The  Dublin  directions  are  to  be  preferred,  as  not  tending 
to  thin  the  honey,  accidentally  or  fraudulently. 

Honey  of  Borax,  L. — Powdered  borax,  1  drachm,  clari- 
fied honey,  1  oz. ;  mix.  Detergent,  and  cooling  in  erup- 
tions of  the  tongue  or  mouth,  as  the  thrush  of  children 
or  mercurial  sores. 

Honey  of  Koses,  L. — Dried  red-rose  petals,  4  oz.,  boil- 
ing water,  24  oz.,  honey,  5  lb.  Divide  the  petals,  macerate 
them  in  16  oz.  of  water  for  two  hours,  press  them  gently 
with  the  hand,  and  strain.  Macerate  again  with  the 
rest  of  the  water,  and  pour  off  the  liquid;  add  to  this 
half  the  first  infusion,  mix  the  honey  in,  and  evaporate 
by  a  water-bath,  adding  the  remaining  liquor  until  of  a 
proper  consistence.  Used  chiefly  as  an  agreeable  ad- 
dition to  gargles.  The  vessel  should  be  earthenware 
for  the  preparation  of  honey. 

Honey  Soap. — To  1  lb.  of  soap,  add  by  gradual  trituration 

1  oz.  of  honey,  and  a  little  scent.     Used  as  a  cosmetic. 
So-called  honey  soaps  often  contain  no  honey  at  all. 

Honey  Water. — 1.  Grain  musk,  16  grains,  oils  of  lavender 
and  cloves,  of  each,  \  oz.,  essence  of  bergamotte,  2  oz., 
rose  and  orange  waters,  of  each,  2  pints,  rectified  spirit, 
8  pints,  and  a  little  saffron  to  colour. — Bateman. 

2.  Essence  of  musk,  2  J  oz.,  oil  of  santal,  20  drops,  oil  of 
cloves,  5  drops,  oil  of  lavender,  5  drops,  essence  of  ber- 
gamotte, 2J  oz.,  rose  and  orange-flower  waters,  of  each, 

2  pints,  rectified  spirit,  8  pints ;  mix  and  filter. 

3.  Honey,  3  oz.,  essence  of  bergamotte,  J  oz.,  essence  of 
lemon,  J-  oz.,  oil  of  cloves,  12  drops,  musk,  12  grains, 


HOR — HUN.  125 

ambergris,  6  grains,  rectified  spirit,  8  pints,  orange- 
flower  and  rose  waters,  of  each,  2  pints;  macerate  four- 
teen days  and  filter. 
4.  Spirit  of  roses,  4  pints,  spirit  of  jasmine  and  rectified 
spirit,  of  each  2  pints,  essence  of  Portugal,  1  oz.,  essence 
of  vanilla,  and  musk,  of  each  4  oz.,  benzoin,  1 J  drachm, 
orange-flower  water,  2  pints;  mix. 

Horehound. — A  bitter  pectoral  herb,  used  mostly  in  syrup 
or  candy.  The  syrup  is  made  by  adding  1  if),  of  good 
lump-sugar  to  each  pint  of  a  strong  infusion;  the  candy, 
with  10  ft),  of  lump-sugar  to  each  pint,  and  boiling  until 
it  will  candy  on  cooling.     Used  in  coughs  and  colds. 

Huile  Antique. — A  name  by  which  hair-oil  sometimes 
sells  better.     When  coloured  or  scented  it  goes  under 
various  other  names,  in  addition,  according  to  the  pre- 
paration.    The  huile  antique  is  always  almond  or  olive 
oil. 
Huile  antique  a  la  rose,  is  oil  scented  with  otto  of  rose. 
Huile  antique  a  la  fleur  d' orange,  is  scented  with  neroli. 
Huile  antique  a  la  violette,  is  oil  digested  on  orris  root 

until  scented 
Huile  antique  aux  millefleurs,  is  scented  with  a  few  mixed 

oils. 
Huile  antique  verte. — Olive  oil,  1  lb.,  guaiacum,  1  dr.; 

dissolve,  and  scent. —  Gray. 
Huile  antique  rouge  a  la  rose. — Oil  coloured  with  alkanet, 
and  scented  with  otto  of  rose. 

These  oils,  neatly  bottled  and  labelled,  suit  those 
purchasers  who  admire  lard  when  ticketed  bears' 
grease. 

Hungary  Water. — Spirit  of  rosemary.  Rosemary  tops, 
3  lbs.,  lavender  flowers,  2  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  1  gallon, 
water,  1  quart;  digest  and  distil  one  gallon.  Used  as 
a  cosmetic,  and  also  internally  as  a  stimulant. 

Hungary  Water. — Oil  of  rosemary,  2  oz.,  of  balm  and  of 
lemon  peel,  of  each  1  oz.,  of  mint,  30  drops,  essence  of 
orange  flowers  and  essence  of  roses,  of  each  1  pint,  al- 
cohol, 1  gallon. 

11* 


126  HUX — HYD. 

Huxham's  Tincture  of  Bark.— Made  as  the  compound 
tincture  of  bark,  P.  L.,  but  with  brandy  instead  of 
proof  spirit. 

Hydrochloric  Acid. — Produced  by  distilling  diluted  sul- 
phuric acid  and  salt;  acid  98  parts  to  salt  60  parts. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — "  Colourless,  sp.  gr.  1-16.  Ex- 
posed to  air  it  emits  white  acrid  fumes,  and  is  totally 
dissipated  by  heat.  Diluted  with  water,  no  precipitate 
is  found  on  the  addition  of  chloride  of  barium,  or  am- 
monia or  sesquicarbonate  of  ammonia.  It  does  not  act 
on  gold  leaf,  even  if  boiled  in  it;  nor  does  it  throw  down 
anything  if  protochloride  of  tin  be  afterwards  added. 
It  does  not  decolorize  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo. 
100  grains  of  this  acid  are  neutralized  by  132  grains  of 
crystallized  carbonate  of  soda."  The  acid  of  commerce 
has  a  yellow  tinge  from  holding  iron  in  solution,  but 
this' is  unimportant  for  medical  uses.  If  it  contains 
chlorine  it  will  bleach  a  solution  of  indigo,  and  dissolve 
a  little  gold  leaf,  which  would  cause  a  precipitate  with 
protochloride  of  tin.  If  mixed  with  sulphuric  acid,  it 
will  precipitate  with  chloride  of  barium.  The  little  iron 
contained  in  ordinary  acid  is  thrown  down  by  satura- 
ting it  with  ammonia.  Used  in  medicine  and  the  arts. 
Tonic,  refrigerant  in  small  doses  diluted  with  water, 
given  as  a  febrifuge  in  fever,  and  employed  in  gargles. 
Dose,  3  to  6  drops  diluted,  but  generally  the  dilute  acid 
is  prescribed. 

Hydrochloric  Acid,  (Diluted,)  L. — Hydrochloric  acid, 
5  oz.,  distilled  water,  15  oz.;  mix.  Sp.  gr.  1*043;  one 
ounce  is  saturated  by  168  grains  of  the  crystals  of  car- 
bonate of  soda.  Dose,  15  to  25  drops. 
Hydrochloric  Acid>  Gas. — Obtained  by  heating  strong  hy- 
drochloric acid,  or  equal  weights  of  salt  and  sulphuric 
acid.     It  may  be  collected  over  mercury. 

Hydrofluoric  Acid. — Prepared  by  distilling  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  with  half  its  weight  of  fluor  spar.  The 
acid  is  a  colourless  fluid,  which  evaporates  in  dense 
white  fumes  on  exposure  to  air.  It  unites  violently 
with  water,  for  which  it  has  a  greater  affinity  than  sul- 


HYD.  127 

phuric  acid;  it  acts  rapidly  on  glass,  and  must  be  pre- 
served in  leaden  vessels.  On  the  flesh  it  causes  deep 
malignant  ulcers,  destroying  the  skin  instantly,  and 
must  therefore  never  be  touched.  It  is  used  to  etch 
on  glass.  When  glass  is  prepared  with  a  design  the 
acid  may  be  poured  on  it,  or  powdered  fluor  spar  may 
be  sprinkled  on,  and  sulphuric  acid  added  to  liberate 
the  fluoric  acid.  In  etching  by  vapour  the  design  is 
made  as  usual,  and  a  piece  of  sheet  lead  is  bent  to  form 
a  basin  of  the  requisite  size.  Fluor  spar  and  sulphuric 
acid  are  mixed  in  the  basin  to  a  paste,  the  glass  is  placed 
over  with  the  design  downwards,  and  heat  is  gently  ap- 
plied to  disengage  the  gas,  which  in  a  few  minutes  bites 
in  the  lines.  The  glass  is  then  cleaned  with  warm  oil 
of  turpentine.  The  vapour  is  very  injurious,  and  must 
not  be  breathed.     See  Glass,  writing  on. 

Hydrogen. — A  gaseous  element,  and  the  lightest  substance 
known.  It  is  almost  always  obtained  as  follows  :  In  a 
bottle  or  retort  place  some  iron  or  zinc  filings,  and  pour 
on  a  mixture  of  1  part  of  oil  of  vitriol  to  5  of  water,  pre- 
viously mixed  and  cooled;  the  gas  is  immediately  given 
off,  and  may  be  collected  in  a  receiver.  To  obtain  it 
quite  pure  the  zinc  should  be  pure,  and  the  gas  first 
passed  through  a  solution  of  potassa,  and  afterwards 
through  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver.  Dumas  considers 
hydrogen  a  metal. 

Pure  hydrogen  is  colourless,  inodorous,  and  tasteless;  it 
burns  with  a  pale  yellowish  flame,  and  produces  water 
by  combining  with  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere.  If 
mixed  with  oxygen  or  air  it  explodes  instead  of  burning. 
1  part  of  oxygen,  with  5  or  6  of  air,  or  2  of  hydrogen  to 
1  oxygen,  are  the  most  violent;  but  with  proper  precau- 
tions the  last  mixture  may  be  quietly  burned,  and  ap- 
plied to  chemical  science.  100  cubic  inches  of  hydro- 
gen weigh  2*14  grains :  its  sp.  gr.  is  0-0694.  A  jet  of  this 
gas  playing  on  spongy  platinum  renders  it  red-hot  im- 
mediately, and  is  itself  kindled.  Hydrogen  cannot  long 
be  kept  in  a  bladder,  Indian-rubber  bag,  or  gasometer ; 
its  lightness  causes  a  portion  to  escape,  and  the  remainder 


128  II  YD — IND. 

becomes  explosive  from  mixing  with  air.  It  was  formerly 
used  to  inflate  balloons,  but  coal-gas  is  now  preferred, 
having  practical  advantages  in  use. 

Hydrogen,  Carburetted. — It  naturally  arises  from  the  mud 
of  stagnant  pools,  if  disturbed.  Artificially  produced 
by  mixing  crystallized  acetate  of  soda  and  solid  hydrate 
of  potassa,  of  each  40  parts,  with  60  parts  of  powdered 
quicklime,  heating  the  mixture  in  a  flask,  and  receiving 
the  gas  over  water. — Dumas. 

Colourless,  nearly  inodorous,  does  not  affect  vegetable 
colours;  is  not  poisonous.  Sp.  gr.  0*559, 100  cubic  inches 
weigh  17 '41  grains. 

Hydrolatum. — Distilled  waters. 

Imperial. — The  name  of  a  beverage.  Cream  of  tartar,  J  to 
1  oz.,  orange  or  lemon  peel,  3  oz.,  boiling  water,  3  pints, 
sugar  to  taste;  digest  and  pour  off  the  clear  liquor  when 
cold.  Refrigerant  in  fever,  and  refreshing  in  hot  wea- 
ther. 

2.  White  sugar,  2  lbs.,  cream  of  tartar,  3  oz.,  ginger,  2 
oz.,  water,  3  gallons;  boil,  add  2  sliced  lemons,  and 
when  lukewarm  add  yeast,  4  oz.;  work  for  two  or  three 
days,  and  bottle. 

Impressions  (to  take)  of  Medals,  Casts,  &c. — Make  a 
composition  of  mutton  suet,  7  parts,  white  wax,  7  parts, 
and  spermaceti,  32  parts.  Melt  the  whole,  and  pour  it 
on  the  cast  warmed.  On  cooling,  the  impression  is 
found  to  be  perfect,  and  may  be  electrotyped. 

Incense. — A  perfumed  composition  for  burning,  made  of 
benzoin,  1  oz.,  and  olibanum,  2  oz.     See  Pastills. 

India  Pickle. — Vinegar  boiled  with  spice  and  salt  to  taste. 
In  this  liquor  is  thrown  vegetables  which  would  spoil 
if  not  used,  yet  not  wanted  immediately,  such  as 
onions,  cauliflowers,  cucumbers,  brocoli,  &c.  The 
vegetables  are  soaked  with  hot  brine,  and  then 
pickled. 

India-rubber. — See  Caoutchouc.  The  best  solvents  are 
paoutchoucine,  bisulphuret  of  carbon,  and  chloroform. 


IND.  129 

India-rubber  Blacking. — Bryant  &  James's.  1.  Paste. 
Ivory  black,  20  lb.,  treacle,  15  lb.,  vinegar  and  oil  of 
vitriol,  of  each,  4  lb.,  India-rubber  oil,  3  lb;  mix. 
2.  Liquid. — Ivory  black,  60  lb.,  treacle,  45  lb.,  dissolved 
gum,  1  lb.,  vinegar,  20  gallons,  oil  of  vitriol, -24  lb., 
India-rubber  oil,  9  lb ;  mix.  The  India-rubber  oil  is 
made  by  digesting  18  oz.  caoutchouc  in  9  lb.  of  rape- 
oil,  by  heat. 

Incorrosive  Alloy. — By  preparing  an  alloy  of  97  parts 
lead  to  3  parts  tin,  a  metal  is  produced  upon  which  the 
action  of  pure  water  is  very  much  decreased;  and  by 
using  an  alloy  of  95  parts  lead  to  5  parts  tin,  we  have 
a  metal  on  which  the  action  of  pure  water  is  scarcely 
perceptible. 

Incorrosive  Ink  for  Steel  Pens. — Boil  1J  oz.  of  well- 
picked  logwood  in  little  more  than  a  quart  of  water, 
down  to  a  quart;  let  it  cool;  then  add  17  or  18  grains 
of  chromate  of  potash,  and  stir  it  briskly.  The  ink  is 
then  ready  for  use.  This  ink  has  been  a  desideratum 
ever  since  the  introduction  of  the  steel  pen.  The 
world  is  indebted  to  Prof.  Bunge,  a  German  chemist, 
for  the  discovery.  The  new  ink  resists  the  action  of 
all  ordinary  destructive  agents  better  than  the  old  ink. 
It  may  be  washed,  after  use,  with  a  wet  sponge,  or 
steeped  for  twenty-four  hours  in  water,  or  even  tested 
with  dilute  acids,  and  yet  preserve  its  original  black- 
ness. As  it  contains  neither  gum  nor  acid,  and  is  a 
perfect  liquid,  it  neither  thickens,  deposits  a  sediment, 
nor  corrodes  the  steel  of  the  pen.  A  quart  of  it  may 
be  made  for  twopence. 

Indigestion,  Remedies  for. — 1.  Hutchinson's. — Quick- 
lime, i  oz.,  slaked  with  a  little  water,  add  water,  1} 
pint,  bruised  cinchona  bark,  1  oz. ;  cover  and  macerate 
for  3  hours,  occasionally  stirring  them ;  decant  the  clear 
liquor,  and  add  to  it,  tincture  of  bark,  2  oz.,  nitric 
ether,  3  drachms,  syrup  of  orange-peel,  1  oz. ;  mix  and 
keep  closely  corked.  Dose :  1  wine-glassful  2  or  3  times 
a-day,  with  an  occasional  saline  aperient. 
2.  Babington's. — Infusion  of  calumba,  6  oz.;  carbonate  of 


130  IND. 

potass,  1  drachm,  compound  tincture  of  gentian,  3 
drachms;  mix.  Dose,  2  or  3  table-spoonfuls  daily,  1 
hour  before  dinner. 
3.  Graham's. — Decoction  of  bark,  3  oz.,  compound  in- 
fusion of  gentian,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  cascarilla,  2  drachms, 
liquor  potassge,  1  drachm;  mix.  Dose:  2  table-spoon- 
fuls twice  a  day. 

Indestructible  Labels  for  Bottles. — Coat  the  label 
with  white  of  egg,  and  steam  it  until  it  becomes  opaque, 
then  dry  it  in  an  oven  at  212°.  The  albumen  becomes 
hard  and  transparent,  and  is  unaffected  by  oils  or 
acids. 

Indigo. — A  blue  vegetable  substance  used  in  dyeing,  and 
as  a  test.  In  its  commercial  state  it  contains  a  large 
mass  of  impure  matter,  but  may  be  purified  in  various 
ways,  the  best  of  which  is  Mr.  Taylor's  process.  Mix 
1  part  of  indigo  with  2  parts  of  plaster-of-paris,  make 
a  paste  with  water,  and  spread  it  i  inch  thick  on  an 
iron  plate.  When  dry,  heat  the  plate  underneath;  the 
surface  of  the  mass  becomes  covered  with  crystals  of 
pure  indigo,  which  may  be  removed  with  a  spatula. 

'  Chlorine  does  not  act  on  indigo  in  the  dry  state,  even 
at  the  temperature  of  212°,  but  on  contact  with  water 
the  blue  colour  is  instantly  destroyed,  and  cannot  be 
restored. 

Indigo,  Sulphate  of. — Indigo,  1  lb.,  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid,  4J  lb.  Add  the  powdered  indigo  by  de- 
grees to  the  acid,  stirring  well  to  mix  thoroughly,  and 
let  the  mixture  stand  48  hours.  It  may  be  diluted 
with  water,  or  neutralized  with  carbonate  of  potash  as 
required. 

Indigo  Test-Paper. — Dip  paper  in  the  solution  of  indigo, 
rinse  it  in  a  weak  alkaline  solution,  then  in  clean  water, 
and  let  it  dry. 

Indigo,  Solution  of. — Boil  for  half  an  hour  10  grains  of 
powdered  indigo  in  2  J  oz.  of  solution  of  carbonate  of 
soda  or  caustic  soda,  then  add  8  grains  of  muriate  of 
tin,  when  a  yellow  solution  of  indigo  will  result. 


INF.  131 

Infusions  are  solutions  of  vegetable  matter  in  water,  dif- 
fering from  decoctions  in  not  being  boiled.  They  are 
most  of  them  best  prepared  in  cold  water,  but  the  Col- 
lege directs  hot  water  to  be  used  in  each  case.  They 
must  only  be  prepared  when  wanted,  as  they  soon  spoil. 
While  macerating,  they  should  be  lightly  covered. 

Infusion  of  Yellow  Bark,  X.— -Bruised  yellow  bark,  1 
oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2 
hours,  and  strain.     Dose:  1  to  2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Yellow  Bark,  (Concentrated,*)  L. — Coarsely 
powdered  yellow  bark,  3  lbs.,  distilled  water,  6  pints, 
rectified  spirit,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Macerate  the 
bark  as  directed  for  extract  of  bark,  evaporate  the 
mixed  infusions  to  one-fourth,  and  when  the  dregs  have 
subsided,  pour  off  the  clear,  and  strain  the  rest.  Mix 
and  evaporate  again  until  the  sp.  gr.  is  1-200,  and  when 
cold,  add  3  drachms  of  spirit  to  each  oz.  Finally,  let 
it  stand  for  20  days,  to  clear.  Two  oz.  of  this  require 
6  oz.  water  to  reduce  it  to  the  strength  of  the  weaker 
infusion. 

Infusion  of  Pale   Bark,  L. — Prepared    as   infusion   of 
yellow  bark. 
.    Infusion  of  Bale  Bark,  (Concentrated,)  L. — Prepared  as 
concentrated  infusion  of  yellow  bark. 

Infusion  of  Buchu,  L. — Buchu,  1  oz.,  boiling  distilled 
water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  4  hours  in  a  lightly-closed 
vessel,  and  strain.  Used  in  affections  of  the  bladder 
or  urinary  organs.  Dose  :  1  to  2  oz.,  generally  com- 
bined with  alkalies,  as  liquor  potassse,  &c. 

Infusion  of  Calumba,  L. — Sliced  calumba,  5  drachms, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours, 
and  strain.  Bitter  tonic,  aromatic.  Dose:  1  to  1}  oz. 
Used  in  dyspeptic  cases — in  vomiting,  fever,  diarrhoea, 
and  dysentery. 

Infusion  of  Cascarilla,  L. — Bruised  cascarilla,  li  oz., 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours, 
and  strain.  Tonic,  febrifuge.  Uses  similar  to  those  of 
calumba.     Dose:  1  to  1}  oz. 

Infusion  of  Catechu,  (Compound,)  I. — Catechu  pow- 
dered, 6  drachms,  bruised  cinnamon,  1  drachm,  boiling 


132  INF. 

distilled  waters  1  pint.  Macerate  for  an  hour,  and 
strain.  Astringent,  aromatic.  Dose:  1  to  2  oz.  three 
times  a  day  in  diarrhoea.  May  be  combined  with  opium 
or  chalk,  if  necessary. 

Infusion  of  Chamomile,  L. — Chamomile,  5  drachms, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  10  mi- 
nutes, and  strain.  Stomachic,  emetic.  Dose:  2  to  6 
oz.  As  an  emetic,  8  to  20  oz.  Externally  used  to 
bathe  painful  joints,  and  relieve  toothache. 

Infusion  of  Ohiretta. — Chiretta,  3  drachms,  cold  water, 
1  pint. 

Infusion  of  Cloves,  L. — Bruised  cloves,  3  drachms,  boil- 
ing distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours,  and 
strain.  Aromatic,  stimulant.  Used  in  flatulence,  or 
sickness.     Dose:  1  to  2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Cusparia,  L. — Bruised  cusparia,  5  drachms, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours, 
and  strain.  Aromatic,  tonic.  Used  as  a  tonic  in  dys- 
pepsia, and  in  fever.     Dose :  1  to  2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Foxglove,  L. — Foxglove-leaves  dried,  1  dr., 
spirit  of  cinnamon,  1  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint. 
Macerate  the  foxglove  in  the  water  for  4  hours,  strain, 
and  add  the  spirit.  Sedative,  diuretic.  Used  in  dropsy, 
and  diseases  of  the  heart.     Dose :  2  to  8  drachms. 

Infusion  of  Gentian,  (Compound,)  L. — Gentian  sliced, 
and  dried  orange-peel,  of  each  2  drachms,  lemon-peel, 
4  drachms,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate 
for  an  hour,  and  strain.  Bitter  tonic.  Used  in  dys- 
pepsia.    Dose,  1  to  2  oz.,  three  times  a  day. 

Infusion  of  Hops,  I. — Hops,  6  drachms,  boiling  distilled 
water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  4  hours,  and  strain.  To- 
nic, stomachic.     Dose:  1  to  1J  oz. 

Infusion  of  Horse-radish,  (Compound,)  L. — Sliced  horse- 
radish, and  bruised  mustard,  of  each  1  oz.,  compound 
spirit  of  horse-radish,  1  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1 
pint.  Macerate  the  horse-radish  and  the  mustard  in 
the  water  for  two  hours,  strain,  and  add  the  spirit. 

Infusion  of  Linseed,  (  Compound,)  L. — Bruised  linseed, 
6  drachms,  fresh  sliced  liquorice,  2  drachms,  boiling 
distilled  water,  1   pint.     Macerate   for   4  hours,   and 


INF.  133 

strain.  Demulcent,  mucilaginous,  nutritious.  Em- 
ployed to  allay  irritation  in  cough,  gonorrhoea,  &c.  It 
is  often  combined  with  liquorice,  lemon-juice,  and 
sugar-candy.  Dose :  at  pleasure. 
Infusion  of  Orange,  (Compound,)  L. — Dried  orange-peel, 
i  oz.,  lemon-peel,  2  drachms,  bruised  cloves,  1  drachm, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  15  mi- 
nutes, and  strain.  Stomachic.  Used  chiefly  as  a  vehicle 
for  bitter  tinctures,  salines,  or  ammonia.     Dose:  1  to 

2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Quassia,  L. — Quassia  sliced,  2  scruples,  boil- 
ing distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours,  and 
strain.  Bitter  tonic,  stomachic.  Used  in  dyspepsia. 
Dose:  1  to  2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Rhatany,  L. — Khatany,  1  oz.,  boiling  dis- 
tilled water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  4  hours,  and  strain. 
Astringent.     Dose:  1  to  2  oz. 

Infusion  of  Rhubarb,  L. — Sliced  rhubarb,  3  drachms, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  2  hours, 
and  strain.     Stomachic,  tonic,  purgative.     Dose:  1  to 

3  oz.,  repeated  if  necessary. 

Infusion,  of  Rose,  (Compound,)  L. — Red  rose  petals 
dried,  3  drachms,  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  1J  drachms, 
sugar,  6  drachms,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Di- 
vide the  petals,  pour  the  water  on  them  in  a  glass  or 
porcelain  vessel,  then  add  the  acid.  Macerate  for  6 
hours,  strain,  and  add  the  sugar.  Astringent,  refrige- 
rant. Used  in  fever,  sore-throaj,  diarrhoea,  and  to  check 
profuse  sweating.     Dose :  1  to  2  oz.,  or  more. 

Infusion  of  Senna,  (Compound,)  L. — Senna,  15  dr., 
sliced  ginger,  4  scruples,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint. 
Macerate  for  an  hour,  and  strain.  Cooling,  purgative, 
often  combined  with  sulphate  of  magnesia,  Dose :  2 
to  4  oz.,  repeated  as  required.  An  infusion  of  senna 
made  in  cold  water  does  not  gripe  so  much  as  that  pre- 
pared by  heat. 

Infusion  of  Senna. — The  addition  of  1  grain  of  nitrate 
of  potash  to  each  fluid  ounce  of  infusion  of  senna  will 
preserve  it  unchanged  for  a  considerable  period. 

Infusion  of  Serpent  ary,  L. — Serpentary,  J  oz.;  distilled 
12 


134  INK. 

water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  4  hours,  and  strain.  Stimu- 
lant, tonic.  Used  in  low  fevers.  Dose:  1  to  1J  oz., 
often  repeated. 
Infusion  of  Valerian,  L. — Valerian,  -J  oz.,  boiling  dis- 
tilled water,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  30  minutes,  and 
strain.     Tonic,  anti-spasmodic.     Dose:  1  to  2  oz. 

Ink,  Blade. — In  many  cases  the  ingredients  are  ordered  to 
be  boiled,  but  they  are  best  made  by  cold  maceration. 
Logwood  darkens  ink,  but  it  leaves  a  scum  on  the  sur- 
face, and  clogs  the  pen  used. 

1.  Lewis's. — Bruised  galls,  3  lbs.,  gum  and  copperas,  of 
each  1  lb.,  vinegar,  1  gallon,  water  2  gallons;  mace- 
rate, with  frequent  shaking,  for  14  days.  Product  3 
gallons. 

2.  Wollastotfs. — Galls,  1  oz.,  gum,  J  oz.,  cloves,  }  dr., 
copperas,  i  oz.,  water,  8  oz.;  digest. 

3.  Ribaucourt'  s. — Grails,  1  lb.,  logwood,  J  lb.,  gum,  6 
oz.,  copperas,  8  oz.,  blue  vitriol  and  sugar,  of  each  1 
oz.  Boil  the  galls  and  logwood  in  20  pints  of  water 
down  to  10  pints — strain;  dissolve  the  other  ingredi- 
ents, and  bottle. 

4.  Brande's. — Grails,  6  oz.,  water,  6  pints;  boil,  and  add 
4  oz.  each  of  gum  and  copperas;  bottle,  and  add  to 
each  pint,  1  grain  of  bi- chloride  of  mercury,  or  4  drops 
of  creosote. 

5.  lire's. — Galls,  12  lbs.,  gum,  5  lbs.,  copperas,  5  lbs., 
rain-water,  12  gallons.  Boil  the  galls  in  9  gallons  of 
water  for  3  hours,  adding  water  as  it  evaporates.  Pour 
off  the  clear,  add  the  strained  solution  of  gum,  dissolve 
the  copperas  separately;  and  mix  the  whole.  To  make 
12  gallons. 

6.  Broome's. — Galls,  10  lbs.,  logwood,  4  lbs.,  copperas, 
4  lbs.,  brown  sugar,  1  lb.,  water,  13  J  gallons,  gum,  4 
lbs.  Boil  the  galls,  logwood,  and  gum  separately,  mix 
the  liquors,  add  the  copperas;  and  make  up  13 i  gal- 
lons. 

7.  Prerogative  Court  Inlc, — Galls,  1  lb.,  gum,  6  oz., 
alum,  2  oz.,  copperas,  7  oz.,  kino,  3  oz.,  logwood,  4 
oz.,  water,  8  lbs. —  Gray.  Used  to  write  on  parch- 
ment. 


INK.  135 

8.  Potent  or  Asiatic. — Grails  and  logwood,  of  each  2  lbs., 
copperas,  1  lb.,  gum,  8  oz.,  pomegranate  bark,  4  oz., 
water,  1  gallon;  macerate  14  days,  with  frequent  agi- 
tation— this  quantity  of  ingredients  to  so  little  water 
would  form  a  mud.  It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  by 
lessening  the  amount  of  liquid  (beyond  a  certain  ex- 
tent) the  strength  of  the  ink  is  increased;  it  is  often 
the  reverse. 

9.  Galls,  1  lb.,  copperas,  8  oz.,  gum,  4  oz.,  sugar-candy, 
4  oz.,  water,  3  quarts;  digest  until  full-coloured,  strain, 
and  bottle. 

Blue  Black. — Bruised  galls,  1  lb.,  water,  6  quarts;  steep 
for  ten  days,  add  iron  filings,  1  oz.,  sulphuric  acid,  1 
oz.,  copperas,  3  oz.;  stir  frequently,  and  in  a  few  days 
strain  the  liquor.  Powder  1  oz.  of  indigo  very  finely, 
dry  it  by  a  strong  heat,  and  stir  it  into  4  oz.  of  the 
strongest  sulphuric  acid;  reduce  the  product  by  heat 
to  the  consistence  of  syrup.  After  twenty-four  hours 
add  1  pint  of  water,  and  mix  with  the  ink.  The  free 
acid  must  now  be  neutralized  with  chalk  or  whiting.  A 
little  of  this  ink,  properly  prepared,  should  colour  a 
pint  of  clear  water  throughout  immediately. 

Ink,  Copying. — A  description  of  black  ink,  used  for 
taking  impressions  or  copies  of  recently-written  letters 
and  invoices.  Mr.  Brande  directs  1  oz.  of  brown  sugar 
to  be  added  to  his  writing-ink,  No.  4,  for  the  purpose 
of  copying.  Another  form  is,  water,  13  drachms,  gum, 
i  oz.,  liquorice,  20  grains — dissolve;  add  1  drachm  of 
lamp-black,  ground  with  a  tea-spoonful  of  sherry  wine. 
If  the  black  be  greasy,  it  should  first  be  heated  to 
redness  in  a  crucible;  this  appears  more  like  a  jest  than 
a  recipe.  Trouble  and  expense,  together  with  a  mix- 
ture which  will  not  copy,  might  be  saved  by  purchasing 
a  bottle  which  would  copy.  Ink  to  which  sugar  or 
sugar-candy  is  added,  does  copy,  but  if  the  saccharine 
proportion  is  large,  it  will  impress  when  not  required  to 
do  so,  as  in  folding  a  letter  or  closing  a  book.  The 
perfection  of  this  description  of  ink  is,  that  it  shall 
soon  dry,  so  as  to  be  used  instead  of  other  ink,  yet  be 


136  INK. 

capable  of  giving  a  perfect  copy  within  a  few  hours 
after  being  written.  The  process  is  as  follows :  thin 
tissue-paper,  loose  or  bound,  is  wetted  with  a  flat  brush 
and  water,  the  letter  is  placed  on  one  side,  and  a  piece 
of  oiled  paper  on  the  other,  so  as  to  prevent  the  ink 
coming  through  more  than  one  leaf;  pressure  is  then 
applied  by  a  copying  machine,  and  the  book,  on  being 
opened,  displays  a  faint  but  perfect  copy,  which  dries 
black.  As  this  method  will  not  serve  where  the 
press  would  have  to  be  carried,  an  ink  is  also  manufac- 
tured for  copying  by  merely  passing  the  hand  over  the 
damp  paper  covering  the  original  writing. 

Copying. — Myrobalans,  bruised,  48  lbs.,  vinegar,  4  gal- 
lons, water,  56  gallons;  steep  for  one  month,  then  add 
copperas,  22  lbs.,  gum,  14  lbs.,  ox-gall,  1  quart, 
whiting,  1  oz.,  and  strain. 

Ink,  Horticultural. — Copper,  1  part,  dissolve  in  nitric 
acid,  10  parts,  and  add  water,  10  parts.  Used  to  write 
on  zinc  or  tin  labels. 

Ink,  Writing. — Bruise  28  lbs.  of  galls  and  42  lbs.  of 
myrobalans;  steep  them  in  60  gallons  of  water  for  a 
month.  Strain,  and  add  10  lbs.  of  gum,  and  14  to  20 
lbs.  of  copperas.     Product,  60  gallons. 

Ink ,  Japan. — Instead  of  preparing  the  ink  with  plain 
copperas,  it  is  first  ordered  to  be  calcined  to  whiteness 
or  sprinkled  with  nitric  acid.  More  gum  and  some 
sugar  are  added,  to  increase  the  glossiness. 

Inks,  Permanent. — Many  attempts  have  been  made  to 
improve  the  manufacture  of  the  writing-inks  at  present 
used,  but  the  subject  offers  much  greater  difficulties 
than  might  appear  to  an  uninterested  person.  The 
diluted  acids,  chlorine,  and  the  alkalies,  present  an 
easy  means  of  removing  ordinary  ink  from  the  surface 
of  paper.  Some  able  chemists  have  investigated  the 
subject  of  improvement — and  left  it  where  they  found 
it,  as  far  as  usefulness  was  concerned.  Dr.  Ure  states 
that  vanadate  of  ammonia,  mixed  with  solution  of 
galls,  forms  the  best  writing-ink  hitherto  known,  as  it 
is  perfectly  black,  and  resists  all  reagents  which  do  not 
at  the  same  time  destroy  the  paper.     The  price  of 


INK.  137 

vanadate  of  ammonia  is  from  Is.  to  Is.  6d.  per  grain, 
whereas  I  have  seen  good  commercial  ink  sold  at  Is.  to 
Is.  6d.  per  gallon.  A  gluten  ink,  recently  recom- 
mended, and  highly  praised,  was  tried  at  the  Bank  of 
Scotland,  but  soon  abandoned  as  unsuitable.  The  inks 
recommended  by  Mr.  Coathupe,  and  others,  as  perma- 
nent writing  fluids,  are  thus  prepared : — 

1.  Inky  Shell-Lac. — Boil  1  oz.  of  borax,  in  18  oz.  of 
water;  add  2  oz.  shell-lac,  and  when  a  solution  is  formed, 
cool,  and  filter.  Add  1  oz.  of  mucilage,  and  a  mixture 
of  indigo,  with  lamp-black  to  colour  it;  let  the  dregs 
subside,  then  decant  the  clear  for  use. —  Coathupe. 

2.  Inhj  Carbon. — Mix  good  Indian-ink  with  common 
writing-ink.  A  useful  ink  for  ticket  and  shop-window 
labels. 

3.  Bracannofs. — Dantzig  potash,  20  parts,  leather  clip- 
pings, 10  parts,  sulphur,  5  parts;  boil  with  water  to 
dryness,  then  melt  by  heat;  add  water  to  dissolve,  and 
filter  for  use. 

The  deficiency  in  these  inks  is  the  want  of  flow,  combined 
with  the  extra  trouble  and  expense  of  manufacturing. 
They  are  very  rarely  used  as  ordinary  business  inks. 

All  the  usual  inks  are  formed  of  galls  and  iron,  with  other 
ingredients  to  assist  the  effect,  and  lessen  the  expense. 
The  copperas  should  generally  be  i  of  the  weight  of 
the  galls,  but  good  galls  will  bear  a  larger  quantity; 
gum  assists  in  keeping  the  ingredients  suspended,  and 
in  preserving  the  writing  from  the  action  of  the  air; 
sugar-candy  or  pomegranate  peel  adds  to  the  gloss; 
cloves  and  creosote  prevent  mouldiness.  Vinegar  and 
blue  vitriol  corrode  steel  pens,  and  are  not  suitable  for 
ingredients  in  ink.  The  best  Ink  should  be  incorrosive, 
easy-flowing,  and  permanent;  it  will  therefore  contain 
few  ingredients,  but  those  few  the  best  for  the  pur- 
pose. 

Packer's  lnh}  for  bales  and  trusses,  is  merely  the  dregs 
from  which  writing  ink  is  strained. 

Inks,  Coloured. — Blue. — 1.  A  solution  of  sulphate  of  in- 
digo, neutralized  with  potash  or  soda. 

2.  Prussian  or  Chinese  blue,  6  parts;  oxalic  acid;  1  part; 
12* 


138  INK. 

triturate  to  extreme  fineness  with  a  little  water;  add  a 
little  mucilage,  and  dilute  with  water. 

3.  Triturate  to  a  paste,  Chinese  blue,  1  part,  with  strong 
hydrochloric  acid,  2  parts;  and  after  30  hours  digest- 
ing, dilute  with  water. 

4.  Read's. — A  precipitate  of  iodide  of  iron,  with  ferro- 
prussiate  of  potash. 

5.  Dissolve  in  water,  proto-sulphate  of  iron,  1  part,  then 
dissolve  ferro-cyanide  of  potassium,  2  parts,  in  water. 
Pour  the  cold  solution  of  iron  into  the  other  solution, 
so  long  as  a  precipitate  falls;  wash  the  precipitate  on 
the  filter  with  pure  water,  until  it  begins  to  drop  blue, 
when  it  may  be  dried  or  dissolved  in  distilled  water. 
This  is  the  soluble  Prussian  blue. 

6.  Perchloride  of  iron,  1  part  (or  any  other  persalt  of  iron,) 
ferro-cyanide  of  potassium,  2  parts;  proceed  as  last. 
This  is  the  soluble  ferro-cyanide  of  potassium  and  iron. 

Green. — 1.  Verdigris,  dissolved  in  vinegar. 

2.  Cream  of  tartar,  2  drachms,  verdigris,  i  oz.,  water,  5 
oz.;  boil,  and  filter. 

3.  Dissolve  sap-green  in  water,  and  add  some  alum. 

4.  Add  gamboge  to  blue  ink. 

Red, — 1.  Brazil  wood,  4  oz.,  vinegar,  1  pint;  macerate  3 
days,  boil,  add  J  oz.  of  alum,  and  strain. 

2.  White  vinegar,  20  gallons;  heat  over  a  clear  fire,  and 
when  just  about  to  boil,  add  21  lbs.  of  Brazil  wood ;  let 
it  simmer,  and  add  11}  lbs.  of  alum.  Simmer  gently 
until  the  alum  is  dissolved,  then  strain  through  clean 
flannel.  Add  sufficient  of  the  following  solution  to  pro- 
duce the  desired  shade : — cochineal  and  carbonate  of 
potash,  each  2  oz.,  boiling  water,  2  quarts;  mix,  and 
add  alum,  1  oz.,  cream  of  tartar,  4  oz. 

3.  Carmine,  12  grains,  or  lake,  80  grains,  solution  of  am- 
monia, 3  oz.;  dissolve,  and  add  1  scruple  of  gum. 

Yellow. — 1.  Add  a  little  alum  to  a  solution  of  gamboge. 
2.  Boil  for  1  hour  8  oz.  of  French  berries,  and  1  oz.  of 

alum,  in  1  quart  of  water;  strain,  and  add  1  oz.  of 

gum. 
Violet. — Add  gum  and  alum  to  a  decoction  of  logwood. 
Purple. — Add  muriate  of  tin  to  a  decoction  of  logwood. 


INK,  139 

Brown. — Dissolve  by  heat,  i  oz.  of  catechu,  in  8  oz.  of 
water,  add  to  it  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potash,  1 
drachm,  in  1J  oz.  of  water,  until  the  required  shade  is 
produced;  then  strain. 

Ink ,  Label. — For  bottles,  &c.  1.  Copal,  1  part,  oil  of  la- 
vender, 8  parts ;  dissolve  by  heat,  and  add  lamp-black, 
or  vermilion,  to  colour. 

2.  Asphaltum,  1  part,  oil  of  turpentine,  4  parts ;  dissolved, 
and  add  lamp-black  or  printers'  ink,  to  colour. 

3.  Flake  white,  ground  with  copal  varnish.  For  dark  or 
black  bottles. 

These  inks  are  intended  to  label  bottles,  containing  acids 
or  alkalies,  which  would  destroy  most  fluids.  Where 
it  is  convenient,  the  glass  may  have  the  name  etched  on 
it  by  hydrofluoric  acid. 

The  following  are  of  another  kind,  being  used  for  metal 
labels,  such  as  the  zinc  plates  used  in  gardens. 

Zinc  Labels. — 1.  Yerdigris  and  sal  ammoniac,  of  each  1 
drachm,  lamp-black,  J  drachm;  powder,  and  mix  in 
water,  10  drachms. 

2.  Dissolve  5  grains  of  chloride  of  platinum  in  1  oz.  of 
pure  water. 

Zinc,  Steel,  or  Tin  Labels. — 1.  Acetic  acid,  diluted,  2#oz., 
sulphate  of  copper,  1  oz.,  sal  ammoniac,  J  oz.,  lamp- 
black to  colour. 

2.  Use  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  copper,  or  of  copper,  1  part, 
nitric  acid  and  water,  each  10  parts. 

Ink,  Lithographic. — 1.  Tallow,  shellac,  wax,  soap,  of  each 
2  oz.,  lamp-black,  J  oz.;  proceed  as  for  lithographic 
crayons. — Fielding.     See  Crayons. 

2.  Soap,  soda,  and  mastic,  of  each  1  oz.,  shellac,  5  oz., 
lamp-black,  3  drachms. — Lasteyrie. 

Ink,  Marking. — The  basis  of  this  is  generally  nitrate  of  sil- 
ver; and  it  may  be  discharged  from  cloth  by  using  li- 
quid chlorine,  ammonia,  or  cyanide  of  potassium,  with- 
out injuring  the  fabric  on  which  it  is  written.  These 
inks  are,  therefore,  not  indelible.  There  are  two  sorts 
made;  those  with,  and  those  without  preparation. 

1.  With  Preparation.  The  Ink. — Hot  distilled  water,  6 
drachms,  nitrate  of  silver,  2  drachms;  mix;  add  muci- 


140  INK. 

lage,  2  drachms,  and  sap-green  to  colour.  Moisten  the 
linen,  &c,  with  a  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda,  hold- 
ing a  little  sap-green  or  colouring  matter,  to  show  the  part 
when  dry.  Rub  the  cloth  smooth,  when  dry,  with 
the  bowl  of  a  spoon,  and  write  on  it  with  the  ink  and  a 
quill-pen.  When  the  writing  is  completed,  pass  over  it 
a  hot  iron,  or  hold  the  part  to  the  fire  until  it  turns 
black. 

2.  Without  Preparation. — Nitrate  of  silver  and  bitartrate 
of  potash,  of  each  1  oz. ;  mix,  add  liquor  of  ammonia, 
4  oz.,  dissolve  and  add  white  sugar,  6  drachms,  gum 
Arabic,  10  drachms,  archil,  J  oz.,  and  water  to  make  6 
fluid  oz. — Redwood. 

Ink,  Ticketing,  for  Drapers,  Grocers,  (Sec. — These  inks  are 
generally  used  on  pasteboard,  for  shop-windows,  and 
are  made  as  follows.  Dissolve  1  oz.  of  gum  Arabic  in 
6  oz.  of  water,  and  strain;  this  is  the  mucilage. 

Black. — -Drop-black,  powdered,  and  ground  with  muci- 
lage to  extreme  fineness. 

For  blue,  ultramarine  is  used  in  the  same  manner;  for 
green,  emerald  green;  white,  flake  white;  red,  vermilion  ; 
lake,  or  carmine;  yellow,  chrome  yellow.  When  ground 
too  thick,  they  are  thinned  with  a  little  water.  These 
are  all  laid  on  the  card  with  a  small  brush.  The  cards 
are  often  white,  with  black  letters  shaded  with  colour, 
but  very  frequently  the  card  is  coloured  by  passing  a 
flat  brush  over  it,  with  any  colour  prepared  as  above, 
and  when  it  is  dry  writing  with  white  letters  and  shading 
with  black.  These  cards  may  be  sized  with  thin  glue, 
and  afterwards  varnished,  when  it  is  desirable  to  pre- 
serve them. 

Ink,  Indian. — The  imitations  of  it  are  made  up  of  scented 
lamp-black  and  a  solution  of  glue,  pressed  in  a  mould 
until  dry,  and  afterwards  ornamented  with  various  de- 
vices. Or,  seed  lac,  4  drachms,  borax,  1  drachm,  water, 
10  oz.;  dissolve,  filter  and  add  lamp-black  to  make  a 
paste.     Scent,  &c,  as  before. 

Ink,  Perpetual. — Melt  pitch,  and  add  enough  lamp-black 
to  colour  it.  Used,  while  soft,  to  fill  the  letters  on  mar- 
bles and  tombstones. 


INK.  141 

Ink,  Printing. — This  is  made  by  mixing  black  or  coloured 
pigments  with  a  varnish  prepared  for  the  purpose.  Set 
on  a  fire,  in  a  large  iron  pot,  12  gallons  of  clear  linseed  oil, 
boil,  and  stir  until  it  smokes,  then  ignite  it,  remove  it 
from  the  fire,  and  let  it  burn  until  a  sample  will  draw 
into  strings  between  the  fingers.  Put  the  lid  on  to  ex- 
tinguish the  flame,  then  add  1  lb.  of  resin  to  each  quart 
of  oil;  dissolve>  and  add  gradually  in  slices  If  fib.  of 
soap ;  heat  the  pot  until  the  solution  is  complete,  when 
the  varnish  is  ready. — Two  sorts  are  kept,  one  thick, 
and  the  other  thin,  so  as  to  mix  when  required;  the 
difference  is  caused  in  the  boiling  and  firing  being  kept 
up  for  different  periods.  For  large  printing-type  a  thin 
ink  is  required,  as  thick  ink  would  only  print  in  patches ; 
for  small  type  very  stiff  ink  is  used,  to  prevent  it  run- 
ning off.  For  making  black  ink,  mix  together  mineral 
lamp-black,  8  lbs.,  vegetable  black,  7  lbs.,  indigo  and 
Prussian  blue,  of  each  5  oz.,  Indian  red,  2  oz.;  grind 
this  with  sufficient  varnish,  gradually  added  as  the 
grinding  goes  on.  In  most  manufactories  steam  is  em- 
ployed for  this  purpose.  For  coloured  ink  use  coloured 
pigments,  according  to  the  required  shade. 

Savage's  Printing  Ink. — Mr.  Savage  was  a  printer,  and 
invented  this  method  of  making  an  extemporaneous  su- 
perfine ink,  for  which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  large 
medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  Pure  balsam  of  copaiba, 
9  oz.,  lamp-black,  3  oz.,  indigo  and  Prussian  blue  of  each 
5  drachms,  Indian  red,  f  oz.,  dry  yellow  soap,  3  oz., 
mix  and  grind  to  the  utmost  smoothness. 

In7c,  Gold  and  Silver. — The  metal  leaf  is  ground  with 
honey  until  of  a  fine  powder,  it  is  then  washed  to  remove 
the  honey,  and  the  powder  is  mixed  with  gum-water  for 
use. 

Inks,  Sympathetic. — Fluids  which,  when  written  with, 
appear  colourless  until  means  are  employed  to  render 
them  visible.  The  heat  of  a  fire,  if  strong,  will  make 
most  of  them  plainly  discernible. 

1.  Write  with  a  solution  of  copperas,  then  wash  it  with 
gall  infusion,  it  turns  black,  or  blue  with  prussiate  of 
potash. 


142  INK — IOD. 

2.  Write  with  onion-juice  or  a  solution  of  sal  ammoniac  and 
sulphate  of  copper,  equal  parts :  heat  turns  it  yellow. 

3.  A  weak  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury :  heat  turns  it 
black. 

4.  A  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper.  Turns  blue  with  va- 
pour of  ammonia. 

5.  Rice  water  or  starch.  Turns  blue  when  washed  with 
iodine  in  alcohol. 

6.  Salt,  or  any  of  the  common  acids  largely  diluted. 
Turn  dark  when  heated. 

Inh  Powders. — The  ingredients  for  black  ink,  separately 
powdered  and  mixed.  The  proportions  of  any  of  the 
receipts  given  will  serve  as  a  guide;  for  use,  they  are 
added  to  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water.  There  is  no 
advantage  in  preparing  ink-powders,  and  they  are  in- 
ferior in  colour  to  the  ordinary  inks. 

Inh,  to  Restore,  when  Faded. — Wash  it  with  a  strong  in- 
fusion of  galls,  or  a  solution  of  prussiate  of  potash,  to 
which  a  slight  acidity  is  given  with  muriatic  acid. 

Inh,  to  Remove. — Stains  on  linen,  &c,  may  be  removed 
by  dilute  oxalic,  muriatic,  or  tartaric  acid  and  hot  water, 
or  by  a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime.  The  article  must 
then  be  rinsed  well  with  warm  water  only.  To  dis- 
charge marking-ink,  use  a  solution  of  cyanide  of  potas- 
sium, &c. — See  page  140. 
Iodide  of  Nitrogen. — The  black  powder  which  subsides 
from  a  mixture  of  iodine  and  ammonia.  It  may  be  se- 
parated on  a  filter,  washed,  and  dried.  It  is  then  an 
explosive  compound,  which  will  detonate  on  the  touch 
of  a  feather,  and  sometimes  without  any  known  cause. 
It  produces,  on  explosion,  the  violet-coloured  fumes  of 
iodine.  The  preparation  of  this  substance  should  be 
small  in  quantity. 

Iodide  of  Quinine. — Make  a  solution  of  24  parts  of  iodide 
of  potassium  in  8  parts  of  water,  and  add  this  by  drops 
to  a  strong  solution  of  20  parts  of  sulphate  of  quinine. 
Wash  the  precipitate  quickly,  and  dry  in  the  shade. 

Iodine. — A  preparation  from  various  marine  plants,  which 
have  the  power  of  secreting  it.     It  is  found  in  many 


IOD — IRO.  143 

other  substances,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantity  for 
the  purpose  of  manufacturers,  who  always  use  kelp  for 
its  production.  It  is  not  prepared  on  the  small  scale. 
The  P.  L.  places  it  in  the  Materia  Medica. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Black,  metallic  lustre,  odour 
resembling  chlorine.  By  heat  it  melts,  and  then  sub- 
limes in  violet  vapours.  It  is  soluble  in  rectified  spirit, 
and  this  solution  colours  starch  blue.  39  grains  of  io- 
dine dissolved  with  9  grains  of  lime  in  3  oz.  of  water, 
by  heat,  produce  a  solution  of  a  yellow  or  brownish  co- 
lour, [but  it  is  colourless  if  there  be  above  2  per  cent,  of 
water  or  other  adulteration. — E.~]  Iodine  is  soluble  in 
alcohol  or  ether,  but  requires  7000  parts  of  water  for 
its  solution.  It  volatilizes  when  water  is  present,  under 
100°  F.,  fuses  at  225°  F.,  and  boils  at  347°.  Its  sp. 
gr.  is  variously  stated  3-08  to  5-4;  the  usual  estimate  is 
4-948,  and  the  density  of  its  vapour  8-716.  Used  as 
a  test,  and  in  medicine;  externally  it  stains  the  skin. 
It  is  rarely  given  alone  internally,  the  iodide  of  potas- 
sium being  preferred,  or  a  combination  of  both.  The 
dose  of  iodine  alone  is  J  grain  in  spirit,  or  in  water, 
with  J  grain  of  iodide  of  potassium . 

Iron;  when  administered  as  a  remedial  agent,  acts  as  a  tonic, 
and  emmenagogue.  It  is  mostly  given  in  the  form  of  a 
salt,  as  the  sulphate  or  carbonate;  and  when  its  filings 
are  administered,  they  are  supposed  to  undergo  a  rapid 
change  in  the  stomach,  being  oxidized  by  the  gastric 
juice.  Iron  is  not  poisonous,  but  the  continued  ad- 
ministration of  large  doses  is  injurious;  it  acts  best  on 
enfeebled  frames,  where  no  inflammation  or  fever  ex- 
ists. The  filings  are  occasionally  given  in  treacle  as  a 
vermifuge,  a  teaspoonful  at  night,  or  night  and  morn- 
ing. Iron  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  7*8,  it  only  fuses  at  a  high 
temperature,  is  extremely  ductile,  and  a  wire  -^  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  will  sustain  60  lbs.  weight.  Its  equi- 
valent is  28,  its  symbol  Fe  (Ferri.) 
Iron,  Ammonia- Chloride  of,  L. — Sesquioxide  of  iron,  3 
oz.,  hydrochloric  acid,  J  pint,  hydrochlorate  of  ammo- 
nia, 2 J  lbs.,  distilled  water,  3  pints;  mix  the  sesqui- 
oxide with  the  acid;  and  digest  it  in  a  sand-bath;  ire- 


144  iro. 

quently  stirring  until  liquefied,  then  add  the  hydro- 
chlorate,  first  dissolved  in  the  water,  strain  and  evapo- 
rate the  solution  until  the  salt  is  dry,  then  powder  it. 
Little  used.     Dose :  4  to  15  grains. 

Characters  and  Tests. — In  powder,  of  an  orange  colour, 
and  soluble  in  proof  spirit  or  water.  Either  solution 
gives  off  ammonia  on  the  addition  of  potash,  and  from 
each  100  grains  of  salt,  7  grains  of  sesquioxide  of  iron 
are  precipitated. 

Iron,  Ammonio- Citrate  of,  L. — Sulphate  of  iron,  12  oz., 
carbonate  of  soda,  12£  oz.,  citric  acid,  6  oz.,  solution 
of  ammonia,  9  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  12  pints; 
dissolve  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  separately,  (each) 
in  6  pints  of  water,  mix  the  hot  solutions,  and  let  the 
precipitate  subside,  pour  off  the  liquor,  and  wash  the 
powder  repeatedly  with  water,  and  having  added  the 
acid,  dissolve  it  by  heat.  When  cool,  add  the  ammo- 
nia, and  evaporate  to  the  thickness  of  a  syrup,  spread 
this  on  earthenware  tiles,  and  dry  by  a  gentle  heat; 
keep  it  in  a  well-stoppered  vessel.  Tonic,  emmenago- 
gue.     Dose:  4  to  15  grains. 

Iron,  Potassio-  Tartrate  of,  L. — Sulphate  of  iron,  4  oz., 
sulphuric  acid,  i  oz.,  nitric  acid,  1  oz.,  solution  of  am- 
monia, 10  oz.,  bitartrate  of  potash  in  powder,  2  oz.,  dis- 
tilled water,  4  gallons.  Dissolve  the  sulphate  in  a  pint 
of  water  with  the  sulphuric  acid,  then,  heat  being  ap- 
plied gradually,  add  the  nitric  acid.  Boil  to  the  con- 
sistence of  syrup,  and  mix  with  the  rest  of  the  water, 
then  add  the  ammonia  to  throw  down  the  sesquioxide, 
which  must  be  washed  and  set  aside  for  24  hours.  Then 
heat  the  bitartrate,  mixed  with  half  a  pint  of  water,  to 
140°,  and  add  to  it  gradually  the  moist  sesquioxide, 
free  from  the  supernatant  liquor.  What  remains  un- 
dissolved of  the  sesquioxide  must  be  separated  by  a 
linen  cloth;  then  evaporate  the  clear  liquor  until  the 
salt  is  dried,  or  it  may  be  dried  as  the  ammonio-citrate 
of  iron.     Tonic.     Dose:  5  to  20  grains. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Soluble  in  water.  The  solu- 
tion does  not  change  the  colour  of  litmus  or  turmeric ; 
it  does  not  turn  blue  on  the  addition  of  ferrocyanide  of 


mo— isi.  145 

potassium,  nor  does  it  precipitate  with  any  alkali.  If 
heated  with  potash,  each  100  grains  of  the  salt  throws 
down  about  34  grains  of  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

Iron,  Sesquioxide  of,  L. — Sulphate  of  iron,  4  lbs.,  carbo- 
nate of  soda,  4  fibs.  2  oz.,  boiling  water,  6  gallons.  Dis- 
solve the  sulphate  and  carbonate  separately  (each)  in 
three  gallons  of  water,  mix  the  hot  solutions,  and  let  the 
precipitate  subside,  pour  off  the  liquor;  repeatedly  wash 
the  powder  and  dry  it.  Tonic.  Used  in  chlorosis,  and 
tic-douloureux,  in  which  it  is  sometimes  very  effectual. 
The  best  formula  is,  sesquioxide  of  iron,  1  scruple,  sul- 
phate of  quinine,  1  grain,  camphor,  8  grains;  mix;  for 
one  powder.  To  be  taken  after  a  dose  of  aperient  medi- 
•  cine  has  operated  on  the  bowels.  Used  properly,  this 
prescription  rarely  fails  to  relieve,  if  the  complaint  is 
tic-douloureux;  but  if  the  stomach  is  foul  and  the  bowels 
constipated,  tonics  are  not  admissible  until  that  state  is 
altered.  Sometimes  1  to  4  drachms  of  this  salt  have 
been  given  several  times  daily,  not  only  without  advan- 
tage, but  resulting  in  positive  injury,  from  the  excess 
of  iron  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  The  doses  should 
be  small,  not  given  too  often,  and  intermitted  with  ape- 
rients. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — It  is  dissolved  in  diluted  hy- 
drochloric acid,  almost  without  effervescence,  and  is 
thrown  down  by  potash.  The  remaining  liquor,  when 
strained,  is  colourless,  and  if  hydrosulphuric  acid,  or 
ferrocyanide  of  potassium  is  added,  it  is  not  coloured. 

Iron,  Sulphate  of,  L. — Commercial  sulphate  of  iron,  4  lbs., 
sulphuric  acid,  1  oz.,  iron  wire,  1  oz.,  distilled  water, 
4  pints;  mix  the  acid  and  water,  add  the  sulphate  of 
iron  to  them,  then  apply  heat,  frequently  stirring  until 
the  sulphur  is  dissolved,  strain  while  hot,  and  let  it  crys- 
tallize, evaporate  the  remaining  liquor  for  more  crystals, 
and  dry  them  all. 

Characters,  L. — Bluish  green,  soluble  in  water.     Tonic, 
emmenagogue.     Dose :  \  to  5  grains. 
Isinglass  Cement. — Dissolve  isinglass  in  glacial  acetic  acid, 
and  reduce  it  to  a  thin  jelly.     It  does  not  require  warm- 
ing for  use. 
13 


146  ISO — JEL. 

Isomorphous. — Having  the  same  form. 

Isomeric. — Having  the  same  composition. 

Ivory,  to  Bleach. — Stained  ivory  may  be  bleached  by 
steeping  it  from  two  to  four  hours  in  a  watery  solution  of 
sulphurous  acid. 

Japan  Black. — 1.  Burnt  umber,  4  oz.,  true  asphaltum,  2 
oz.,  boiled  oil,  2  quarts.  Dissolve  the  asphaltum  by 
heat  in  a  little  of  the  oil,  add  the  burnt  umber  ground 
in  oil,  and  the  remainder  of  the  oil,  mix,  cool,  and  thin 
with  turpentine.  Flexible. 
2.  Shellac,  1  part,  wood  naphtha,  4  parts,  dissolve,  and 
colour  with  lamp-black.  Inflexible.  Both  are  used  to 
japan  leather. 

Japan,  Transparent. — Oil  of  turpentine,  4  oz.,  oil  of  la- 
vender, 3  oz.,  camphor,  J  drachm,  copal,  1  oz.;  dissolve. 
Used  to  Japan  tin,  but  quick  copal  varnish  is  mostly 
used  instead. 

Jelly,  Arrowroot.— Arrowroot,  1  tablespoonful,  mix  to  a 
smooth  paste  with  a  little  cold  water,  pour  on  it  half-a- 
pint  of  boiling  milk,  stir  some  salt  in,  and  boil  it  a  mi- 
nute or  two.  Add  a  little  nutmeg  and  lump  sugar,  and 
when  thought  requisite  a  tablespoonful  of  wine.  Much 
better  prepared  with  milk  for  most  purposes  than  when 
made  with  water,  but  water  must  be  used  when  milk 
disagrees  with  the  patient. 

Jelly,  Biscuit. — Boil  soaked  and  crushed  biscuits  in  some 
milk-and-water,  with  a  little  salt;  when  cooked  suf- 
ficiently, add  sugar  to  taste,  and  some  cinnamon  powder. 
A  little  wine  may  also  be  added,  in  diarrhoea. 

Jelly,  Corsican  Moss. — Corsican  moss,  1  oz.,  water,  suf- 
ficient to  make  8  oz.,  boil  1  hour,  add  soaked  isinglass, 
1  drachm,  lump  sugar,  2  oz.;  white  wine,  2  oz. — Paris 
Codex.     Vermifuge. 

Jelly,  Hartshorn. — Hartshorn  shavings,  8  oz.,  rinse  them, 
then  boil,  in  clean  water,  3  pints  down  to  1J  pints, 
strain,  and  add  sugar,  4  oz.,  the  juice  of  a  lemon  and 
the  white  of  an  egg,  beat  up  with  a  little  cold  water; 
boil  till  it  will  jelly,  then  add  the  peel  of  the  lemon, 
and  flavour  with  spice,  &c.  to  taste. — Paris  Codex. 


JEL — KEA.  147 

Jelly,  Iceland  Moss. — Soaked  and  washed  Iceland  moss, 
2  oz.,  water  sufficient  to  make  a  strong  solution;  boil  1 
hour,  strain,  add  1  drachm  of  isinglass,  and  boil  to  a 
proper  consistence. — Farts  Codex.  Used  in  cough  and 
asthma. 

Jelly,  Irish  Moss. — Irish  moss,  soaked  and  washed,  is 
boiled  as  above,  and,  after  straining,  flavoured  to  taste. 
Either  Irish  or  Iceland-moss  Jellies  are  improved  as 
cough  medicines  if  boiled  with  linseed,  then  flavoured 
with  liquorice,  sugar-candy,  and  the  juice  of  a  lemon. 

Jelly,  Gelatine. — Steep  one  oz.  of  gelatine  in  half-a-pint 
of  cold  water  for  10  minutes,  add  as  much  more  water, 
boiling,  and  stir  until  dissolved;  then  mix  in  two  sliced 
lemons,  with  sugar  and  wine  to  taste. 

Jelly,  Isinglass. — Steep  J  oz  of  isinglass  in  a  pint  of  cold 
water  for  a  short  time;  heat  it  gently  till  dissolved, 
strain  and  flavour  it  to  taste.  If  wanted  clear,  add  the 
white  of  an  egg,  before  removing  it  from  the  fire. 

Jelly,  Restorative. — Dr.  Radcliffe's.  Beat  a  leg  of  well- 
fed  pork,  and  break  the  bone;  simmer  gently,  in  3  gal- 
lons of  water,  down  to  one,  adding  \  oz.  each  of  mace 
and  nutmeg.     Strain,  and  when  cold  remove  the  fat. 

Jelly,  Sago. — Soak  1  oz.  of  sago  for  an  hour  in  water,  then 
boil  in  one  pi  at  of  fresh  water,  until  clear;  add  wine, 
sugar,  lemon-peel,  and  spice,  if  approved.  It  may  be 
made  in  milk,  when  preferred. 

Jelly,  Tapioca. — Wash  1  oz.  of  tapioca  well,  then  soak  in 
a  pint  of  fresh  water  5  or  6  hours;  add  the  peel  of  a 
lemon,  and  set  all  on  to  heat.  Simmer  till  clear,  add 
the  lemon  juice,  with  wine  and  sugar  to  taste. 

Juice,  Refined. — Spanish  juice,  4  parts,  gum  Arabic,  1 
part;  dissolve  in  water,  strain,  and  evaporate  to  a  suit- 
able consistence  to  roll  into  cylindrical  pieces.  Used 
to  allay  coughs. 

Keating's  Cough  Lozenges. — Lactucarium,  or  extract  of 
lettuce,  2  drachms,  ipecacuanha,  1  drachm,  squills,  45 
grains,  extract  of  liquorice,  2  oz.,  sugar,  G  oz.,  mucilage 


148  KER— KET. 

of  tragacanth  to  mix.     Divide  into  lozenges  weighing 
20  grains  each. 

Kermes,  Mineral. — Crude  antimony,  5  parts,  dry  carbo- 
nate of  soda,  3  parts,  water,  80  parts,  boil  together, 
strain  while  hot;  the  mineral  separates  on  cooling,  it 
must  then  be  washed  and  dried.  An  orange-red  pow- 
der; given  in  doses  of  i  gr.  to  4  grs.  as  a  cathartic,  dia- 
phoretic, or  emetic.  Used  in  foreign  practice  in  the 
same  manner  as  James's  Powder  in  England. 

Ketchup. — A  sauce  or  flavouring,  prepared  from  vinegar 
and  mushrooms,  walnuts,  &c.  The  sort  usually  asked  for 
as  Ketchup,  is  the  mushroom  ketchup,  but  there  are  se- 
veral varieties. 

Ketchup,  Camp. — 1.  Anchovies,  4  oz.,  mix  with  beer,  2 
quarts,  white  wine,  1  quart,  boil  a  short  time,  add  peeled 
shalots,  3  oz.,  black  pepper,  mace,  nutmegs,  and  ginger, 
of  each,  J  oz.;  macerate  for  14  days,  and  bottle. 

2.  Vinegar,  2  pints,  walnut  ketchup,  1  pint,  mushroom- 
ketchup,  3  oz.,  garlic,  4  cloves,  Cayenne  pods,  i  oz.,  soy, 
2  oz.,  wine,  4  oz.,  3  anchovies,  1  oz.  salt.  Macerate 
together  3  weeks,  and  bottle. 

3.  Vinegar,  1  pint,  walnut-ketchup,  4  oz.,  soy,  2  oz.,  12 
chopped  anchovies,  2  cloves  of  garlic,  and  Cayenne  pods, 
I  drachm;  macerate  three  weeks,  and  bottle. 

Ketchup,  Cucumber. — Proceed  with  ripe  cucumbers  as  for 
mushroom  ketchup.    Used  with  melted-butter,  for  fowls. 

Ketchup,  Cockle. — Scald  cockles  in  their  own  liquor,  add 
a  little  water,  strain,  and  season  to  taste.  If  the  ketchup 
is  wanted  white,  use  sherry  wine,  a  sliced  lemon,  mace, 
nutmeg,  and  white  pepper.  If  required  brown,  colour 
with  burnt  sugar,  and  use  some  port  wine,  anchovies, 
and  garlic.     Used  to  fish. 

Ketchup,  Marine. — Strong  beer,  4  pints,  anchovies,  f  Ib.> 
peeled  shalots,  J  R>.,  mace,  cloves,  and  mustard  seed,  of 
each  J  oz.,  ginger  and  pepper,  of  each  1  drachm,  mush- 
room-ketchup and  vinegar,  of  each  1  pint;  heat  till 
almost  boiling;  macerate  14  days,  and  bottle.  Used  for 
sea  stores;  keeps  well. 


KET— KIL.  149 

Ketchup,  Mushroom. — 1.  Picked  mushrooms,  4  Hbs.,  salt, 
2  lbs.,  sprinkle  it  on  the  mushrooms,  and  when  they 
liquefy,  remove  the  juice,  add  pimento,  6  oz.,  cloves,  1 
oz.,  boil  gently,  and  strain.  The  remaining  liquor,  if 
any,  may  be  treated  with  pepper,  mace,  and  ginger,  for 
a  second  quality. 

2.  Express  the  mushrooms  in  the  tincture  press,  and  to 
each  gallon  add  salt,  8  oz.,  shalots,  1J  oz.,  pimento,  1 
oz.,  black  pepper  and  ginger,  of  each  i  oz.;  and  cloves, 
1  drachm. 

Mushroom-ketchup  is  apt  to  lose  strength,  and  turn  bad, 
in  a  few  weeks  after  it  is  first  made;  but  again  boiling 
with  a  little  fresh  spice  at  the  end  of  two  months,  will 
make  it  keep  good  a  year  round. 

Ketchup,  Oyster. — Mix  together  wine  or  good  ale,  1  pint, 
salt,  1  oz.,  mace  and  black  pepper,  of  each  1J  drachm, 
cover  oysters  with  this  pickle,  boil  ten  minutes,  and 
when  cool,  bottle,  adding  a  little  brandy  to  each  bottle. 

Ketchup,  Tomato. — Proceed  as  for  mushroom-ketchup, 
and  add  a  little  Chili  pepper  vinegar. 

Ketchup,  Walnut. — 1.  The  juice  of  green  tender  walnuts 
expressed,  ]  gallon,  boil  and  skim  till  clear,  add  2  fbs. 
of  anchovies,  shalots,  2  lbs.,  pepper,  mace,  and  cloves, 
of  each  1  oz.,  and  a  sliced  clove  of  garlic.  Simmer 
15  minutes,  add  salt  to  taste,  strain,  and  when  cool, 
bottle.     Let  it  stand  12  months  before  using. 

2.  Tender  walnuts  bruised,  \  bushel;  add,  to  each  gallon 
of  juice,  red  wine,  1  quart,  anchovies  and  bay  salt,  of 
each  4  oz.,  allspice,  1  oz.,  black  pepper,  2  oz.,  cloves 
and  mace,  of  each  2  drachms,  a  little  ginger,  and  sliced 
horseradish.  Simmer  slowly  until  enough,  and  when 
cold,  bottle. 

3.  Green  walnut  shells  bruised,  4  parts,  salt,  1  part,  mix, 
and  in  7  days  express  the  liquor.  To  each  gallon,  add 
allspice,  4  oz.,  ginger,  3  oz.,  long  pepper,  2  oz.,  cloves 
and  mace,  of  each  1  oz.  Simmer  for  30  minutes,  cool, 
and  bottle. 

Kilogramme. — About  2  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

13* 


150  KIN— LAC. 

King's  Yellow. — Prepared  artificially,  by  fusing  arsenic 
with  an  excess  of  sulphur.  The  product  is  a  brilliant 
yellow  powder,  which  is  soluble  in  the  alkalies.  Used 
as  a  pigment,  a  dye,  and  in  some  depilatories.  It  is 
poisonous,  and  therefore  in  many  cases  abandoned  for 
chrome  yellow,  in  painting. 

Labels  on  Tin  are  fixed  by  French  polish,  a  solution  of 
shellac  in  naphtha. 

Lac. — Seed  lac  and  shellac  are  used  in  cements,  varnishes, 
lacquers,  polishes,  sealing-wax,  &c.  When  wanted  very 
pale,  shellac  undergoes  the  operation  of  bleaching, 
which  may  be  performed  in  two  or  three  ways. 

Lac,  to  Bleach. — 1.  Spirit,  1  pint,  shellac  in  coarse  powder, 
6  oz. ;  dissolve  by  a  gentle  heat.  To  a  solution  of  pure 
carbonate  of  potash,  add  chlorine  till  the  silica  precipi- 
tates, and  the  solution  becomes  slightly  coloured.  Di- 
lute muriatic  acid  with  thrice  its  weight  of  water  •  drop 
into  it  powdered  red  lead  as  long  as  the  lead  loses  its 
colour.  Of  the  alkaline  solution,  add  1  or  2  oz.  to  the 
tincture  of  lac;  effervescence  takes  place,  and  when 
this  ceases  more  is  added  until  the  mixture  is  pale. 
The  acid  liquor  is  then  added  by  degrees,  letting  the 
effervescence  from  each  portion  subside  before  adding 
more;  enough  is  dropped  in  to  precipitate  the  lac,  which 
must  be  repeatedly  washed  with  clean  water,  and  dried 
by  wringing  in  a  cloth. — Field. 

2.  Spirit,  2  pints,  shellac,  5  oz.,  dissolve,  acid  10  oz.  of 
new  animal  charcoal,  and  boil  a  few  minutes.  If  not 
colourless,  the  boiling  must  be  continued  with  more 
charcoal;  when  quite  pale,  press  through  silk,  and  after- 
wards filter  through  blotting  paper. — Luning. 

3.  Pearl  ash  and  shellac,  of  each  1  part,  water,  8  parts, 
boil  till  dissolved;  pass  chlorine  into  the  solution  until 
the  lac  is  precipitated;  it  must  then  be  washed  and 
dried. — Hare. 

4.  Dissolve  as  last,  add  a  filtered  solution  of  chloride  of 
lime,  and,  when  pale,  precipitate  with  muriatic  acid; 
wash  and  dry  the  precipitate. 

Lac,  Solution  of. — 1.  Dissolve  shellac  in  rectified  spirit, 
or  in  wood  naphtha. 


LAC — LAK.  151 

2.  Lac,  5  parts,  borax,  1  part,  water,  20  parts;  simmer  till 
dissolved,  and  strain.  With  Indian  ink  this  forms  a 
good  label  ink  for  bottles. 

Lacquer. — A  solution  of  shellac,  coloured  to  suit  the  arti- 
cle for  vfhich  it  is  intended.  French  polish  is  a  lacquer 
for  wood.     Other  lacquers  are  made  for  metal. 

1.  For  Brass. — Pale  lac,  8  oz.,  spirit,  1  gallon,  digest  with- 
out heat  until  dissolved,  and  then  filter,  into  an  opaque 
bottle. 

If  required  yellow,  use  turmeric,  aloes,  saffron,  or  gamboge, 
to  colour.  For  red,  use  annatto  or  dragon's  blood.  So- 
lutions of  these  in  spirit  are  kept  ready  to  colour  the 
lacquers  as  required;  turmeric,  gamboge,  and  dragon's 
blood,  generally  afford  a  sufficient  range  of  colours. 

2.  Gold-coloured  Lacquer. — Shellac  and  turmeric,  of 
each  8  oz.,  sandarac  and  annatto,  of  each  2  oz.,  dragon's 
blood,  i  oz.,  spirit,  1  gallon. 

3.  Shellac,  4  oz.,  gamboge,  J  oz.,  pyro-acetic  ether,  24  oz. ; 
mix,  and  dissolve.  Decant  the  clear,  and  for  use,  mix 
with  8  times  the  quantity  of  spirit.— Ross.  This  mode 
is  adopted  to  take  up  the  resinous  parts  only. 

Lacquer  for  Brass. — Shellac,  gamboge,  dragon's  blood, 
each  4  parts,  saffron,  1  part,  rectified  spirit,  25  parts. 
Digest  with  heat,  and  strain. 

Lagena. — A  stone,  or  other  phial. 

Languncula. — A  little  bottle. 

Lake  Blue. — A  mixed  solution  of  pearl  ash  and  prussiate 
of  potash  is  precipitated  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of 
iron,  1  part,  and  alum,  8  parts.  The  product  is  blue 
lake,  or  Saxon  blue. 

Lake  Drop. — 1.  Brazil  wood,  4  oz.,  water,  1  gallon,  boil, 
add  alum,  6  oz.,  strain,  add  solution  of  tin,  2  oz.,  and 
precipitate  with  liquor  of  potash,  avoiding  any  excess  of 
alkali. 
2.  To  a  strong  decoction  of  Brazil  wood,  add  washed  and 
recently  precipitated  alumina. 

Lake,  Madder. — Madder,  2  oz.,  tie  it  in  a  cloth,  beat  it  in 


152  LAK — LEA. 

one  pint  of  water,  in  an  earthen  mortar,  and  repeat  the 
process  with  about  5  pints  of  water,  until  the  madder 
ceases  to  yield  colour.  Boil  the  mixed  solutions  in  an 
earthen  vessel,  add  1  oz.  of  alum  dissolved  in  a  pint  of 
boiling  water,  stir,  and  add  1J  oz.  of  saturated  solution 
of  carbonate  of  potash.  When  cold,  pour  off  the  liquor, 
agitate  the  powder  in  1  quart  of  boiling  water,  drain, 
and  dry.  Sir  H.  C.  Inglefield  was  rewarded  for  this 
formula  with  the  gold  medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

Lake,  Red. — Cochineal  in  coarse  powder,  1  part,  distilled 
water,  and  rectified  spirit,  of  each  2  parts,  digest  7  days, 
and  add  every  2  hours  a  few  drops  of  solution  of  tin, 
until  the  whole  is  precipitated,  wash  in  distilled  water, 
and  dry. 

Lapis  Divinus. — 1.  Alum,  verdigris,  and  nitre,  equal  parts ; 
melt  together. — Beer. 
2.  Alum,  nitre,  and  sulphate  of  copper,  of  each  1  oz.,  cam- 
phor, 1  drachm;  melt  together. — Paris   Codex.     Used 
1  oz.  to  1  pint  of  water,  for  an  eye-water. 

Lapis  Infernalis  Alkalinus. — Hydrate  of  potash. 

Lard,  Purified. — Lard,  28  lbs.,  melt  it  by  a  steam  bath; 
add  alum,  1  oz.,  table  salt,  2  oz.,  skim  off  all  impurities, 
and  when  cold  the  lard  must  be  ground  on  a  painter's  slab, 
and  washed  with  clean  water.  It  is  finally  remelted, 
and  is  then  pure  and  inodorous.     Used  by  perfumers. 

Lavender,  British,  (Smith's.) — English  oil  of  lavender, 
1  oz.,  essence  of  ambergris,  J  oz.,  eau  de  Cologne,  10 
oz,,  rectified  spirit,  1  pint;  mix. 

Lavender  Water. — Oil  of  lavender,  4  oz.,  rose  water,  5 
oz.,  spirit,  30  oz.     Mix,  and  filter. 

Lead. — A  bluish  white  metal;  sp.  gr.  11-45;  melts  at  600°, 
but  then  rapidly  oxides.  Nitric  and  acetic  acids  act  on 
lead  more  than  the  other  acids,  and  with  them  it  forms 
various  salts.  Its  equivalent  is  103-7;  its  symbol  Pb. 
(Plumbum.)  In  the  arts  lead  is  much  used  for  cis- 
terns, roofs,  pipes,  &c,  &c.  Its  alloys  are  also  in  great 
demand.  With  antimony  it  forms  the  alloy  used  for 
printing-types  and  stereotype  plates;  with  tin  it  makes 


LEA.  153 

organ-pipe  metal  and  solders;  with  other  metals  it  forms 
bronze;  and  in  globes  it  forms  gun-shot.  It  is  not  used 
in  its  pure  state  as  a  medicine. 

Lead,  Acetate  of — No  formula  given  in  the  P.  L.  for  its 
preparation.     The  P.  E.  orders  it  to  be  prepared  thus : 

Litharge,  14  oz.,  pyroligneous  acid  (sp.  gr.  1*034,)  2  pints, 
distilled  water,  1  pint.  Mix  the  acid  and  water,  add 
the  litharge,  dissolve  with  a  gentle  heat,  filter,  and  con- 
centrate until  it  crystallizes  on  cooling. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Soluble  in  water  (acidulated 
with  acetic  acid,  U.)  By  carbonate  of  soda  a  white 
precipitate  is  thrown  down,  by  iodide  of  potassium  a 
yellow  one,  by  hydro-sulphuric  acid  it  is  blackened. 
Sulphuric  acid  added  to  it,  evolves  acetous  odours.  If 
100  grains  are  dissolved  in  water,  and  sulphate  of  soda 
is  added,  80  grains  of  sulphate  of  lead  are  precipitated. 

Astringent;  used  in  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  menorrhagia, 
in  doses  of  1  to  3  grains,  generally  combined  in  pill  with 
opium.  Externally,  it  is  sometimes  used  in  solution  as 
a  cooling  astringent  lotion. 

Lead,  Iodide  of,  L. — Acetate  of  lead,  8  oz.,  iodide  of  po- 
tassium, 7  oz.,  distilled  water,  1  gallon.  Dissolve  the 
acetate  in  6  pints  of  water,  and  strain ;  add  the  iodide, 
first  dissolved  in  2  pints  of  water.  Wash  the  precipi- 
tate with  cold  distilled  water,  dry  and  preserve  in  a  dark 
vessel. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Yellowish  powder,  soluble  in 
boiling  water,  and  deposits  shining  yellow  scales  on  cool- 
ing. Melts  by  heat,  and  is  mostly  dissipated,  first  in 
yellow,  then  in  violet  vapours.  If  100  grains  are  dis- 
solved by  heat  in  nitric  acid,  diluted  with  twice  its  weight 
of  water,  and  after  the  iodine  is  expelled,  sulphate  of 
soda  be  added,  66  grains  of  sulphate  of  lead  are  thrown 
down.     Light  should  be  excluded  from  this  salt. 

Used  as  other  compounds  of  iodine.  Internally  in  doses 
of  3  or  4  grains,  and  externally  as  an  ointment. 

Lead,  Oxide  of,  L. — Used  to  make  some  plasters  in  the 
Pharmacopoeia.     Not  used  internally. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Almost  or  entirely  soluble  in  di- 
lute nitric  acid ;  this  solution  turns  black  on  adding  hy- 


154  LEA — LEE. 

drosulphuric  acid.  Potash  throws  down  a  white  precipi- 
tate, and  in  excess  re-dissolves  it.  If  100  grains  of  this 
oxide  are  dissolved  in  dilute  nitric  acid,  135  grains  of 
sulphate  of  lead  are  precipitated,  on  the  addition  of  sul- 
phate of  soda. 

Leather,  to  Fasten  on  Metal. — Steep  the  leather  in  a 
hot  infusion  of  gall-nuts,  wash  the  metal  with  a  hot  so- 
lution of  gelatine.  Press  the  leather  on  the  metal,  and 
allow  it  to  cool,  when  it  will  be  firmly  fixed. 

Leather,  Water-proof  (Composition  for.) — Mutton  or 
beef  tallow,  32  parts,  linseed  oil,  32  parts,  bees'-wax, 
24  parts,  neatsfoot  oil,  6  parts,  lamp-black,  4  parts, 
litharge  or  red-lead,  2  parts.  The  whole  to  be  mixed 
by  heat. 

Leeches  (Hirudines.*) — Leeches  are  best  preserved  in  clean 
rain  or  pond  water;  in  spring  water  they  soon  die.  The 
water  should  not  be  changed  too  often;  once-a-week  in 
summer,  and  once-a-month  in  winter,  being  sufficient, 

*  unless  it  becomes  foul.  Leeches,  when  applied,  do  not 
probe  the  skin  like  a  lancet-point,  but  act  by  a  saw-like 
motion  until  the  skin  is  pierced,  they  then  suck,  if  un- 
disturbed, until  the  caecal  pouches  are  full,  and  finally 
drop  off.  A  little  salt  is  usually  sprinkled  on  to  cause 
them  to  disgorge  the  blood,  and  they  are  gently  pressed 
between  the  fingers,  from  the  tail  to  the  head,  to  facili- 
tate this  effect.  When  leeches  do  not  readily  bite,  means 
are  used  to  induce  them.  The  skin  in  all  cases  should 
be  well  washed  and  dried,  and  the  leech  gently  dried  in 
a  soft  cloth;  it  may  then  be  put  in  a  pill-box  or  wine- 
glass, which  is  pressed  on  the  part  to  be  operated  on. 
When  they  do  not  yet  bite,  a  small  puncture  should 
be  made  with  a  lancet,  to  draw  blood,  and  they  will  then 
mostly  take  hold.  This  mode  is  also  used  when  the 
spot  to  be  drawn  from  is  near  the  eye,  &c,  or,  if  the 
leech  is  lively,  it  may  be  put  in  a  large  quill,  and  the 
head  placed  towards  the  part,  while  the  thumb  prevents 
its  retreat  at  the  opposite  end.  As  the  amount  of  blood 
drawn  by  leeches  is  not  large,  hot  poultices  or  fomen- 
tations are  applied  to  increase  the  discharge,  or  the  cup- 


LEM— LIL.  155 

ping-glasses  may  be  used.  When  sufficient  is  drawn, 
the  bites  mostly  close  without  much  attention,  but  in 
some  cases  they  are  very  troublesome;  they  should  then 
be  pressed  with  lint  soaked  in  a  solution  of  alum  or  the 
tincture  of  sesquichloride  of  iron,  or  a  fine  point  of  ni- 
trate of  silver  should  be  inserted  a  minute  distance.  If 
the  bleeding  still  continues,  the  skin  must  have  a  needle 
pressed  through  the  edges,  and  silk  twisted  round  it. 

Lemon  Juice,  {factitious.') — 1.  Citric  acid,  2J  oz.,  gum,  J 
oz.,  lemon-peel,  f  oz.,  lump  sugar,  2  oz.,  boiling  water, 
1  quart;  macerate  till  cold,  and  strain.  Quality  su- 
perior. 
2.  Citric  acid,  8}  drachms,  water,  16  oz.,  essence  of  lemon 
to  flavour,  20  drops,  sugar,  1  oz. 

Lemonade. — 1.  Slice  2  lemons,  pour  on  1  pint  of  boiling 
water,  and  add  2  oz.  of  loaf  sugar. 

2.  Fresh  lemon  juice,  4  oz.,  lemon-peel,  J  oz.,  white  sugar, 
4  oz.,  boiling  water,  3  pints;  cool  and  strain. — Brande. 

3.  Concentrated. — Lemon  juice,  8  oz.,  lump  sugar,  15  oz.; 
dissolve;  add  of  tincture  of  lemon-peel  sufficient  to  fla- 
vour it.  For  use  mix  with  water,  with  or  without  a 
little  syrup  of  ginger. 

4.  Aerated. — Water,  charged  with  5  times  its  volume  of 
carbonic  acid  gas,  1  pint,  syrup  of  lemons,  2  oz. — Paris 
Codex. 

Lemonade  Powders. — 1.  White  sugar,  36  drachms,  car- 
bonate of  soda,  4  drachms,  essence  of  lemon,  15  drops; 
divide  into  12  blue  papers.  In  12  white  papers  divide 
6  drachms  of  tartaric  acid.  Mix  the  first  well  in  water, 
and  add  the  last.  Each  powder  contains  3  drachms  of 
sugar,  20  grains  of  soda,  2  drops  of  essence  of  lemon, 
and  30  grains  of  acid.     Pleasant  refrigerant  drink. 

2.  In  one  paper. — Dried  citric  or  tartaric  acid,  25  grains, 
dried  carbonate  of  soda,  20  grains,  sugar  dried,  2  dr. ; 
mix  in  fine  powder,  and  add  essence  of  lemon,  1  drop. 
The  first  form  is  the  best. 
Lily  of  the  Valley. — Extract  of  orange-flowers,  2  oz.,  of 
vanilla,  3  oz.,  of  jasmine,  1  oz.,  of  rose  and  of  cassia,  of 
each  5  oz.,  of  tuberuse,  10  oz.,  essential  oil  of  almonds, 
3  drops.     A  good  perfume. 


156  LIM — LIN. 

Limatura  Martis  Preparata. — Iron  filings. 

Lime. — No  directions  are  given  in  the  P.  L.,  but  the  P.  E. 
directs  to  "Heat  white  marble,  broken  into  small  frag- 
ments, in  a  covered  crucible,  at  a  full  red-heat  for  3 
hours."  It  is  caustic  when  applied  to  the  skin,  and 
is  used  internally  mixed  with  water,  then  called  lime- 
water.  When  first  treated  with  water  it  swells  out, 
then  becomes  very  hot,  and  at  last  falls  into  powder,  the 
hydrate  of  lime,  or  slaked  lime.  It  has  the  remarkable 
property  of  being  more  soluble  in  cold  than  in  hot  water; 
freezing  water  will  dissolve  about  twice  as  much  as  boil- 
ing water. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Water  being  added,  it  crum- 
bles into  powder.  It  is  dissolved  without  effervescence 
by  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  nothing  is  precipitable 
on  the  addition  of  ammonia  in  excess. 
Lime,  Chlorinated. — Prepared  on  the  large  scale  only. 
The  usual  process  is  to  expose  lime  (recently  slaked)  to 
the  vapours  of  chlorine  in  close  chambers,  the  gas  is 
absorbed  in  large  quantities  by  the  lime;  and  forms 
chlorinated  lime;  four  or  five  days  are  requisite  to  com- 
plete the  combination.  It  is  a  powerful  bleacher,  and 
is  popularly  used  as  a  disinfectant.  u  It  is  dissolved 
in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  emitting  chlorine." 

Linen,  when  woven  with  cotton,  may  be  tested  as  follows : 
Immerse  a  slip  of  cloth  in  boiling  hydrate  of  potash  and 
water,  equal  parts,  in  3  minutes  remove  the  slip,  and 
dry  it  between  blotting  papers.  The  cotton  threads,  if 
pulled  asunder,  will  show  a  white  or  bright  yellow  colour, 
the  linen  a  dark  yellow.  In  using  the  alkali,  a  glass, 
porcelain,  or  silver  vessel  must  be  employed. — Dr. 
Boettger. 

Liniment. — A  fluid  external  application,  generally  applied 
with  the  hand,  using  continuous  moderate  friction. 

Of  Ammonia,  L. — Solution  of  ammonia,  1  oz.,  olive  oil, 
2  oz.;  shake  until  mixed.  A  stimulant  application  to 
swellings  or  bruises,  and  may  be  rendered  anodyne  by 
adding  a  little  extract  of  belladonna. 

Of  Camphor,  L. — Camphor,  1  oz.,  olive  oil,  4  fluid  oz. ; 


LIN.  157 

dissolve  by  trituration.  A  stimulant  application  in 
sprains,  bruises,  or  rheumatism. 

Of  Camphor, —  Compound,  L. — Camphor,  2 $  oz.,  stronger 
ammonia,  3  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  17  oz.,  oil  of  lavender, 
1  drachm;  dissolve  the  camphor  in  the  spirit,  add  the 
oil  and  the  ammonia,  shake  until  mixed.  More  power- 
ful than  the  simple  liniment,  and  is  sometimes  used 
with  an  addition  of  Jth  of  tincture  of  opium. 

Of  Lime,  L. — Lime-water  and  olive  oil,  of  each  10  oz.; 
shake  until  mixed.  Generally  employed  to  relieve  the 
pain  of  a  burn  or  scald. 

Of  Mercury,  L. — Ointment  of  mercury  and  lard,  of  each 
4  oz.,  camphor,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  1  drachm,  solution 
of  ammonia,  4  oz.;  rub  together  the  camphor  and  spirit, 
then  triturate  with  the  lard,  the  ointment,  and  the  am- 
monia, added  separately.  One  drachm  contains  10  grs. 
of  mercury.  Used  to  stimulate  chronic  venereal  pains, 
and  various  obstinate  swellings. 

Of  Opium,  L. — Tincture  of  opium,  2  oz.,  liniment  of 
soap,  6  oz.;  mix.  Used  as  a  sedative  externally,  when 
opium  cannot  be  taken  internally;  it  is  often  mixed 
with  the  compound  liniment  of  camphor. 

Of  Sesquicarbonate  of  Ammonia,  L. — Solution  of  ses- 
quicarbonate  of  ammonia,  1  oz.,  olive  oil,  3  oz.;  mix, 
with  agitation.  Less  powerful  than  the  liniment  of 
ammonia,  but  employed  in  similar  cases. 

Of  Soap,  L. — Soap,  2 $  oz.,  camphor,  10  drachms,  spirit 
of  rosemary,  18  oz.,  distilled  water,  2  oz.;  mix  the  water 
and  spirit,  add  the  soap  and  camphor,  and  macerate 
until  dissolved.  Less  powerful  than  the  compound  cam- 
phor liniment,  but  similarly  employed. 

Of  Turpentine,  L. — Soft  soap,  2  oz.,  camphor,  1  oz.,  oil 
of  turpentine,  16  oz.;  mix.  Stimulating  application, 
applied  to  burns,  &c. 

Liniment,  White. — Oil  of  turpentine,  2  oz.,  ammonia,  2 
oz.,  soap  liniment,  3  oz.,  spirit  of  rosemary,  1  oz.,  vine- 
gar, 8  oz.     Mix. 
Of  Verdigris,  L. — Powdered  verdigris,  1  oz.,  vinegar,  7 
oz.,  honey,  14  oz.;  dissolve  the  verdigris  in  the  vinegar, 
14 


158  LIP— LIT. 

strain  through  linen,  add  the  honey,  and  evaporate  to 
the  required  consistence.  Stimulant  to  indolent  vene- 
real, and  other  ulcers. 

Lip  Salve,  White. — Almond  oil,  4  oz.,  wax  and  sperma- 
ceti, of  each  1  oz.,  otto  of  roses,  20  drops. 
Rose. — The  above,  coloured  with  alkanet  root. 

Liquid  Soap. — Soft  soap,  1  lb.  rectified  spirit,  25  oz  ;  mix. 
Used  in  shaving,  and  may  be  scented  as  desired. 

Liquid  Blister. — Powdered  cantharides,  5  oz.,  sulphuric 
ether,  15  oz.     Mix. 

Liquors,  or  Cold  Infusions. — Macerate  the  substance, 
coarsely  bruised  or  powdered,  in  twice  its  weight  of  cold 
distilled  water;  at  the  end  of  six  hours  strain,  and  add 
fresh  water  equal  in  amount  to  the  first  product.  Con- 
tinue this  process  until  the  active  principle  appears  to  be 
exhausted.  Evaporate  the  cold  infusion,  at  a  tempera- 
ture not  exceeding  160°,  to  the  specific  gravity  of  1,200°, 
and  add  as  much  rectified  spirit  as  will  reduce  the  specific 
gravity  to  1,100. — Battley. 

Lisbon  Diet  Drink. — A  preparation  of  sarsaparilla  became 
celebrated  under  this  title.  It  is  no  longer  used,  the 
compound  decoction  of  sarsaparilla  being  always  substi- 
tuted. 

Lithography. — The  practice  of  engraving  on  stone.  The 
artist  may  draw  on  the  stone  direct,  or  on  transfer-paper, 
which  is  then  pressed  forcibly  on  the  stone  and  leaves  a 
reverse  impression.  When  the  drawing  is  made,  a  weak 
solution  of  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid  is  poured  upon 
the  stone,  and  by  abstracting  the  alkali  from  the  ink, 
leaves  it  permanently  fixed  on  the  stone.  This  operation 
is  termed  etching  in,  and  is  performed  with  one  part  of 
acid  in  100  parts  of  water;  the  stone  is  next  washed 
with  water,  and  weak  gum-water  is  poured  on  it  to  fill 
up  the  pores,  so  that  the  drawing  shall  not  spread. 
When  all  is  ready  a  wet  cloth  is  passed  over  the  whole, 
the  water  immediately  leaves  the  greasy  lines,  but  re- 
mains on  the  stone,  and  the  ink  roller  is  passed  over  it. 
The  ink  adheres  to  the  drawing,  but  leaves  the  stone 


LIT.  159 

untouched,  and  when  one  impression  has  been  taken, 
the  stone  is  again  wetted  and  rolled  for  the  succeeding 
one.  See  Ink,  and  Crayons,  Lithographic. 
Transfer-paper  is  prepared  thus:  Make  a  mucilage  with 
i  oz.  of  gum  tragacanth,  strain,  add  1  oz.  of  glue,  and  J 
oz.  of  gamboge.  Mix  French  chalk,  4  oz.,  old  Paris 
plaster,  \  oz.,  starch,  1  oz.;  run  them  through  a  sieve, 
grind  with  the  mixed  mucilage,  add  water  to  reduce  to  the 
consistence  of  oil,  and  apply  it  with  a  brush  to  thin  sized 
paper.  The  drawing  made  on  this  prepared  side  of  the 
paper  is  wetted  at  the  back  and  placed  on  the  stone, 
which  is  warmed  to  125°  F.,  the  whole  is  then  strongly 
pressed  in  the  lithographic  press,  and  the  stone  receives 
the  impression,  which  may  be  printed  from  as  usual. 
When  two  impressions  are  required,  a  red  composition 
is  made  of  wax,  2  parts,  soap,  1  part,  and  vermilion  U* 
colour,  all  melted  in  a  saucepan,  and  ground  with  watei* 
to  the  consistence  of  cream.  This  is  spread  thinly  on 
the  second  stone,  an  impression  from  the  first  stone  is 
next  applied,  and  the  second  drawing  is  thus  made  to 
correspond  with  the  first  exactly:  If,  in  printing,  the 
drawing  becomes  smutty,  mix  equal  parts  of  water,  olive 
oil,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  shake  till  they  froth,  wet  the 
stone,  throw  this  froth  on  it,  and  rub  it  with  a  soft 
sponge.  The  printing  ink  will  be  dissolved,  and  the 
drawing  will  almost  disappear,  but,  on  rolling  it,  it  re- 
appears as  clear  as  at  first.  When  the  stone  is  laid  by 
for  future  use,  a  preserving  ink  is  applied,  to  prevent 
the  surface  printing  ink  becoming  too  hard.  Thick 
varnish  of  linseed  oil,  2  parts,  tallow,  4  parts,  wax  and 
Venice  turpentine,  of  each  1  part;  melt;  add,  by  degrees, 
lamp-black,  4  parts,  mix  thoroughly,  and  preserve  in  a 
tin  case.  This  must  be  rolled  on  the  stone  each  time 
before  laying  it  aside  for  future  use.  When  the  whole  of 
the  impressions  are  completed,  and  the  stones  required 
for  other  drawings,  two  of  the  stones  are  laid  face  to  face 
and  ground  with  sand  and  water  until  the  surfaces  are 
clear.  They  are  finally,  more  or  less,  polished  with  pu- 
mice stone,  according  to  the  required  fineness,  and  are 
then  prepared  to   receive   other   drawings. — Fielding. 


160  LOC— LOZ. 

The  ink  used  to  write  on  the  transfer-paper  is  called  auto- 
graphic  ink,  and  from  another  source  the  following  re- 
cipe is  given :  White  wax,  8  parts,  white  soap,  2  to  3 
parts;  melt  gradually;  acid  lamp-black,  1  part,  mix,  add 
shellac,  2  parts,  and,  when  well  combined,  mould  to  the 
crayon  form.  Transfer-paper  is  also  made  by  coating 
paper  with  3  coats  of  thin  size,  1  of  starch,  and  1  of 
gamboge,  letting  it  dry  between  each,  but  the  form  above 
is  preferable,  and  far  less  troublesome.  Another  recipe 
for  preparing  transfer-paper  orders  alum,  whereas  Field- 
ing remarks,  on  the  quality  of  the  printing  papers, 
"  Chinese  papers  have  sometimes  a  strong  taste  of  alum, 
this  is  so  fatal  as  sometimes  to  spoil  the  drawing  after 
the  first  impression/ ' — its  omission  would,  therefore, 
appear  important.  "Paper  made  from  rags  which  have 
been  bleached  with  oxymuriatic  acid,  will  irremediably 
destroy  the  drawing  after  thirty  impressions."  By 
means  of  this  branch  of  printing,  drawings,  maps,  cir- 
culars, almanacs,  &c,  are  now  daily  distributed  at 
cheap  rates,  and  beautifully  executed,  while  the  art  is  so 
easily  acquired,  that,  for  the  purpose  of  correspondence, 
&c,  it  is  used  to  save  time  in  some  large  offices.  Its 
main  features  may  be  best  comprehended  by  viewing  a 
lithographic  office,  or  by  visiting  any  of  the  exhibitions 
which  have  been  opened  of  late  in  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tutes and  elsewhere,  to  afford  instruction  in  the  arts  and 
sciences. 

Locock's  Pulmonic  Wafers. — Lump-sugar  and  starch,  of 
each  2  parts,  gum  10  parts,  squills  and  ipecacuanha, 
of  each  5  parts,  lactucarium,  2  parts.  Mix,  and  divide 
into  8  grain  lozenges. 

Lozenge. — A  solid  form  of  medicine  or  confection,  intended 
to  dissolve  gradually  in  the  mouth.  The  mucilage  of 
tragacanth,  or  acacia  and  the  white  of  egg  are  usually 
employed  to  give  consistence  to  the  mass,  and  when  the 
whole  is  a  uniform  stiff  paste,  it  is  rolled  to  the  proper 
thickness  and  punched  out  to  shape.  They  are  then 
dried  on  inverted  sieves  in  a  warm  temperature;  starch 
or  other  powder  is  used  to  prevent  their  adhering  to- 


LOZ.  161 

gether,  and  dust  is  carefully  excluded.  The  lozenges 
must  be  turned  daily,  until  they  become  sufficiently  hard. 
The  mass  of  this  class  of  drugs  are  prepared  by  the  con- 
fectioner; no  directions  are,  therefore,  given  in  the  P.  L. 
for  any  lozenges,  but  the  P.  E.  has  retained  the  forms  of 
a  few  which  are  in  general  use. 

Lozenges,  Acacia,  E. — Gum  Arabic,  4  oz.,  starch,  1  oz., 
pure  sugar,  1  lb.  Mix  the  powdered  ingredients,  and 
make  a  lozenge  mass  with  rose-water.  Used  at  pleasure 
as  a  demulcent  in  coughs. 

Lozenges,  Chalk,  E. — Prepared  chalk,  4  oz.,  gum  Arabic, 
1  oz.,  nutmeg,  1  drachm,  pure  sugar,  6  oz.;  mix  the 
powder  with  water.  Used  at  pleasure  as  an  astringent 
in  chronic  diarrhoea. 

Lozenges,  Lactucarium,  E.—  Prepared  as  opium  lozenges, 
but  using  lactucarium  instead  of  opium.  Used  as  a 
sedative  in  irritable  coughs;  they  do  not  excite  headache 
or  constipation  so  readily  as  the  lozenges  of  opium. 
Each  lozenge  contains  about  one-seventh  of  a  grain  of 
lactucarium;  they  may  be  taken  at  pleasure. 

Lozenges,  Liquorice,  E. — Extract  of  liquorice  and  gum 
Arabic,  of  each  6  oz.,  pure  sugar,  1  lb;  dissolve  them 
in  a  sufficiency  of  boiling  water,  then  concentrate  the 
solution  over  a  vapour  bath  to  the  proper  consistence. 
Used  at  pleasure  as  a  demulcent  in  coughs. 

Lozenges,  Magnesia,  E. — Carbonate  of  Magnesia,  6  oz., 
pure  sugar,  3  oz.,  nutmeg,  1  scruple.  Mix  the  pow- 
ders to  a  suitable  mass  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth. 
Used  as  an  antacid  and  laxative;  each  lozenge  contains 
about  8  to  10  grains  of  magnesia. 

Lozenges,  Morphia,  E. — Muriate  of  morphia,  1  scruple, 
tincture  of  tolu,  \  oz.,  pure  sugar,  25  oz.  Mix  the 
morphia  in  a  little  hot  water,  then  combine  the  whole 
with  sufficient  mucilage  to  make  lozenges,  each  of  which 
should  weigh  about  15  grains.  Used  as  a  sedative; 
each  grain  contains  about  one-fortieth  of  a  grain  of 
muriate  of  morphia. 

Lozenges,  Morphia  and  Ipecacuanha,  E. — Muriate  of 
morphia,  1  scruple,  ipecacuanha,  1  drachm,  tincture  of 
tolu;  \  oz.;  pure  sugar,  25  oz.  Proceed  as  for  morphia 
14* 


162  loz. 

lozenges.  Used  for  coughs;  if  taken  in  excess  they 
excite  nausea.  Each  lozenge  contains  about  one-fortieth 
of  a  grain  of  muriate  of  morphia,  and  one-twelfth  of  a 
grain  of  ipecacuanha.     3  or  4  may  be  taken  daily. 

Lozenges,  Opium,  E. — Opium,  2  drachms,  tincture  of 
tolu,  i  oz.,  pure  sugar,  6  oz.,  gum  acacia  and  extract  of 
liquorice,  of  each  5  oz.  Reduce  the  opium  to  a  fluid 
extract,  mix  it  with  the  liquorice  previously  reduced  to 
the  consistence  of  treacle,  sprinkle  the  gum  and  sugar 
into  the  mass,  and  when  of  a  proper  consistence  divide 
into  10  grain  lozenges.  Each  lozenge  contains  about 
one-seventh  of  a  grain  of  opium.  Several  may  be 
taken  in  the  day  to  relieve  coughs. 

Lozenges,  Soda,  E. — Bicarbonate  of  soda,  1  drachm, 
pure  sugar,  3  oz.,  gum  Arabic,  \  oz.  Mix  the  powders 
with  mucilage.     Use  as  an  antacid  in  heartburn,  &c. 

Lozenges,  Tartaric  Acid,  E. — Tartaric  acid,  2  drachms, 
pure  sugar,  8  oz.,  volatile  oil  of  lemons,  10  drops. 
Powder  the  sugar  and  acid,  add  the  oil,  and  mix  to  a 
mass  with  mucilage.  Used  at  pleasure;  refrigerant  in 
feverish  attacks.  These  lozenges  resemble  acid-drops, 
and  they  are  often  used  to  cut  the  phlegm  in  tickling 
coughs. 

Though  the  P.  L.  has  omitted  to  notice  this  form  of  pre- 
paring medicine,  yet  as  opium,  morphia,  and  other 
powerful  drugs  are  made  up  in  this  manner,  it  would 
be  much  more  satisfactory  to  have  some  fixed  standard 
of  strength,  instead  of  the  varieties  which  are  met  with 
in  the  trade.  Some  lozenges  of  opium  have  i,  others 
4  to  i  of  a  grain  in  each;  the  morphia  lozenges  contain 
one-fortieth  to  one- twenty-fourth  of  a  grain  of  morphia, 
and  other  kinds  vary  even  more  than  these.  In  default 
of  any  fixed  standard,  all  the  opium  or  morphia  lozenges 
should  be  stamped  one-seventh,  one-twenty-fourth,  &c, 
to  indicate  the  strength  at  which  the  maker  prepares 
them,  being  so  much  of  a  grain  in  each.  Lozenges  are 
sometimes  made  up  according  to  private  prescription; 
in  such  cases  the  druggist  can  have  any  medicine  pre- 
pared into  lozenges,  by  sending  it  to  the  confectioner 
with  proper  instructions  as  to  the  quantity  to  be  allowed 


loz.  163 

in  each.  This  ensures  their  being  neatly  and  correctly 
made  up,  while  the  active  ingredients  are  known  to  the 
proprietor  only. 

Lozenges,  Aniseed. — Powdered  sugar,  3  lbs.,  umber,  3 
drachms,  oil  of  aniseed,  50  drops,  mucilage,  q.  s. 

Black  Currant. — Sugar,  3  fibs.,  extract  of  black  currants, 
3  fibs.,  tartaric  acid,  1  oz.,  powdered  gum,  6  oz. 

Camphor. — Sugar,  3  lbs.,  smalt  blue,  J  drachm,  cam- 
phor, 1  oz.  Dissolved  in  spirit,  q.  s.,  and  mucilage  to 
mix. 

Cinnamon. — Sugar,  4  lbs.,  drop  lake,  12  grains,  gamboge, 

2  scruples,  oil  of  cassia,  1  drachm,  mucilage  to  mix. 
Chalk. — Sugar,  1  lb.,  prepared  chalk,  2  oz.,  mucilage  to 

mix. 

Cough. — Liquorice  juice,  1  lb.,  sugar,  4£  lbs.,  liquorice 
powder,  1J  oz.,  tragacanth  powder,  1}  oz.,  starch  pow- 
der, 1  i  oz.,  gum  Arabic,  2  J  oz.,  oil  of  aniseed,  75  drops. 

Ginger. — Sugar,  7  lbs.,  ginger,  12  oz.,  mucilage  to  mix. 

Ipecacuanha. — Sugar,  4  lbs.,  ipec.  powder,  1  oz.,  otto  of 
roses,  4  drops,  mucilage  to  mix. 

Ipec.  with  Tolu. — Add  to  the  last  tincture  of  tolu,  $  oz., 
cream  of  tartar,  2  oz. 

Lavender. — Sugar,  3  lbs.,  English  oil  of  lavender,  1 
drachm,  drop  lake,  20  grains,  mucilage  q.  s. 

Peppermint. — Sugar,  12  lbs.,  smalts,  2  scruples,  English 
oil  of  peppermint,  1  oz.,  mucilage  to  mix. 

Magnesia. — Sugar,  8  lbs.,  smalts,  i  drachm,  heavy  mag- 
nesia, 8  oz.,  precipitated  chalk,  8  oz.,  oil  of  nutmeg, 
20  drops,  mucilage  to  mix. 

Nitre. — Sugar,  3  lbs.,  nitre,  1  lb.,  smalts,  5  drachm,  mu- 
cilage to  mix. 

Opium. — Sugar,  4  lbs.,  powdered  opium,  2  drachms, 
mucilage  to  mix. 

Paregoric. — Sugar,  8  lbs.,  drop  lake,  1  drachm,  pare- 
goric, 1  oz.,  tartaric  acid,  J  oz.     Mix  with  mucilage. 

Pectoral. — Opium,  6  grains,  camphor,  20  grains,  sugar, 

3  drachms.  Mix  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth,  and 
make  48  lozenges.     Four  to  six  may  be  used  daily. 

Pose. — Red. — Sugar,  8  lbs.,  drop  lake,  1  drachm,  tartaric 
acid,  f  oz.,  otto  of  roses,  4  drops.     Mix  with  mucilage. 


164  LUT — MAG. 

Lozenges,  Acid. — Sugar,  8  lbs.,  tartaric  acid,  J  oz.,  otto 
of  roses,  8  drops,  smalts,  1  drachm,  mucilage  q.  s. 
Lute. — A  protection  to  the  joints  of  chemical  vessels,  steam- 
pipes,  &c.  When  the  heat  does  not  exceed  212°,  lin- 
seed meal  made  into  a  paste  with  water  serves  as  a  lute, 
or  plaster-of-paris  made  into  a  paste,  and,  after  apply  hag, 
rubbed  over  with  wax  and  oil,  will  bear  almost  a  red 
heat.  Fire-clay  and  brick-dust  made  into  a  paste  with 
a  solution  of  borax,  will  serve  to  join  pipes  exposed  to 
a  great  heat.  For  coating  retorts  the  electrotype  pro- 
cess is  now  successfully  resorted  to;  formerly  they  were 
covered  with  a  paste  of  pipe-clay,  horse-dung,  and 
water.  The  copper  covering  is,  however,  permanent, 
and  better  adapted  to  equalize  the  heat.  "  For  joining 
many  pipes,  small  tubes  of  India-rubber  are  inexpressi- 
bly useful." — Fownes. 

Macaroni  resembles  vermicelli,  except  in  size.  It  is  an 
article  of  sale  with  some  druggists,  and  is  used  in 
various  dishes.  Two  or  three  preparations  are  given 
below. 

1.  Boil  macaroni  in  salt  and  water  until  soft,  pour  away 
the  liquor,  and  add  to  the  macaroni — butter,  cream,  a 
little  grated  cheese,  and  if  preferred  a  little  spice  also. 
Toast  in  a  Dutch-oven  until  brown. 

2.  Instead  of  using  water,  boil  it  first  in  milk  or  weak 
veal  broth. 

3.  Padding. — Simmer  2  oz.  of  macaroni  in  milk  till  ten- 
der, adding  a  little  cinnamon  and  lemon-peel,  then  put 
it  in  a  dish,  with  one  egg  and  sufficient  sugar  and  nut- 
meg to  taste,  and  bake. 

Maceration. — The  infusion  of  any  substance  in  a  liquid 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  soluble  portion. 
Chiefly  applied  to  the  preparation  of  tinctures  and  in- 
fusions in  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy. 

Magistere  de  Soufre. — Precipitated  sulphur. 

Magnesia,  L. — Carbonate  of  magnesia,  1  lb.;  burn  it  in  a 
very  strong  fire  for  two  hours. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — When  moistened  with  water  it 


MAG — MAH.  165 

slightly  changes  the  colour  of  turmeric  to  brown.  It 
is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  without  effervescence, 
and  nothing  is  then  precipitated  on  the  addition  of  bi- 
carbonate of  potash,  or  chloride  of  barium. 

Tasteless,  scentless,  light  white  powder;  sp.  gr.  2*3;  forms 
salts  with  the  acids.  It  forms  a  solid  mass  with  balsam 
of  copaiba,  and  becomes  almost  solid  if  mixed  with  the 
solution  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  any  tincture  con- 
taining mucilaginous  ingredients,  as  tincture  of  colchi- 
cum,  &c.  Used  as  an  antacid  and  laxative,  but  its  use 
must  not  be  too  long  continued,  as  it  concretes  in  the 
bowels.     Dose:  15  to  30  grains. 

Magnesia,  Carbonate  of  L. — Sulphate  of  magnesia,  4 
lbs.,  carbonate  of  soda,  4  lb.  9  oz.,  boiling  distilled 
water,  4  gallons.     See  Carbonate  of  Magnesia. 

Magnesia}  Sulphate  of  L. — Does  not  deliquesce  in  the 
air,  dissolves  in  water;  if  sulphuric  acid  is  dropped  into 
this  solution,  no  hydrochloric  acid  is  evolved.  This  is 
the  common  Epsom  salts;  they  resemble  oxalic  acid  in 
the  appearance  of  the  crystals,  but  are  distinguished  by 
the  taste,  and  by  bicarbonate  of  soda  dissolving  in  the 
acid  with  effervescence,  while  it  has  no  effect  on  the 
true  Epsom  salt. 

Magnesian  Effervescing  Aperient. — Sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia, 12  oz.,  tartaric  acid,  8  oz.,  calcined  magnesia,  3 
oz.,  pure  sugar,  18  oz.,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  6  oz., 
essence  of  lemon,  30  drops.  Dry  the  powders  sepa- 
rately, mix  and  sieve  them,  then  bottle  securely.  Two 
or  three  teaspoonfuls  in  water  for  a  dose. 

Mahogany,  to  Imitate. — Use  beech,  box,  or  any  other 
close-grained  wood;  plane  it  level,  and  smooth  it  with 
fine  glass-paper.  Then  stain  it  by  any  of  the  following 
modes : — 
1.  Rub  the  surface  with  nitrous  acid,  and  afterwards  brush 
on  two  or  three  coats  of  the  following  mixture.  Dra- 
gon's-blood, 4J  oz.,  soda,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  3  pints; 
mix  and  apply.  When  dull  it  may  be  revived  by  using 
cold-drawn  linseed  oil  as  a  polish. 


166  MAL — MAR. 

2.  Aloes,  2  parts,  dragon's-blood,  1  part,  spirit,  20  parts; 
dissolve  and  apply.  Finish  with  oil  and  wax,  coloured 
with  alkanet. 
Malt  is  generally  prepared  from  barley,  which  is  steeped  in 
water  to  swell  out;  when  sufficiently  swollen  it  is  air- 
dried,  and  afterwards  stoved  at  a  heat  varying  from  90° 
to  165°,  according  to  the  required  colour.  At  the  lower 
heat  it  is  pale  malt,  at  a  higher  heat  amber,  and  after- 
wards pale  brown  malt.  It  is  used  to  prepare  various 
malt  liquors,  previous  to  which  it  is  ground  and  mashed. 
Grain  which  is  unlimited  is  sometimes  mixed  with  malt, 
but  if  a  handful  of  the  mixed  grains  be  thrown  into 
water,  the  unprepared  portion  sinks  to  the  bottom,  while 
malt  floats,  or  sinks  very  slightly. 

Manganese,  Binoxide  of,  is  the  most  common  of  the 
oxides  of  manganese;  it  has  a  black  colour,  is  insoluble 
in  water,  and  refuses  to  unite  with  acids.  It  is  largely 
used  to  prepare  chlorine,  and  is  introduced  into  the 
P.  L.  for  this  purpose.  Character,  P.  L. — "It  is 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  evolving  chlorine."  Heat 
disengages  oxygen;  and  it  is  therefore  used  by  the 
chemists  to  prepare  this  gas. 

Marble  is  used  to  prepare  carbonic  acid,  and  the  lime  of 
the  P.  E.  Marble  may  be  cleaned  by  using  a  little 
ox-gall,  with  soap-arid-water;  or  if  very  dirty,  spread 
over  it  some  mixed  lime  and  potash;  leave  it  a  day  or 
two,  and  wash  it  off. 

Marble ,  to  Stain. — Heat  the  marble  and  the  colouring 
liquid  moderately,  then  apply  the  solution  to  the  surface. 
For  blue  use  solution  of  litmus;  green,  wax,  coloured 
with  verdigris;  yellow,  tincture  of  gamboge  or  turme- 
ric; red,  tincture  of  alkanet  or  dragon's-blood;  crim- 
son, alkanet  in  turpentine;  flesh,  wax  tinged  with  alka- 
net; brown,  tincture  of  logwood;  gold,  equal  parts  of 
verdigris,  sal  ammoniac,  and  sulphate  of  zinc,  in  fine 
powder.  Considerable  experience  is  required  to  pro- 
duce the  best  effects. 

Marble,  to  Imitate. — Resin,  4  parts,  wax,  1  part;  melt 
together;  add  6  parts  of  a  hot  solution  of  glue,  pow- 


MEG — MER.  167 

dered  alum,  4  parts,  powdered  gypsum,  12  parts.  Co- 
lour the  composition  at  pleasure,  stir  in  some  refuse 
silk,  and  pour  into  moulds. 
Megilp. — Mastic  varnish,  1  part,  pale  drying  oil,  2  parts; 
mix.  May  be  thinned,  if  required,  with  turpentine. 
Used  by  painters  to  glaze  their  pictures. 

Mellago. — 3  parts  of  an  extract  with  1  part  of  water. 

Mercury  is  the  only  metal  which  is  fluid  at  common  tem- 
peratures. Its  sp.  gr.  is  13-5,  but  when  frozen  it 
becomes  15*5.  It  freezes  at  about  40°  F.,  and  boils  at 
about  662°  F.  Its  equivalent  is  202,  its  symbol  Hg. 
(hydrargyrum.)  It  is  much  used  in  the  arts  for  sil- 
vering looking-glasses,  wash  gilding,  in  making  thermo- 
meters, barometers,  compensating  pendulums  of  clocks, 
&c,  and  in  medicine  its  salts  are  an  important  class  of 
remedies.  In  its  primitive  state  it  appears  to  be  almost 
inert. 

Characters,  L. — Sp.  gr.  13*5;  volatilized  by  heat.  When 
the  globules  are  gently  rolled  on  a  sheet  of  paper,  no 
particles  adhere  to  the  paper. 

It  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  affected  by  hot  sulphuric 
acid,  but  not  by  any  others. 

Mercury,  Ammonio- Chloride  of,  L. — Bichloride  of  mer- 
cury, 6  oz.,  distilled  water,  6  pints,  solution  of  ammo- 
nia, 8  oz;  Dissolve  the  bichloride  in  the  water  by 
heat,  when  cool  add  the  ammonia,  frequently  shaking 
it.  Wash  the  precipitate  until  free  from  taste,  and 
dry  it. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — "A  white  powder,  which  sub- 
limes by  heat,  and  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with- 
out effervescence.  Heated  with  liquor  potassse,  it  ex- 
hales the  ammonia,  and  turns  yellow."  It  is'  the  lightest 
of  the  mercurial  compounds;  is  insoluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  or  water,  but  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric,  sulphuric, 
and  nitric  acids.  Calomel  turns  black  with  liquor 
potassse;  this  salt  turns  yellow.  Not  used  internally, 
but  as  an  ointment  externally,  in  skin  diseases. 

Mercury,  Bichloride  of,  L. — Mercury,  2  lbs.,  sulphuric 
acid,  21 J  oz.,  common  salt,  1J  lb.     Boil  down  the 


168  MER. 

mercury  with  the  acid  until  dry,  hypersulphate  of 
mercury  remains;  when  cold  rub  it  with  the  chloride 
in  an  earthen  mortar,  then,  by  a  gradually  increased 
heat,  sublime. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Crystalline  liquefies  by  heat, 
and  quickly  sublimes;  is  soluble  in  water,  ether,  and 
rectified  spirit.  What  is  precipitated  from  the  watery 
solution,  on  the  addition  of  potash,  soda,  or  lime-water, 
is  reddish,  or  if  abundantly  added,  it  is  yellow.  This 
last  substance,  on  the  application  of  heat,  evolves  oxy- 
gen, and  runs  into  globules  of  mercury. 

This  salt  of  mercury  is  soluble  in  16  parts  of  cold  water 
and  three  parts  of  boiling;  it  crystallizes  from  the  hot 
solution  on  cooling.  Ether  withdraws  it  from  an  aque- 
ous solution,  being  a  readier  solvent  than  water.  The 
bichloride  of  mercury  is  an  antiseptic,  and  is  used  as 
such  in  preserving  timber,  &c.  It  is  the  active  ingre- 
dient in  Gowland's  Lotion,  and  other  cosmetics.  In- 
ternally, in  large  doses,  it  is  a  powerful  poison;  it  has 
a  most  unpleasant  taste  on  swallowing  it,  and  acts  very 
speedily.  In  small  doses  it  is  used  with  sarsaparilla, 
&c,  as  an  alterative  in  syphilis,  but  is  rarely  given  if 
the  patient  has  a  cough  or  pulmonary  disease.  Exter- 
nally it  has  been  used  as  an  ointment,  but  it  is  not  safe, 
and  is  seldom  used;  with  liquor  potassse,  it  forms  the 
yellow  wash  for  scrofulous  or  syphilitic  ulcers.  Dose : 
the  best  form  is  the  officinal  solution,  beginning  with 
10  drops,  and  gradually  increasing  to  30  or  40  drops; 
in  the  solid  form  it  is  given  one-sixteenth  to  one-eighth 
of  a  grain  in  pills. 

Mercury ,  Bisulphuret  of,  L. — Mercury,  2  lbs.,  sulphur,  5 
oz.  Melt  the  sulphur  over  the  fire,  add  the  mercury, 
and  as  soon  as  the  mass  swells,  remove  the  vessel  and 
cover  closely  lest  the  mixture  take  fire,  then  rub  the 
mass  to  powder  and  sublime  it.  Characters,  L. — 
Sublimes  by  heat,  but  if  potash  is  added  it  runs  into 
globules  of  mercury. 

This  is  the  brilliant  red  pigment  Vermilion.  It  is  not 
used  internally,  but  sometimes  externally  its  heated 
vapour  is  used  as  a  fumigation  for  ulcerated  surfaces. 


MER.  169 

Mercury ',  Chloride  of,  L. — Mercury,  4  lbs.,  sulphuric 
acid,  21  \  oz.,  common  salt,  1J  lb.;  boil  2  lbs.  of  the 
mercury  in  the  acid  until  dry,  hypersulphate  of  mer- 
cury remains;  when  cool,  rub  this  with  the  remaining 
mercury  in  an  earthenware  mortar,  and  mix  well,  add 
the  salt,  rub  till  globules  are  no  longer  visible,  then 
sublime.  Rub  the  sublimate  to  a  very  fine  powder, 
wash  carefully  with  boiling  distilled  water,  and  dry  it. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Whitish  powder;  sublimes  by 
heat.  On  adding  potash  it  becomes  black;  and,  if 
then  heated,  runs  into  globules  of  mercury.  No  pre- 
cipitate is  thrown  down  from  water  in  which  it  has  been 
washed  or  boiled  by  nitrate  of  silver,  lime-water,  or 
hydrosulphuric  acid. 

Purgative,  alterative,  resolvent.  It  is  sometimes  given  in 
large  doses,  but  without  increased  benefit.  The  gene- 
ral quantity  is  1  to  3  grains,  with  some  aperient,  but  6 
to  10  grains,  and  much  greater  quantities,  have  been 
repeatedly  administered.  On  some  persons  even  small 
doses  act  with  unexpected  severity. 

Mercury,  Iodide  of,  L. — Mercury,  1  oz.,  iodine,  5  drachms, 
alcohol,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Hub  the  mercury  and 
iodine  together,  adding  the  alcohol  gradually  uDtil  glo- 
bules are  no  longer  visible.  Dry  the  powder  quickly 
with  a  gentle  heat,  without  the  access  of  light,  and  keep 
it  in  a  black-glass  bottle,  well  stoppered. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — When  fresh  it  is  yellowish; 
when  heat  is  cautiously  applied,  it  sublimes  in  red 
crystals,  which  quickly  turn  yellow,  and,  on  access  of 
light,  blacken.  It  is  not  dissolved  in  a  solution  of 
common  salt,  hot  or  cold.  Used  in  scrofulous  and 
syphilitic  diseases.  Dose:  1  to  3  grains  in  pill,  in- 
ternally; externally,  it  is  applied  in  the  form  of  oint- 
ment. 

Mercury,  Nitrico- Oxide  of,  L. — Mercury,  3  lbs.,  nitric 
acid,  18  oz.,  distilled  water,  2  pints;  mix,  and  apply  a 
gentle  heat  until  the  mercury  is  dissolved,  boil  down 
the  liquor,  and  rub  what  remains  to  powder,  put  this 
into  another  very  shallow  vessel,  apply  a  low  heat,  and 
gradually  raise  it  until  red  vapours  cease  to  arise. 


170  MET — MIL. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — It  consists  of  crystalline 
shining  red  scales,  it  is  sublimed  at  a  strong  beat 
without  emitting  nitrous  fumes.  It  is  soluble  in  hy- 
drochloric and  nitric  acids.  Escharotic.  Only  used  ex- 
ternally, and  as  an  ointment  for  various  skin  disorders. 

Mercury,  ivith  Chalk,  L. — Mercury,  3  oz.,  prepared 
chalk,  5  oz.  Triturate  until  globules  are  no  longer 
visible. 

Characters,  L. — By  heat  part  passes  off  in  vapour;  what 
remains  agrees  with  Prepared  Chalk  in  its  characteris- 
tics. 

This  preparation  is  almost  always  made  on  the  large  scale, 
and  by  steam-power.  It  is  the  mildest  mercurial 
compound,  and  usually  given  to  children  as  an  antacid 
and  alterative.     Dose:  2  to  10  grains. 

Metal,  to  Preserve  from  Corrosion. — Dip  the  article 
in  a  very  dilute  solution  of  nitric  acid,  and  afterwards 
immerse  in  linseed  oil,  allowing  it  to  drain  thoroughly. 

Milk  may  be  preserved  by  heating  it  in  bottles  in  a  water 
bath  to  nearly  the  boiling  point,  and  immediately  cork- 
ing and  wiring  it  down.  With  sugar  it  may  be  evapo- 
rated to  a  syrup;  or,  with  still  more,  to  a  candy.  Milk 
may  be  evaporated  to  a  thick  consistence,  if  the  cream 
be  first  removed;  and  if  first  scalded,  and,  when  cold, 
charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  it  will  be  preserved 
after  the  manner  of  Bethel's  patent.  Moor's  preserved 
milk  is  in  the  solid  form,  and  liquefies  on  the  addition 
of  water. 

Milk  of  Eoses. — A  cosmetic  wash.  It  usually  consists  of 
solutions  of  soap  and  alkalies,  mixed  with  perfume,  or 
of  metallic  preparations,  scented. 

1.  Liquor  potassae,  hot  water,  and  oil  of  almonds,  of  each 
1  part;  mix,  and  add  rose-water,  3  parts. 

2.  Blanched  almonds,  4  oz.,  oil  of  almonds,  Castile  soap, 
and  white  wax,  of  each  2  drachms,  spermaceti,  1  dr., 
make  an  emulsion,  with  30  oz.  water;  strain;  add  otto 
of  rose,  5  drops,  oil  of  lavender,  15  drops,  ambergris,  10 
grains,  dissolved  in  8  oz.  rectified  spirit. 


MIL — MIX.  171 

3.  Liquor  of  acetate  of  lead,  and  spirits  of  lavender,  each 
J  oz.,  rose-water,  3  oz.,  water,  10  oz.;  mix. 

4.  Tinctures  of  benzoin  and  storax,  of  each  i  oz.,  spirit 
of  roses,  1  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  1  oz.,  rose-water,  1 
pint. 

Milk  of  Roses. — Melt  in  a  steam  bath  }  oz.  of  oil  soap, 
sliced  into  3  oz.  of  rose-water;  when  melted,  add  sper- 
maceti and  white  wax,  of  each  J  oz.  Blanch  8  oz.  of 
almonds,  beat  them  into  a  paste  with  1  quart  of  rose- 
water,  and  strain  the  emulsion  through  washed  muslin. 
Gradually  combine  the  soap  and  the  emulsion,  and  finally 
add,  by  slow  degrees,  5  oz.  of  alcohol,  in  which  is  dis- 
solved 1  drachm  of  otto  of  roses.     Finally  strain. 

Mineral  Marmoratum,  Succedaneum,  &c,  are  compo- 
sitions for  filling  decayed  teeth. 

1.  Quicksilver,  40  grains,  zinc-filings,  20  grains;  mix  for 
use,  and,  having  dried  the  tooth  with  a  bit  of  lint,  ap- 
ply the  amalgam.  The  tooth  must  be  first  cleaned  out, 
and  if  the  nerve  aches,  the  filling  is  useless  until  all 
pain  be  relieved.  This  is  sometimes  attemped  by  mix- 
ing arsenious  acid,  3  parts,  with  muriate  of  morphia,  2 
parts,  and  a  little  creosote,  and  applying  to  the  tooth; 
but  this  is  a  dangerous  compound  for  such  a  purpose. 
The  preparations  of  opium  and  morphia,  camphor,  and 
the  essential  oils,  are  safer. 

2.  See  Toothache,  and  Amalgam  for  the  Teeth. 

Mixtures  are  compound  liquid  medicines,  generally  pre- 
pared only  as  required.  Heavy  powders  and  incom- 
patible solutions  are  to  be  avoided  in  mixtures. 

Mixture  of  Acacia,  L. — Powdered  acacia,  10  oz.,  boiling 
distilled  water,  1  pint.  Rub  the  acacia,  with  the  water 
gradually  added,  until  the  gum  is  dissolved,  then  strain 
through  flannel.  Demulcent.  Used  medicinally  to  al- 
lay irritation,  and  chemically  to  suspend  various  sub- 
stances in  water.     Precipitated. 

Mixture  of  Almond,  L. — Confection  of  almond,  2 i  oz., 
distilled  water,  1  pint.  Rub  the  confection,  with  the 
water  gradually  added,  and,  when  mixed,  strain  through 
linen.     Demulcent.     Dose  at  pleasure. 


172  MIX — MOI. 

Mixture  of  Ammoniacum,  L. — Prepared  ammoniacum,  5 
dr.,  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Rub  the  ammoniacum  with 
the  water,  gradually  added,  until  they  are  mixed.  Ex- 
pectorant.    Dose:  J  to  1  oz. 

Mixture  of  Camphor,  L. — Camphor,  J  drachm,  rectified 
spirit,  10  drops,  distilled  water,  1  pint.  Rub  the  cam- 
phor with  the  spirit,  then  with  the  water,  gradually 
added,  and  strain  through  linen.  Used  as  a  vehicle  for 
mixtures,  and  in  lotions.     Dose :  \  to  2  oz. 

Mixture  of  Chalk,  L. — Prepared  chalk,  |  oz.,  sugar,  3 
drachms,  mixture  of  acacia,  1J  oz.,  cinnamon-water,  18 
oz. ;  mix.  Antacid.  Used  with  astringents  in  diarrhoea. 
Dose:  \  to  \\  oz.  every  3  or  4  hours. 

Mixture  of  Gentian,  (Compound)  L. — Compound  infu- 
sion of  gentian,  12  oz.,  compound  infusion  of  senna,  6 
oz.,  compound  tincture  of  cardamoms,  2  oz. ;  mix.  Used 
in  dyspepsia  accompanied  with  constipation.  Dose:  1 
to  2  oz. 

Mixture  of  Guaiacum,  L. — Gruaiacum  resin,  powdered,  3 
drachms,  sugar,  J  oz.,  powdered  acacia,  2  drachms,  cin- 
namon-water, 1  pint.  Rub  the  sugar  with  the  guaia- 
cum and  acacia,  and  gradually  add  the  cinnamon-water. 
Stimulant,  alterative,  sudorific.  Employed  in  rheuma- 
tism, chronic  gout,  and  in  skin  diseases.  Dose:  J  to 
1J  oz. 

Mixture  of  Iron,  (Compound)  L. — Powdered  myrrh,  2 
drachms,  carbonate  of  potash,  1  drachm,  rose-water,  18 
oz.,  powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  2 i  scruples,  spirit  of 
nutmeg,  1  oz.,  sugar,  2  drachms.  Tonic.  Used  in 
chlorosis,  amenorrhoea,  and  phthisis.  Dose:  1J  oz. 
three  times  a-day. 

Mixture  of  Spirit  of  French  Wine,  L. — Brandy  and  cin- 
namon-water, of  each  4  oz.,  the  yolk  of  2  eggs,  sugar, 
i  oz.,  oil  of  cinnamon,  2  drops ;  mix.  Stimulant,  resto- 
rative. Used  in  low  fevers,  and  in  cases  of  exhaustion. 
Dose:  J  to  2  oz.,  repeated  as  required. 

Modelling  Clay  (Soft.) — Clay  kneaded  with  glycerine 

remains  permanently  soft. 
Motree  Metallique  is  the  term  applied  to  the  crystallized 

appearance  of  tin,  produced  by  acids.     Dip  the  sheet- 


MOR.  173 

iron  in  a  bath  of  pure  tin,  200  parts,  copper,  3  parts, 
arsenic,  1  part.  Wben  tinned  the  sheet  is — 1.  Im- 
mersed in  caustic  solution  of  potash,  and  washed.  2. 
Immersed  in  dilute  nitro-muriatic  acid  and  washed.  3. 
As  No.  1.  4.  Passed  rapidly  through  nitric  acid,  and 
washed.  5.  As  No.  1.  6.  As  No.  2.  7.  As  No.  1. 
The  washing  at  each  process  should  be  perfect,  and  the 
last  should  be  hot  water.  Finally  varnished  with  copal 
varnish. 

Mordants  are  used  in  dyeing,  to  fix  the  colours  which  would 
otherwise  be  fugitive.  The  principal  mordants  are,  alu- 
mina, iron  liquor,  and  the  hydrochlorate  of  tin. 

Morphia  is  seldom  used  in  medicine;  but  its  salts  are  much 
employed.  It  is  officinal  in  the  P.  D.  only,  which  orders 
ammonia-liquor  to  be  added  in  excess  to  a  solution  of 
hydrochlorate  of  morphia,  the  precipitate  to  be  washed 
with  cold  distilled  water,  and  dried  at  a  gentle  heat. 
Morphia,  Acetate  of,  L. — No  directions  are  given  in  the 
P.  L.  for  this  preparation.  It  may  be  made  from  freshly- 
precipitated  morphia  being  added  to  acetic  acid  in  ex- 
cess, and  evaporating  until  the  solution  will  crystallize. 
The  former  directions  of  the  P.  L.  were,  morphia,  6  dr., 
acetic  acid,  3  drachms,  distilled  water,  4  oz. ;  dissolve 
the  morphia  in  the  mixed  fluids,  filter,  evaporate  gently, 
and  crystallize. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Soluble  in  water  and  in  recti- 
fied spirit,  and  when  the  spirituous  solution  is  distilled 
it  yields  crystals,  which  are  destroyed  by  heat.  On  the 
addition  of  nitric  acid  it  becomes  first  red,  and  then 
yellow.  Tincture  of  sesqui-chloride  of  iron  turns  it  blue. 
Freshly-prepared  chlorine  being  first  added,  and  after- 
wards ammonia,  a  brown  colour  is  produced,  which  dis- 
appears on  the  addition  of  more  chlorine.  Morphia  is 
first  precipitated  by  solution  of  potash,  and  then  re-dis- 
solved when  more  is  added.  Used  as  the  hydrochlorate 
of  morphia.  The  acetate  is  more  active  in  causing  per- 
spiration, but  possesses  no  other  advantage  over  the  hy- 
drochlorate. Dose:  i  to  i  grain;  as  an  anodyne  and 
hypnotic. 

15* 


174  MOR — MUS. 

Morphia,  Hydroclilorate  of, — Is  placed  in  the  materia  me- 
dica  of  the  P.  L.  It  is  prepared  by  precipitating  an 
aqueous  solution  of  opium  with  a  solution  of  muriate  of 
lime,  and  afterwards  purifying  the  crystals. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Soluble  in  rectified  spirit  and 
in  water.  What  is  thrown  from  the  watery  solution  by 
nitrate  of  silver  is  not  perfectly  dissolved  by  hydrochloric 
or  nitric  acid,  nor  by  ammonia,  unless  added  in  excess. 
Its  other  characters  correspond  with  those  of  acetate  of 
morphia. 

Morphia. — Concentrate  an  aqueous  solution  of  opium,  and 
add  chloride  of  tin  till  no  further  precipitate  appears. 
Let  the  liquid  settle,  pour  it  off,  wash  the  precipitate, 
and  mix  it  with  the  poured-off  liquid.  Add  ammonia 
to  the  mixture ;  digest  the  precipitate  in  ether  to  remove 
the  narcotine,  and  then  with  alcohol,  as  long  as  the  latter 
acquires  a  bitter  taste.  Partially  remove  the  alcohol  by 
distillation,  and  the  pure  morphia  may  be  obtained  in 
crystals. 

Mounting  Fluid  for  Microscopical  Objects. — Best 
gelatine,  1  oz.,  honey,  5  oz.,  distilled  water,  5  oz., 
rectified  spirit,  J  oz.,  creosote,  6  drops.  Dissolve  the 
gelatine  in  the  water  by  heat,  and  add  to  it  the  honey, 
previously  made  boiling  hot.  When  cooled  a  little,  add 
the  creosote  dissolved  in  the  spirit,  and,  while  still  hot, 
filter  through  coarse  filtering  paper,  or  fine  flannel.  For 
use,  the  bottle  in  which  it  is  contained  may  be  set  in  a 
vessel  of  hot  water. — Deane. 

Mucilage. — An  aqueous  solution  of  gummy  matters,  as 
acacia,  tragacanth,  starch,  or  quince-seeds.  10  oz.  of 
acacia  may  be  mixed  with  1  pint  of  boiling  water,  or 
tragacanth,  2  drachms  to  9  oz.  of  boiling  water,  to  form 
the  respective  mucilages.  They  are  used  to  make  pastes, 
pill-masses,  &c,  and  to  suspend  various  ingredients  in 
solution ;  the  mixed  mucilages  are  applied  to  labels,  to 
cause  them  to  adhere. 

Musk — is  a  brown  substance  of  peculiar  odour;  it  is  obtained 
from  the  musk-deer.  It  is  chiefly  used  as  a  perfume,  but 


MUS-^NAP.  175 

occasionally  as  medicine.  It  is  a  reputed  antispasmodic, 
stimulant,  and  narcotic,  though  seldom  used,  on  account 
of  its  high  price,  and  its  consequent  almost  universal 
adulteration.  As  a  medicine  the  dose  is  8  to  20  grains, 
in  a  bolus.  Musk  is  imitated  artificially  by  pouring  3£ 
drachms  of  nitric  acid  on  1  drachm  of  oil  of  amber, 
washing  and  drying  the  remaining  resin. 

Mustard — is  a  well-known  condiment,  when  ground  and 
mixed  for  the  table.  It  is  used  medically  as  an  emetic 
in  poisoning,  and  externally  as  a  poultice.  With  hot 
liquids,  as  milk,  &c,  it  assists  perspiration,  and  acts 
as  a  diuretic.  It  is  usually  mixed  with  wheat-flour  and 
coloured  with  turmeric  for  sale. 

Mustard,  Poultice  of,  L. — Mustard-seed  and  linseed,  of 
each  2  J  oz.,  or  a  sufficient  quantity,  boiling  water,  10 
oz.;  add  the  powders,  first  mixed  together,  to  the  water 
by  degrees,  stirring,  so  as  to  make  a  poultice.  Used 
as  a  counter-irritant  in  coma,  apoplexy,  &c. ;  it  can  sel- 
dom be  borne  more  than  15  to  25  minutes,  and  if  used 
too  long  is  apt  to  produce  sloughing  sores.  The  pain 
of  its  application  may  be  relieved  by  bathing  the  in- 
flamed part  with  ether  or  cold  water. 

Mustard,  Mixed  for  the  Table. — It  is  most  frequently 
used  simply  mixed  with  water,  but  some  add  salt,  vine- 
gar, &c,  as  improvements.  1.  Steep  mustard-seed  for 
8  days  in  twice  its  bulk  of  distilled  vinegar,  then  grind 
it  to  a  paste.  2.  Boil  ginger  and  salt  in  the  water  with 
which  the  mustard  is  to  be  mixed.  3.  Add  the  liquor 
of  walnuts,  or  other  pickles,  to  the  ground  mustard,  and 
mix. 
Myrrh. — A  gum-resin,  soluble  in  rectified  or  proof-spirit. 
Tonic,  stimulant,  emmenagogue.  It  is  seldom  pre- 
scribed alone,  but  is  given  in  pill  and  mixture.  The 
tincture  is  rendered  milky  on  the  addition  of  water. 

Naphtha. — A  bitumen  of  yellow  colour  and  strong  odour, 
which  becomes  colourless  on  distillation.  It  is  inflamma- 
ble, boils  at  from  160°  to  near  600°  F.  "A  thermometer 
inserted  into  a  retort  in  which  the  oil  is  undergoing  dis- 
tillation, never  shows  for  any  length  of  time  a  constant 


176  NAP — NIC. 

temperature;  hence  it  is  inferred  to  be  a  mixture  of 
several  different  substances.  All  the  varieties  are,  how- 
ever, carbides  of  hydrogen."  Sp.  gr.  0*753  to  0*836. 
It  imparts  its  odour  and  taste  to  water,  with  which,  how- 
ever, it  will  not  combine;  it  mixes  with  alcohol  and  oils. 
As  a  solvent,  it  acts  on  iodine,  sulphur,  phosphorus, 
camphor,  most  of  the  resins,  wax,  fats,  and  spermaceti. 
With  India-rubber,  it  forms  a  gelatinous  varnish.  If 
adulterated  with  oil  of  turpentine  it  will  turn  dark,  and 
thick  on  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  used  for 
the  purposes  of  illumination,  and  as  a  solvent  for  India- 
rubber,  and  it  is  distinguished  as  mineral  naphtha. 
Pure  naphtha  is  used  by  the  chemists  to  preserve  sodium, 
potassium,  &c. 
The  term  naphtha  is  applied  to  the  product  from  coal-tar, 
(coal-naphtha,)  which  is  used  for  coarse  paints  and  var- 
nishes, and  as  a  solvent  for  India-rubber.  Coal-tar 
yields,  on  distillation,  a  thin  dark-coloured  volatile  oil, 
which,  when  agitated  with  sulphuric  acid  to  remove  am- 
monia, and  twice  rectified  with  water,  becomes  nearly 
colourless;  is  volatile,  inflammable,  lighter  than  water, 
and  an  excellent  solvent  of  caoutchouc.  Two  other  li- 
quids have  also  been  called  naphtha,  but  very  improperly; 
they  are  the  pyro-acetic  spirit,  and  the  pyroxilic  spirit, 
(wood-naphtha;)  they  differ  from  naphtha  in  not  being 
able  to  dissolve  caoutchouc;  they  mix  with  water,  and 
have  a  different  scent  and  composition  when  compared 
with  naphtha. 
Naphtha  Vitreoli. — Sulphuric  ether. 

Nervous  Cordials. — Chiefly  gin,  with  a  little  bark,  gen- 
tian, and  aromatics. 

Nickel. — A  white  malleable  metal,  sp.  gr.  8*8 ;  strongly  mag- 
netic, but  loses  this  property  when  heated  to  660°  F. 
Its  equivalent  is  29*6;  its  symbol,  (Ni.)  In  the  arts  it 
is  used  to  form  alloys  resembling  silver,  known  as  albata, 
electrum,  British-plate,  Grerman-silver,  packfong,  teu- 
tanag,  &c. ;  the  commonest  of  which  are,  nickel,  3  to  4 
parts,  with  20  parts  copper,  and  16  parts  zinc;  the  best 
are  nickel,  5  to  6  parts,  with  20  parts  copper,  and  8  to 


NIC— NIT.  177 

10  parts  zinc.  These  alloys  are  used  for  harness,  furni- 
ture, drawing  and  mathematical  instruments,  spectacles, 
the  tongues  for  accordions,  and  numerous  small  works. 
Nickel  is  not  oxidized  at  common  temperatures,  and  an 
alloy  with  iron  is  not  disposed  to  rust,  but  with  steel, 
oxidization  takes  place  more  rapidly  than  when  the  steel 
is  unalloyed.  An  alloy  of  nickel,  10  oz.,  sheet-iron,  7  oz., 
and  tin,  10  lbs.,  has  lately  been  introduced  as  an  im- 
provement in  the  tinning  of  culinary  vessels.  This 
alloy  bears,  uninjured,  a  heat  which  would  fuse  the  old 
tinning  to  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  Nickel  is  very  infu- 
sible, is  scarcely  acted  on  by  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric 
acid,  but  nitric  acid  dissolves  it  easily.  It  has  many 
salts,  but  they  are  not  used  in  medicine. 

Nicotine. — A  colourless  volatile  liquid,  with  an  odour  of 
tobacco;  is  soluble  in  water,  ether,  alcohol,  and  oils,  and 
with  acids  forms  salts.  It  boils  at  375°  F.  It  is  pro- 
cured from  tobacco  by  distillation,  and  is  a  strong  poison, 
ith  of  a  drop  kills  a  rabbit;  1  drop  will  kill  a  large  dog. 
Good  tobacco  yields  1  per  cent,  of  nicotine. 

Nitrate  of  Iron  {Saturated  Solution.} — Red  oxide  of 
iron,  4  drachms,  nitric  acid,  6  drachms.  Dissolve,  add 
1  oz.  of  water,  and  filter. 

Nitric  Acid. — No  directions  are  now  given  in  the  P.  L.  for  its 
preparation.  The  former  instructions  were  as  follow: 
"Dry  purified  nitrate  of  potash  and  sulphuric  acid, 
equal  parts;  mix  in  a  glass  retort,  and  distil  with  a 
moderate  heat  into  a  cool  receiver,  so  long  as  the  vapour 
comes  over."  By  re- distilling,  the  acid  comes  over 
colourless.  It  is  not  usually  prepared  on  a  small  scale; 
the  residuum  in  the  retort  is  sold  as  a  flux,  &c.;  under 
the  name  of  sal  enixum. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Free  from  colour,  sp.  gr.  1*42, 
emits  acrid  vapours  on  exposure  to  air;  is  totally  vola- 
tilized by  heat.  Diluted  with  three  parts  of  water  by 
measure  it  gives  no  precipitate  with  either  nitrate  of 
silver  or  chloride  of  barium.  100  grains  of  this  acid 
are  neutralized  by  161  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate 
of  soda.     This  is  an  alteration  from  the  P.  L.  of  183 6; 


178  NIT. 

which  remarked:  "Sp.  gr.  1-50;  100  grains  of  this  acid 
will  saturate  about  217  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate 
of  soda/'  consequently  the  strength  of  diluted  nitric 
acid  is  less  now  than  formerly,  and  must  be  prescribed 
in  larger  quantities  to  produce  the  same  effect  as 
before. 
The  strong  nitric  acid  is  applied  externally  as  a  caustic 
to  warts,  ulcers,  &c. ;  diluted,  it  is  used  internally  as  a 
tonic  and  refrigerant. 

Nitric  Acid,  Diluted,  L. — Nitric  acid,  3  oz.,  distilled 
water,  17  oz.;  mix.  Sp.  gr.  1*082;  a  fluid  ounce  is 
saturated  by  154  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate  of 
soda.  Dose:  10  to  40  drops,  in  fever;  indigestion, 
liver-complaint,  heartburn,  &c. 

Nitrogen  may  be  obtained  in  two  or  three  ways.  1.  In  a 
little  saucer  or  dish  place  some  phosphorus,  float  the 
vessel  in  the  pneumatic  trough,  ignite  the  phosphorus, 
and  place  a  bell  jar  over  it.  As  the  air  is  partially 
consumed,  water  rises  into  the  jar,  and  when  the  fumes 
have  subsided,  nitrogen  is  left  in  the  upper  portion  of 
the  jar.  It  is  sufficiently  pure  for  most  purposes,  but 
may  be  rendered  purer  by  agitating  it  with  a  solution 
of  potash. 

2.  Fill  a  porcelain  tube  with  copper  turnings,  heat  the 
tube  to  redness,  and  pass  it  through  a  stream  of  air; 
the  oxygen  becomes  removed  by  the  heated  copper,  and 
nitrogen  is  evolved. 

3.  Pass  chlorine  into  a  solution  of  ammonia;  the  nitrogen 
is  set  free  with  effervescence,  and  passes  off  very  pure. 
The  whole  of  the  ammonia  should  not  be  decomposed, 
otherwise  there  may  ensue  an  explosion  from  the  chlo- 
rine combining  with  an  ammoniacal  salt. 

4.  Heat  nitrate  of  ammonia  in  a  retort  and  collect  the  gas. 
Colourless,  tasteless,  inodorous,  sp.  gr.  0*972;  100  cubic 

inches  at  60°  (barometer,  30  inches,)  weigh  30*14 
grains.  Not  poisonous;  incapable  of  supporting  com- 
bustion or  respiration;  almost  insoluble  in  water  or 
caustic  alkali,  neutral  to  test  paper,  and  does  not  affect 
lime  water. 


NIT.  179 

Nitrogen ,  Chloride  of. — Hot  water,  14  oz.,  sal  ammoniac, 
1  oz.;  dissolve.  Put  a  leaden  cup  in  the  bottom  of  a 
basin,  pour  in  the  solution,  and  when  at  about  90°  F. 
invert  into  it  a  bottle  of  chlorine,  the  neck  of  which  is 
free  from  grease.  In  about  20  minutes  the  desired  sub- 
stance appears,  yellow  oily  globules  form  on  the  surface 
of  the  liquid,  and  finally  sink  into  the  leaden  cup  below 
the  mouth  of  the  bottle.  The  cup  may  be  then  with- 
drawn, and  the  water  poured  away. 

Volatile,  irritating;  sp.  gr.  1*653;  at  200°  F.  explodes 
violently,  and  is  the  most  dangerous  compound  known. 
It  may  be  distilled  at  160°,  though  the  experiment  is 
fearfully  dangerous.  In  contact  with  oil,  fat,  or  grease, 
it  at  once  detonates;  naphtha  and  oil  of  turpentine  have 
a  similar  effect.  A  grain  the  size  of  a  mustard  seed, 
touched  with  phosphorus,  will  shatter  a  vessel  of  earthen- 
ware, glass  or  cast-iron ;  a  leaden  cup  will  be  deeply  in- 
dented. Sir  H.  Davy,  and  its  discoverer,  Dulong,  were 
both  injured  by  experimenting  on  it;  small  quantities 
only  should  be  prepared,  and  a  strong  wire  mask  be 
worn  on  the  face  of  the  operator. 

Nitrogen,  Protoxide  of,  or  Laughing  Gas. — Heat 
solid  nitrate  of  ammonia  in  a  retort,  and  collect  the  gas. 
This  comes  over  at  480°  F.,  and  should  not  much  ex- 
ceed this,  as  at  600°  F.  nitrate  of  ammonia  explodes. 
This  gas  is  colourless,  transparent,  slightly  odorous, 
sweetish  taste,  is  absorbed  by  water,  and  supports  com- 
bustion. Sp.  gr.  1-525,  100  cubic  inches  weigh  47*29 
grains.  It  should  be  in  contact  with  warm,  and  not 
with  cold  water  in  the  trough  or  gasometer,  as  cold 
water  absorbs  nearly  its  own  volume.  Under  a  pressure 
of  50  atmospheres  at  45°  it  is  liquefied,  and  the  liquid 
under  the  air-pump  becomes  solid  like  snow.  When 
breathed,  it  excites  the  system,  and  disposes  the  inspirer 
to  mirth  or  passion,  as  the  case  may  be.  Some  laugh 
outrageously,  only  staying  to  recover  breath  that  they 
may  laugh  again;  others  leap  round  the  room,  recite 
plays  or  poetry,  &c,  while  some  feel  decidedly  pugna- 
cious, and  may  do  injury  if  not  prevented.     A  sailor, 


180  NIT — OIL. 

who  had  breathed  it  at  an  exhibition  in  London,  drew 
a  knife  and  stabbed  one  of  the  company. 

Nitromuriatic  Acid,  D. — Nitric  acid,  1  part,  muriatic 
acid,  2  parts.  A  solvent  of  gold  and  platinum,  forms 
a  white  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver,  and  bleaches 
indigo.  The  P.  D.  orders  it  "to  be  kept  in  a  green 
glass  stoppered  bottle  in  a  cool  place. "  Medicinally  it 
is  tonic,  used  in  liver  complaint;  the  dose  of  diluted 
acid  is  10  to  20  drops.  Externally  it  is  used  as  a  foot 
or  hip-bath,  by  adding  2  oz.  to  each  gallon  of  water, 
and  using  the  bath  for  20  or  30  minutes. 

Nitrous  Acid. — The  produce  of  dry  nitrate  of  lead  when 
distilled;  not  prepared  on  the  small  scale.  Sp.  gr.  1*42, 
boils  at  82°  F.  Mixed  with  nitric  acid  it  forms  the 
aquafortis,  or  fuming  nitric  acid  of  commerce. 

Norfolk  Fluid. — Rosin,  6  oz.,  wax,  12  oz.;  melt,  add  oil, 
1  quart,  and  thin  when  cooling  with  turpentine.  Used 
to  soften  and  preserve  boots  and  shoes. 

Novargent. — 1.  Freshly  precipitated  muriate  of  silver  in 
a  solution  of  hyposulphite  of  soda. 

2.  Freshly  precipitated  chloride  of  silver  in  the  same  so- 
lution. 

3.  Oxide  of  silver  in  a  solution  of  cyanide  of  potassium. 
Used  to  restore  silver-plated  goods. 

Nycthemeron. — Twenty-four  hours — a  night  and  a  day. 

Oil  Gas  is  obtained  by  heating  to  redness  a  retort  in  which 
there  are  a  few  pieces  of  coke,  brick,  or  stone.  The 
oil  is  allowed  to  drop  on  the  stone,  and  the  vapour  is 
collected.  Said  to  be  more  brilliant  than  coal  gas,  but 
it  is  not  preferred  for  general  use,  from  its  high  price, 
fee. 

Oils  are  distinguished  as  volatile  and  fixed;  the  former  may 
be  distilled  without  decomposition,  the  latter  cannot. 
On  paper  they  all  produce  a  greasy  stain;  the  volatile 
oil  disappears  on  the  paper  being  warmed,  the  fixed  oil 
does  not.  The  fixed  oils  are  divided  into  drying  oils, 
as  linseed,  rape,  poppy,  and  walnut  oils,  and  non-drying 


OIL.  181 

Oils. 

oils,  as  olive,  palm,  and  all  animal  oils.  Oils  and  fats, 
when  cooled,  yield  a  solid  substance  termed  margarin, 
over  which  floats  olein;  others  yield  stearin,  and  other 
substances  now  used  in  the  arts. 

Oil,  Castor,  is  obtained  from  the  East  Indies  very  pure; 
the  American  and  West  Indian  oils  are  also  used.  It 
is  a  thick,  transparent  oil,  entirely  soluble  in  alcohol,  in 
which  it  differs  from  fixed  oils  generally,  and  is  thus 
tested  "when  adulterated  with  olive  oil,  &c,  as  it  should 
be  completely  dissolved  by  its  own  weight  of  alcohol,  if 
pure.  It  is  a  popular  purgative,  speedy  in  its  action, 
mild  and  unirritating  in  its  effects.  Dose:  J  to  1  oz., 
generally  taken  in  water,  gin,  peppermint  water,  or  di- 
luted compound  tincture  of  lavender. 

Oil,  Cod  Liver. — Obtained  from  the  liver  of  the  cod-fish, 
and  purified.  Some  patients  prefer  the  oil  in  its  unre- 
fined state.  Used  in  consumption,  loss  of  flesh,  rheu- 
matism, and  general  decay  or  debility.  Dose  to  begin : 
1  to  2  drachms,  increased  by  use  to  }  oz.  or  1  oz.,  two 
or  three  times  daily.  It  often  causes  nausea  at  first, 
but  this  afterwards  subsides,  and  it  may  then  be  taken 
in  larger  quantities.  Some  take  it  in  spirit,  water,  or 
milk,  while  others  prefer  it  unmixed.  It  has  occasion- 
ally been  administered  in  mixtures. 

Oil,  Croton. — From  the  seeds  of  the  croton  tiglium,  by 
pressure.  Pale  yellow  oil,  thick,  tenacious,  soluble  in 
ether,  but  not  entirely  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  a  drastic 
irritant  cathartic,  and  rubefacient.  Used  in  obstinate 
constipation,  and  when  the  patient  is  insensible,  as  in 
coma,  mania,  &c.  Sometimes  used  in  dropsy.  Dose: 
1  to  2  drops  generally;  sometimes  8  or  10  are  required. 
It  is  uncertain  in  its  operation  as  to  quantity  and  de- 
pressant effects  subsequently. 

Oil,  Ethereal,  L. — Rectified  spirit,  2  pints,  sulphuric 
acid,  36  oz.,  solution  of  potash  and  distilled  water,  of 
each  1  oz.  or  sufficient.  Mix  the  acid  cautiously  with 
the  spirit.  Let  the  liquor  distil  until  a  black  froth 
arises,  then  remove  the  retort  from  the  fire.  Separate 
the  lighter  supernatant  liquor  and  expose  it  to  the  air 
16 


182  oil. 

Oils. 

for  a  day.  Add  to  it  the  solution  of  potash,  first  mixed 
•with  the  water,  and  shake  them  all  together;  lastly, 
when  well  washed,  separate  the  ethereal  oil  which  sub- 
sides. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Sp.  gr.  1-05.  It  instantly 
subsides  in  the  form  of  globules  when  dropped  into 
water.  It  is  dissolved  by  ether,  and  does  not  change 
the  colour  of  litmus. 
Not  used  alone  in  medicine;  it  is  an  ingredient  in  the 
compound  spirit  of  ether,  P.  L. 

Oil,  Almond. — Obtained  by  pressure  from  bitter  or  sweet 
almonds.  Used  in  liniments  and  linctuses,  and  with 
syrup  of  violets  or  roses  as  a  laxative  for  infants.  Dose 
for  infants,  J  drachm. 

Oil,  Bitter  Almond. — Essential  oil  of  almonds.  Distilled 
from  the  bitter  almond  cake  after  the  oil  is  expressed. 
Pale  yellow.  Sp.  gr.  1-083.  Used  to  flavour  pastry 
and  cordials.  Poisonous;  4  times  as  strong  as  Prussic 
acid.     Dose,  J  to  1  drop. 

Oil  of  Aniseed. — Carminative.  Dose :  1  to  5  drops,  with 
sugar  and  water.     Distilled  from  the  fruit. 

Oil  of  Caraway. — Carminative.  Dose,  2  to  6  drops. 
Distilled  from  the  fruit. 

Oil  of  Chamomile. — Yellow,  strong  odour,  nauseous  taste. 
Stimulant,  antispasmodic,  combined  with  pills,  &c,  and 
used  to  scent  the  extract  of  chamomile.  Dose,  1  to  5 
drops.     Distilled  from  the  flowers. 

Oil  of  Cinnamon. — Distilled  from  the  bark.  Aromatic 
stimulant.     Dose,  1  to  3  drops. 

Oil  of  Cloves. — Distilled  from  the  unexpanded  flower, 
the  bud.  Stimulant,  added  to  purgatives  to  check 
griping,  and  used  to  ease  toothache.  Dose,  1  to  5 
drops. 

Oil  of  Cajeput. — Distilled  from  an  infusion  of  the  leaves 
of  the  melaleuca  minor.  Lighter  than  water,  pale  green 
colour,  scent  and  taste  resembling  camphor,  soluble  in 
spirit,  and  slightly  so  in  water.  Stimulant,  anti-spas- 
modic. Used  in  colic  and  flatulence,  to  relieve  tooth- 
ache, and  make  stimulating  liniments.  Dose,  2  to  6 
drops  on  sugar. 


oil.  183 

Oils. 

Oil  of  Copaiba. — Distilled  from  the  oleo-resin.  Used  in 
gonorrhoea,  gleet,  &c.     Dose,  10  to  20  drops. 

Oil  of  Cubebs. — From  coarsely  ground  cubebs.  Carmi- 
native, diuretic,  stimulant.  Used  in  gonorrhoea,  piles, 
&c.  Dose :  10  drops,  increased  to  1  drachm,  with  muci- 
lage, yolk  of  eggy  or  on  sugar. 

Oil  of  I)ilL — Distilled  from  the  fruit  or  seed.  Carmina- 
tive.    Dose,  2  to  5  drops. 

Oil  of  Fennel. — Distilled  from  the  fruit.  Carminative. 
Dose,  1  to  5  drops. 

Oil  of  Juniper. — Distilled  from  the  fruit.  Diuretic. 
Dose,  2  to  6  drops. 

Oil  of  Lavender. — Distilled  from  the  flower.  Pale  yel- 
low, very  fragrant.  Sp.  gr.  0-877  to  0-905,  the  lightest 
is  the  best.  English  oil  is  superior  to  foreign.  Stimu- 
lant, agreeable  flavour;  seldom  used  internally.  Dose, 
2  to  6  drops. 

Oil  of  Lemon. — Volatile  oil  expressed  from  the  rind  of 
the  fruit.  Agreeable  flavour  and  odour.  Dose,  2  to  3 
drops. 

Oil  of  Linseed. — Expressed  from  the  seed.    Used,  mixed  ' 
with  lime-water,   as  an  application  to  burns,  and  in 
the  arts  for  numerous  purposes.     "When  boiled,  it  is 
known  as  boiled  oil. 

Oil  of  Nutmeg. — Expressed  from  the  seed.  Stimulant, 
aromatic.  Seldom  used  internally.  Dose,  1  to  4 
drops. 

Oil  of  Neroli. — Oil  of  orange  flowers. 

Oil  of  Olives. — Expressed  from  the  fruit.  Florence  oil 
is  the  best,  and  Spanish  oil  the  worst.  Nutritious,  de- 
mulcent, laxative,  emollient.  Used  as  a  salad  oil  and 
fish  sauce,  and  medicinally  in  liniments,  plasters,  and 
ointments.  As  a  laxative  or  demulcent  for  coughs,  it  is 
sometimes  made  into  emulsion  with  yolk  of  egg.  Olive 
oil  turns  rancid  when  long  kept. 
Oil  of  Pennyroyal. — Distilled  from  the  flowering  herb. 

Carminative,  antispasmodic.     Dose:  2  to  5  drops. 
Oil   of   Peppermint. — Antispasmodic,    corrects    griping 
purgatives.     Dose,  2  to  5  drops.     Distilled  from  the 
flowering;  herb. 


184  OIL — OIN. 

Oils. 

Oil  of  Pimento. — Distilled  from  the  fruit.  Carminative, 
corrects  griping  purgatives.     Dose:  2  to  6  drops. 

Oil  of  Rosemary. — Distilled  from  the  flowering  tops. 
Stimulant.      Only  used  externally. 

Oil  of  Rue. — Distilled  from  the  flowering  herb.  Anti- 
spasmodic, emmenagogue.     Dose,  3  to  5  drops. 

Oil  of  Savine. — Distilled  from  the  tops.  Rubefacient, 
emmenagogue,  poisonous.     Dose,  2  to  6  drops. 

Oil  of  Spearmint. — Distilled  from  the  flowering  plant. 
Antispasmodic,  corrects  griping  purgatives.  Dose,  2 
to  5  drops. 

OH  of  Turpentine. — Distilled  from  turpentine.  Colour- 
less, volatile,  neutral  to  test  paper.  Sp.  gr.  0-872  at 
60°  F.  Used  to  make  varnishes  and  paints,  and  to 
illuminate  lamps.  Medically,  as  a  vermifuge,  diuretic, 
&c.  Dose,  6  to  60  drops,  or,  as  a  vermifuge,  £  to  lj 
oz.  In  this  large  dose  it  both  kills  and  expels  tape 
worms,  and  in  enemas  is  efficient  against  the  ascaride  or 
thread  worm.  Externally,  alone,  it  is  a  powerful  rube- 
facient, and  is  used  as  a  counter-irritant;  weakened,  it 
assists  in  forming  useful  liniments,  as,  olive  oil,  1  oz., 
hartshorn  and  oil  of  turpentine,  of  each  i  oz.,  camphor, 
3  drachms;  mix. 

Ointments  are  unctuous  preparations,  having  the  consis- 
tence of  butter;  they  are  mostly  intended  as  external 
and  local  applications.  They  become  rancid  if  kept  too 
long,  or  in  a  warm  place,  but  will  keep  better  by  the 
addition  of  a  little  benzoic  acid  or  gum  benzoin. 

Ointment  of  Ammonio-chloride  of  Mercury,  L. — Ammo- 
nio-chloride of  mercury,  2  drachms,  lard,  3  oz.  Rub 
them  together.  Stimulant,  detergent.  Used  for  por- 
rigo  and  impetigo  of  the  scalp,  for  scabies,  and  chronic 
inflammation  of  the  eyelids. 

Ointment  of  Belladonna,  L. — Extract  of  belladonna,  1 
drachm,  lard,  1  oz.;  mix.  Anodyne.  Used  to  allay 
the  pain  of  rheumatism,  ulcers,  &c. 

Ointment  of  Cantharides,  L. — Finely  powdered  cantha- 
rides,  1  oz.,  distilled  water,  12  oz.,  resin  cerate,  1  lb. 
Boil   the    cantharides   in   the  water  to  one-half,  and 


oin.  185 

Ointments. 

strain.  Mix  the  liquor  with  the  cerate,  and  evapo- 
rate to  the  proper  consistence.  Used  to  keep  blisters 
open. 

Ointment  of  Creosote,  L. — Creosote,  1  drachm,  lard,  1 
oz.;  mix.     Used  in  skin  diseases. 

Ointment  of  Elder,  L. — Elder  flowers  and  lard,  of  each 
1  lb.  Boil  them  together  until  the  flowers  are  crisp, 
then  press  through  a  linen  cloth.  Soothing,  healing. 
Used  in  ordinary  cases. 

Ointment  of  Elemi,  L. — Elemi,  3  oz.,  turpentine,  3  J  oz., 
suet,  6  oz.,  olive  oil,  J  oz.  Melt  together  the  elemi 
and  suet,  remove  them  from  the  fire,  and  immediately 
mix  them  with  the  turpentine  and  oil,  and  strain  through 
linen.  Stimulant.  Applied  to  ulcers,  and  to  promote 
suppuration. 

Ointment  of  Gall,  (Compound,*)  L, — Grails  in  fine  pow- 
der, 6  drachms,  lard,  6  oz.,  powdered  opium,  J  drachm. 
Astringent  and  anodyne.     Used  in  piles. 

Ointment  of  Hemlock,  L. — Hemlock  leaves,  fresh,  and 
lard,  of  each  1  lb.  Boil  them  together  until  the  leaves 
become  friable,  then  express  through  linen. 

Ointment  of  Hypochlorite  of  Sulphur,  (Compound.') — 
Hypochloride  of  sulphur,  2  drachms,  subcarbonate  of 
potash,  10  grains,  purified  lard,  1  oz.,  essential  oil  of 
almonds,  10  drops.     Mix. — E.  Wilson. 

Ointment  of  Iodide  of  Lead,  L. — Iodide  of  lead,  1  oz., 
lard,  8  oz.;  mix.  Employed  in  enlargement  of  joints, 
and  in  scrofulous  glands. 

Ointment  of  Iodide  of  Mercury,  L. — Iodide  of  mercury, 
1  oz.,  white  wax,  2  oz.,  lard,  6  oz.  Add  the  iodide  to 
the  melted  wax  and  lard,  and  mix.  Used  for  dressing 
scrofulous  sores. 

Ointment  of  Iodide  of  Potassium,  L. — Iodide  of  potas- 
sium, 2  drachms,  boiling  distilled  water,  2  drachms, 
lard,  2  oz.  Dissolve  the  iodide  in  the  water,  and  mix 
with  the  lard.  Applied  to  scrofulous  glands  and  tu- 
mours. 

Ointment  of  Iodide  of  Sulphur,  L. — Powdered  iodide  of 

16* 


186  oin. 

Ointments. 

sulphur,   i  drachm,  lard,  1  oz.;  mix.     Used  for  the 
cure  of  itch  and  psoriasis. 

Ointment  of  Lead,  (  Compound)  L. — Prepared  chalk,  6 
oz.,  dilute  acetic  acid,  6  oz.,  lead  plaster,  3  lbs.,  olive 
oil,  18  oz.  Melt  the  plaster  in  the  oil  with  a  gentle  heat, 
then  add  first  the  chalk,  and  afterwards  the  acid,  stir- 
ring until  cool.     Employed  to  dress  inflamed  ulcers. 

Ointment  of  Mercury,  L. — Mercury,  1  lb.,  lard,  11^  oz., 
suet,  J  oz.  Rub  the  mercury  with  the  suet  and  a  little 
lard  until  globules  can  no  longer  be  seen,  then  add  the 
remaining  lard,  and  mix.  Used  where  the  constitu- 
tional effects  of  mercury  are  desirable. 

Ointment  of  Nitrate  of  Mercury,  L. — Mercury,  2  oz.,  ni- 
tric acid,  4  oz.,  lard,  1  lb.,  olive  oil,  8  oz.  Dissolve 
the  mercury  in  the  acid,  and  mix  the  solution  while  hot 
with  the  lard  and  oil  melted  together.  Very  useful  in 
many  skin  diseases,  and  applied,  reduced  with  lard,  to 
sore  eyelids. 

Milder  Ointment  of  Nitrate  of  Mercury,  L. — Nitrate  of 
mercury  ointment,  1  oz.,  lard,  7  oz.;  mix.  To  be  pre- 
pared when  wanted  for  use. 

Ointment  of  Nitric- Oxide  of  Mercury,  L. — Nitric-oxide 
of  mercury,  1  oz.,  white  wax,  1  oz.,  lard,  6  oz.  Add 
the  nitric-oxide,  rubbed  to  fine  powder,  to  the  wax  and 
lard,  melted  together,  and  mix.  Useful  in  skin  dis- 
eases, in  chloric  conjunctivis,  and  in  ulcers. 

Ointment  of  Opium,  L. — Powdered  opium,  1  scruple, 
lard,  1  oz.  ;  mix.     Used  as  a  soothing  dressing. 

Ointment  of  Pitch,  L. — Black  pitch,  wax,  and  resin,  of 
each  11  oz.  Melt  them  together,  and  press  through  a 
linen  cloth.     Digestive,  stimulant. 

Ointment  of  Potassio- Tartrate  of  Antimony,  L. — Potas- 
sio-tartrate  of  antimony,  in  fine  powder,  1  oz.,  lard,  4 
oz. ;  mix.  Used  to  produce  eruptions  of  the  skin,  and 
as  a  counter-irritant. 

Ointment  of  Savine,  L. — Fresh  bruised  savine,  J  lb, 
white  wax,  o  oz.,  lard,  1  lb.  Melt  the  wax  and  lard, 
mix  in  the  savine,  and  strain  through  linen.  Used  to 
keep  blisters  and  issues  open. 


oin — opi.  187 

Ointments. 

Ointment  of  Spermaceti,  L. — Spermaceti,  5  oz.,  white 
wax,  14  drachms,  olive  oil,  1  pint,  or  sufficient.  Melt 
all  slowly,  and  stir  constantly  until  cold.  Used  as  a 
simple  dressing. 

Ointment  of  Sulphur,  L. — Sulphur,  J  lb;  lard,  1  1ft. 
Used  as  next. 

Ointment  of  Sulphur,  (Compound*)  L. — Sulphur,  4  oz., 
powdered  white  hellebore,  10  drachms,  powdered  ni- 
trate of  potash,  2  scruples,  soft  soap,  4  oz.,  lard,  1  Ih. ; 
mix.  Used  to  cure  itch;  to  be  applied  night  and 
morning. 

The  simple  ointment  is  less  irritating  than  the  compound, 
and  sometimes  preferred  on  that  account. 

Ointment  of  Tar,  L. — Tar  and  suet,  of  each  1  lb.;  melt 
together,  and  press  through  a  linen  cloth.  Used  to  re- 
move tetter,  tinea  capitis,  and  lepra. 

Ointment  of  Zinc,  L — Oxide  of  zinc,  1  oz.,  lard,  6  oz. ; 
mix.     Used  for  the  eyes,  sore  nipples,  and  ringworm. 

Olein. — The  light  liquor  obtained  from  oil  or  fat.     1.  Add 
to  the  oil  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  sufficient  to  saponify 
half  the  oil,  and  separate  the  clear  portion. 
2.  Olive  oil,  1  part,  alcohol,  8  parts;  mix,  and  heat  nearly 
to  boiling,  cool,  and  distil  the  clear  upper  portion. 

Oleum  Viride. — Oil  coloured  with  leaves  of  elder. 

Olive  Oil  Test. — Add  by  degrees  5  J  oz.  of  mercury  to 
4  oz.  of  nitric  acid  :  and  when  the  solution  is  completed, 
add  water,  7  oz.  Of  this  hyponitrous  acid  take  one 
part,  and  of  the  oil  to  be  tested,  2  parts;  agitate  toge- 
ther a  few  minutes,  and  let  the  mixture  stand  for  some 
hours.  If  genuine  olive  oil,  the  whole  mass  becomes 
solid ;  if  adulterated,  the  spurious  portion  of  the  oil  re- 
mains in  a  fluid  state. 

Olla  Fictili. — A  pipkin. 

Opium. — The  juice  emitted  from  the  incised  unripe  fruit  of 
the  papaver  somniferum,  indurated  by  exposure  to  the 
air.  The  best  variety  is  the  Turkey  or  Smyrna  opium, 
it  yields  about  10  to  12  per  cent,  of  morphia,  which  is 
more  than  can  be  obtained  from  other  kinds.     It  con- 


188  OPO — ORA. 

tains  morphia,  narcotina,  codeia,  narceia,  meconic  acid, 
&c. ;  some  of  these  constituents  are  extracted  for  use, 
others  are  found  to  be  inert  and  useless.  Opium  is 
anodyne,  stimulant,  narcotic,  diaphoretic,  or  astringent, 
according  to  the  administration.  Dose:  i  to  1  grain 
proves  stimulant,  2  grains  narcotic,  poisonous  in  doses 
of  5  to  60  grains.  Habit,  however,  renders  opium- 
eaters  more  insensible  to  its  effects  than  others,  and  some 
of  these  can  take  enormous  quantities  with  impunity. 
In  severe  disorders,  as  cholera,  tetanus,  &c,  it  has  been 
given  to  a  great  extent;  in  hydrophobia,  2  drachms 
have  been  given  in  12  hours,  without  abating  the  symp- 
toms. Though  often  administered  for  hydrophobia,  it 
is  utterly  useless  in  most  cases  of  that  fearful  disease. 
The  preparations  of  opium  and  morphia  are  greatly  re- 
sorted to  as  cough  medicines,  and  as  anodyne  ingre- 
dients in  medicines  for  gout,  rheumatism,  and  most 
painful  ailments. 

Opodeldoc,  as  formerly  prepared,  was  much  used  as  a  li- 
niment and  rubefacient;  the  soap  liniment  of  the  phar- 
macopoeia is  now  always  used  instead.  Steer's  opodel- 
doc, however,  contained  ammonia  and  other  ingredients; 
several  formulas  have  been  proposed  as  imitations. 
Opodeldoc j  Steer's. — 1.  Rectified  spirit,  8  pints,  (old  mea- 
sure) white  soap,  20  oz.,  camphor,  8  oz.,  liquor  ammo- 
nia, 4  oz.,  oil  of  rosemary  and  oil  of  horsemint,  of  each 
1  oz. ;  dissolve  the  soap  in  the  spirit  by  a  gentle  heat, 
add  the  other  ingredients,  and  bottle  whilst  warm. — 
FMladelphia  College. 
2.  Castile  soap,  sliced,  1  lb,  camphor,  2  J  oz.,  oil  of  rose- 
mary, i  oz.,  oil  of  origanum,  1  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  4 
pints;  dissolve  by  a  water  bath,  strain,  and  add  liquor 
of  ammonia,  5  J  oz.     Solid  and  transparent  when  cold. 

Orangeade.  A  preparation  of  oranges  similar  to  lemon- 
ade. 1.  Juice  of  4  oranges,  peel  of  1  orange,  lump 
sugar,  6  oz.,  boiling  water,  1  quart;  mix  by  stirring 
well,  and,  when  cold,  decant  the  clear.  Refrigerant. 
2.  Juice  of  two  oranges,  a  little  peel,  sugar,  3  oz.,  rum, 
one  teaspoonful;  mix  with  hot  water,  1  pint. 


ORA — OXA.  189 

3.  Peel  of  1  orange,  syrup,  1  oz.,  hot  water,  i  to  1  pint. 

4.  Instead  of  plain  water,  use  aerated  water,  or  that  charged 
with  carbonic  acid  gas.     Syrup,  1  oz.,  tincture  of  orange, 

1  drachm;  add  carbonated  water,  1  pint. 

Orangeade  or  Sherbet  Powders.  —  Loaf  sugar,  36 
drachms,  carbonate  of  soda,  4  drachms,  oil  of  orange, 
15  drops;  mix,  and  divide  into  12  blue  papers.  Divide 
6  drachms  of  tartaric  acid  in  12  white  papers,  and  mix 
one  paper  of  each  sort  for  use  in  half-a-pint  of  water. 

Orgeat,  Syrup  of. — 1.  Sweet  almonds,  1  lb.,  bitter  almonds, 

2  drachms;  blanch,  and  make  an  emulsion  with  bar- 
ley water,  2  pints;  strain;  mix  with  2%  lbs.  of  white 
sugar,  and  add  orange-flower  water,  i  oz. 

2.  Sweet  almonds,  5  oz.,  bitter  almonds,  2  oz.,  white  sugar, 
2i  lbs.,  water,  1  pint.  Make  an  emulsion  with  the  al- 
monds and  water,  add  the  sugar,  and  when  dissolved, 
add  orange  flower  water,  $  oz. 

Oxalic  Acid. — 1.  Mix  5  parts  of  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1-42, 
with  twice  its  weight  of  water,  and  pour  on  sugar,  1 
part,  in  a  retort;  red  fumes  are  rapidly  disengaged,  and, 
when  they  slacken,  heat  is  applied  as  long  as  gas  is 
evolved.  Evaporate  the  liquor,  crystallize,  re-dissolve, 
and  again  crystallize.  The  mother  liquor  will  yield 
more  crystals  if  treated  again  with  fresh  nitric  acid. — 
Liehig. 
2.  Nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1-4,  4  parts,  sugar,  1  part;  digest 

in  a  water  bath. —  Ure. 
The  preferable  heat  is  that  of  steam  in  this  manufacture; 
the  fumes,  on  the  small  scale,  are  allowed  to  escape,  on 
the  large,  they  are  condensed.  Oxalic  acid  crystallizes 
in  white  odourless  crystals,  resembling  Epsom  salts,  for 
which  they  are  sometimes  mistaken ;  it  dissolves  in  8 
parts  of  water,  at  60°,  and  in  its  own  weight  of  hot 
water.  The  aqueous  solution  has  a  powerful  acid  re- 
action, it  instantly  reddens  litmus,  it  tastes  sour,  and 
yields  no  precipitate  with  liquor  potassae;  in  all  these 
points  sulphate  of  magnesia  is  the  reverse,  and  yields  a 
white  precipitate  with  liquor  potassae.  Oxalic  acid  is 
seldom  used  medically;  it  is  used  to  clean  boot-tops, 


190  oxy. 

and  straw  bonnets,  to  take  out  ink-stains,  and  in  book- 
binding and  calico  printing.  It  is  poisonous  ;  J  an  oz., 
or  a  little  more,  will  cause  death ;  the  antidote  is  chalk 
or  magnesia.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  refrigerant 
drink  by  ignorant  straw-workers  and  others. 

Oxygen. — 1.  Heat  chlorate  of  potash  nearly  to  redness  in 
a  green  glass  retort.  The  gas  is  pure,  and  100  grains 
of  the  salt  yield  100  to  115  cubic  inches  of  oxygen. 

2.  Chlorate  of  potash,  by  measure,  3  parts,  powdered  bi- 
noxide  of  manganese,  1  part,  both  dry;  heat  in  a  retort. 
100  grains*  yield  110  cubic  inches  of  pure  oxygen.  The 
heat  required  is  not  so  great  as  for  chlorate  alone ;  the 
manganese  is  unaltered,  and  may  be  similarly  used  for 
further  supplies,  all  the  oxygen  coming  from  the  chlo- 
rate only. — Faraday. 

3.  Bichromate  of  potash,  3  parts,  oil  of  vitriol,  4  parts; 
mix  and  heat  as  before.  Yields  pure  oxygen. — Bal- 
main. 

4.  Binoxide  of  manganese  and  oil  of  vitriol,  equal  parts; 
mix,  and  apply  heat.  Each  oz.  of  manganese  yields 
256  grains  of  oxygen. — Liebig. 

5.  Heat  the  red  oxide  of  mercury,  (red  precipitate)  or  ni- 
tre, as  above. 

6.  Heat  to  redness  the  black  oxide  of  manganese.  Each 
oz.  yields  128  cubic  inches  of  gas. — Liebig.  This  is 
the  process  usually  adopted  on  the  large  scale,  the  best 
in  the  small  way  is  form  1  or  2. 

Oxygen  is  colourless,  tasteless,  odourless,  incombustible; 
sp.  gr.  1*1057;  100  cubic  inches  at  60°,  mercury,  at 
30  inches,  weigh  34*29  grains.  It  strongly  supports 
combustion,  and  sustains  animal  life.  Bodies  which 
burn  in  air  are  more  brilliant  in  oxygen.  A  smouldering 
candle  is  immediately  re-lighted  in  a  jar  of  oxygen;  a 
match  just  blown  out  is  re-kindled  in  the  same  manner. 
An  iron  wire  or  watch-spring  heated  at  the  point  and 
plunged  in,  throws  off  brilliant  sparks,  and  if  charcoal 
or  amadou  be  on  the  point,  it  has  a  similar  appearance. 
Sulphur  in  oxygen  is  very  brilliant,  phosphorus  is  almost 
too  bright  to  look  upon.     When  oxygen,  1  part,  hy- 


OXY — PAP.  191 

drogen,  2  parts;  are  burnt  or  exploded  together,  they 
yield  water. 
Oxymel. — A  syrup  of  honey  and  vinegar.  Preparation,  L. — 
Acetic  acid,  7  oz.,  distilled  water,  8  oz.,  honey,  5  lbs. 
Mix  the  acid  and  water,  add  them  to  the  honey  made 
warm.  Detergent,  used  in  gargles  and  cough  mixtures. 
Dose :  1  to  2  drachms.  In  trade  more  acid  is  generally 
added,  1  pint  of  vinegar  being  allowed  for  3  lbs.  of 
honey. 
Oxymel  of  Squills. — Vinegar  of  squills,  2 }  pints,  honey, 
5  lbs.  Evaporate  the  honey  to  12  oz.,  and  mix  with 
the  honey  made  warm.  Used  chiefly  in  cough  mixtures. 
Dose :  \  to  1  drachm. 

Paints,  Flexible. — Boil  1J  lb.  yellow  soap  with  1  gallon 
of  water,  and  mix  while  hot  with  \\  cwt.  of  oil  paint. 
Used  to  paint  on  canvass. 
Paints,  to  Mix. — For  inside  work  use  boiled  oil  with  tur- 
pentine and  a  little  driers ;  for  out-door  work  use  but 
little  turpentine.  Turpentine  assists  the  drjdng  of  paints 
but  spoils  the  gloss ;  in  flatted  white  this  is  of  no  impor- 
tance, as  it  is  required  dull.  The  best  driers  are  those 
ready  mixed,  called  patent  driers,  which  may  be  obtained 
at  any  colour  shop.  All  paints  are  ground  in  raw  lin- 
seed oil,  ready  for  mixing,  and  may  be  so  purchased 
as  ground  paints.  Wood-work,  &c,  must  be  sized  before 
painting,  or  size  must  be  added  to  the  paint  at  the  time 
of  using,  otherwise  it  will  not  dry. 

Paper,  to  Clean  from  Grease,  &c. — For  photographs, 
paper,  when  not  clear,  should  be  treated  as  follows: 
Dissolve  citric  acid,  1  part,  in  distilled  water,  20  parts; 
pour  the  solution  in  an  earthen  dish,  and  steep  the  sheets 
for  an  hour  or  two;  then  soak  them  in  water  rendered 
alkaline  by  5  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  and  finally  wash  in 
pure  water.     Dry  the  sheets,  carefully  avoiding  dust. 

Paper  (to  Divide.) — The  simple  way  to  sever  a  sheet  of 
paper  into  halves  consists  in  placing  the  leaf  about  to 
be  divided  between  two  pasted  surfaces  stronger  than 
itself,  drawing  the  twb  outsides  apart  when  dry,  the 


192  pap. 

Paper. 

centre  leaf  adhering  equally  to  the  two  outer  papers 
when  drawn  asunder. 
To  divide  a  photograph,  or  other  paper  of  value,  procure 
two  leaves  of  paper  harder  than  the  one  about  to  be  split, 
and  slightly  tougher;  these  paste  with  clean  stiff  paste, 
free  from  lumps,  on  either  side  of  your  picture — which 
is  also  to  be  pasted — to  form,  as  it  were,  the  centre  of 
a  three-sheet  cardboard,  which  must  be  well  rubbed 
down  with  the  hand  to  get  rid  of  all  air  bubbles,  being 
afterwards  put  aside  to  dry  gently.  When  dry,  it  will 
be  ready  to  divide,  by  drawing  the  two  outside  leaves 
in  contrary  directions,  each  having  half  of  the  centre 
sheet  adhering  thereto;  these  outside  papers,  with  their 
half  leaf,  may  now  be  laid  in  clean  water,  to  soak  the 
paste  into  a  pulp,  as  before,  when  the  thin  split  sheets 
can  be  drawn  away,  rinsed,  blotted  to  remove  moisture, 
and  mounted  on  card,  if  required.  Care  must  be  taken, 
in  starting  the  severance,  to  be  sure  that  the  sheets  di- 
vide equally;  once  well  off,  all  will  go  right. 

Paper  (to  Prepare)  for  Photographs. — Dissolve  20 
parts  of  citric  acid  in  200  parts  of  distilled  water.  Pour 
the  solution  into  an  earthen  or  porcelain  dish  (the  bath 
should  be  abundant,  so  that  the  paper  may  swim  freely 
in  it — the  action  is  hastened  by  the  application  of  a 
gentle  heat;)  allow  several  sheets  to  remain  in  it  for  an 
hour  or  two,  then  remove  them,  and  place  them  on  an- 
other dish,  containing  water  rendered  alkaline  by  5  per 
cent,  of  ammonia,  washing  finally  in  pure  water.  Re- 
moved from  this,  suspend  the  papers  by  one  corner,  and 
allow  them  to  dry  thoroughly,  protected  from  dust. 

Paper,  Copying. — -Mix  lard  and  lamp-black  to  a  paste,  rub 
this  over  paper,  wipe  off  the  waste  with  a  rag,  and  dry 
the  paper.  A  clean  sheet  placed  under  this  while  writ- 
ten on  with  a  lead  pencil,  &c,  receives  a  copy. 

Paper,  Oiled. — Brush  paper  with  boiled  oil  and  dry  the 
sheets.     Used  to  enclose  blacking,  white-lead,  &c. 

Paper,  Tracing. — 1.  Open  a  quire  of  double  crown  tissue 
paper,  and  brush  the  first  sheet  with  a  mixture  of  mastic 


PAP— PAS.  193 

Paper. 

varnish  and  oil  of  turpentine,  equal  parts;  proceed  with 
each  sheet  similarly,  and  dry  them  on  lines  by  hanging 
them  up  singly.  As  the  process  goes  on,  the  under 
sheets  absorb  a  portion  of  the  varnish,  and  require  less 
than  if  single  sheets  were  brushed  separately.  The  in- 
ventor of  this  varnish  for  tracing  paper,  received  a  medal 
and  premium  from  the  Royal  Society  (Whittock,  74.) 
It  leaves  the  paper  quite  light  and  transparent,  it  may 
readily  be  written  on,  and  drawings  traced  with  a  pen 
are  permanently  visible.  Used  by  learners  to  draw  out- 
lines. The  paper  is  placed  on  the  drawing,  which  is 
clearly  seen,  and  an  outline  is  made,  taking  care  to  hold 
the  tracing  paper  steady.  In  this  way  elaborate  draw- 
ings are  easily  copied. 
Tissue  paper  may  also  be  made  transparent  by  using, 

2.  Nut  oil  and  oil  of  turpentine,  equal  parts,  dry  the  paper 
with  wheat-flour  immediately. 

3.  Canada  balsam,  and  turpentine  to  thin  it. 

Paper,  Waxed. — Place  a  sheet  of  stout  paper  on  a  heated 
iron  plate,  and  over  this  place  the  sheets  of  tissue  paper 
to  be  waxed.  Enclose  wax  or  stearine  in  a  piece  of 
muslin,  and  as  it  melts  spread  over  the  tissue  paper 
equally;  proceed  with  others  similarly  until  enough  are 
prepared.     Used  to  cover  gallipots,  ointments,  &c. 

Papers,  Test,  are  prepared  by  dipping  unsized  sheets  into 
a  solution  or  infusion  of  the  test.  The  substances  used 
are  Brazil  wood,  buckthorn,  acetate  and  diacetate  of  lead, 
cherry  juice,  dahlia  leaves,  elderberry,  litmus,  mallow 
flower,  protosulphate  of  iron,  starch,  turmeric,  indigo, 
cabbage,  iodide  of  potassium,  manganese,  rhubarb,  &c. 
They  are  used  to  distinguish  acids,  alkalies,  poisons, 
gases,  &c. 

Papier  Mache. — Paper  pulp  pressed  into  various  forms  with 
size,  glue,  white  of  egg,  paste,  &c.  When  painted  or 
japanned  they  are  light  elegant  ornaments,  quite  water- 
proof. 

Paste,  Almond. — 1.  Blanch  bitter  almonds  with  hot  water, 
17 


194  pas. 

Paste. 

wipe  them  dry  with  a  towel,  beat  them  to  a  paste,  and 
pass  through  a  fine  metallic  sieve,  add  a  little  white  of 
egg,  and  perfume  at  pleasure. 

2.  Use  sweet  instead  of  bitter  almonds. 

3.  Honey  and  bitter  almond  paste,  (No.  1,)  of  each  8  oz. ; 
mix,  add  oil  of  almonds,  1  lb.,  and  the  yolk  of  two  eggs. 
Used  as  cosmetics.  The  almond  and  honey  soaps  are 
also  employed  for  the  same  purpose. 

Paste,  Flour. — The  method  adopted  by  the  paper-hangers 
is  the  best  for  all  general  purposes.  Beat  wheat-flour 
and  cold  water  to  perfect  smoothness,  and  pour  on  boiling 
water  to  make  it  moderately  thin.  It  becomes  stiffer  on 
cooling,  but  if  made  too  thin  it  will  require  to  be  boiled. 
It  produces  a  beautifully  smooth  paste  without  lumps, 
if  properly  managed.  Many  additions  are  ordered  in 
some  receipts,  as  alum,  rosin,  sugar,  corrosive  sublimate, 
creosote,  &c,  but  they  are  all  useless  for  common  re- 
quirements, rosin  especially,  as  it  only  forms  lumps  like 
fine  sand,  and  cannot  mix  with  water.  Creosote  or  cor- 
rosive sublimate  are  added  to  preserve  paste,  but  it  is 
best  when  fresh  made;  for  little  things  the  gum  paste  is 
better,  as  for  drug  and  other  labels. 

Paste,  Gum. — Gum  Arabic,  with  a  little  gum  tragacanth, 
made  to  a  thick  solution.  Used  to  attach  labels  to  bot- 
tles, boxes,  book-backs,  &c.  Is  firm  when  applied  and 
soon  dries  hard. 

Paste,  Furniture. — Wax  and  turpentine  coloured  with 
alkanet.  Sometimes  soap,  liquor  potassse,  or  pearl-ash  is 
added,  at  the  option  of  the  maker.  See  Furniture 
Paste. 

Paste,  Eazor. — 1.  Prepare  putty  powder,  1  oz.,  oxalic  acid, 
i  oz.,  gum,  20  grains;  powder,  and  make  into  a  paste 
with  water.  Used  spread  over  razor  strops,  to  give 
razors  a  keen  edge  when  dull. 

2.  Emery  in  finest  powder,  2  parts,  spermaceti  ointment, 
1  part;  mix. 

3.  Colcothar  and  emery  made  into  a  paste  with  lard. 

Paste,  Shaving. — 1.  White  curd  soap,  i  lb.,  spermaceti 


pas.  195 

Paste. 

and  almond  oil,  of  each  1  oz.;  beat  with  the  white  of  2 
eggs,  add  liquor  potassse,  2  oz.,  and  bitter  almond  oil  to 
scent. 

2.  White  wax,  spermaceti  and  almond  oil,  of  each  2  drs.; 
melt,  add  white  soap,  4  oz.,  and  beat  together  with  a 
little  rose-water  or  eau  de  cologne. 

3.  Soap,  2  oz.,  macerate  in  rectified  spirit,  enough  to 
soften  it  to  a  paste,  add  liquor  potassse,  i  oz.,  bitter  al- 
mond oil,  5  drops,  otto  of  roses,  3  drops,  oil  of  laven- 
der, 2  drops,  eau  de  cologne,  i  oz. ;  mix.  Used  in- 
stead of  plain  soaps  for  shaving.  Winter  and  Thom- 
son's rypophagon  soap  is  excellent. 

Paste,  Polishing. — 1.  Potash,  J  lb.,  dissolve  in  a  little 
boiling  water,  add  soft  soap,  2  lb.,  rotten  stone,  3  lb., 
oil  of  thyme,  }  oz.,  colcothar  and  emery,  of  each  J  lb.; 
mix. 
2.  Boiling  water,  1  pint,  oxalic  acid,  2  oz.,  soft  soap  and 
sweet  oil,  of  each  |  lb.,  rotten  stone,  4  lb.;  mix.  Used 
to  clean  brass,  tin,  and  other  metals.  The  paste  is  laid 
on  with  a  little  water,  and  rubbed  until  the  article  is 
clean,  it  is  then  wiped  off  and  the  metal  polished  with 
powdered  rotten  stone. 

Pastilles,  Fumigating. — 1.  Benzoin,  1  drachm,  cascarilla, 
i  drachm,  myrrh,  1  scruple,  oils  of  nutmegs  and  cloves, 
of  each  10  drops,  nitrate  of  potash,  J  drachm,  charcoal, 
6  drachms;  mix  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth. 

2.  Benzoin,  2  oz.,  balsam  of  tolu  and  yellow  sandal-wood, 
of  each  J  oz.,  labdanum,  1  drachm,  nitre,  2  drachms, 
charcoal,  6  oz.,  mix  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth. — Paris 
Codex. 

3.  Yellow  sanders  and  benzoin,  of  each  3  oz.,  olibanum 
and  cascarilla,  of  each  6  oz.,  storax,  4  oz.,  myrrh  and 
nitre,  of  each  1 J  oz.,  ambergris,  1  drachm,  Peru  balsam, 
2  drachms,  oil  of  cinnamon,  20  drops,  oil  of  cloves,  30 
drops,  otto  of  rose,  20  drops,  oil  of  lavender,  90  drops, 
balsam  of  tolu,  1 J  oz.,  camphor,  \  oz.,  acetic  acid,  2  oz.; 
charcoal,  3  lbs.;  mix  with  mucilage  of  tragacanth. 

4.  Benzoin  and  cascarilla;  of  each  1  oz.,  myrrh,  8  scruples, 


196  PEA — PER. 

oils  of  nutmegs  and  cloves,  of  each  4  scruples,  nitre,  J 

oz.,  charcoal,  6  oz.;  mix  as  last. — Dr.  Paris. 
5.  Incense. — Benzoin,  12  oz.,  storax  and  frankincense,  of 

each  2  J  oz.,  musk,  15  grains,  burnt  sugar,  J  oz.,  gum 

tragacanth,  1 J  oz.,  rose-water  sufficient  to  make  the  mass 

divide  in  small  tablets. — Astley. 
Used  to  fumigate  rooms  and  sick  chambers,  which  should 

be  first  well  ventilated,  otherwise  the  disagreeable  scent 

is  not  covered  by  the  pastilles. 

Peas,  Issue. — 1.  Orange  berries  smoothed  in  a  lathe. 

2.  Yellow  wax,  \\  oz.,  turmeric,  1  oz.,  orris,  \  oz.,  and 
sufficient  Venice  turpentine. — Niemann. 

Used  to  keep  issues  open.  The  following  is  a  composition 
for  opening  issues:  Bees'-wax,  6  oz.,  verdigris  and 
white  hellebore,  of  each  2  oz.,  cantharides,  1  oz.;  orris, 
1J  oz.,  Venice  turpentine,  sufficient. —  Gray. 

Pearl  Powder. — French  chalk,  1  lb.,  oxide  of  bismuth 
and  oxide  of  zinc,  of  each  1  oz. 
Powdered  Talc. — Does  not  discolour;  is  sometimes  cal- 
cined before  pulverizing. 

Peau  d'Espagne. — Steep  pieces  of  wash-leather  in  any  li- 
quid scent;  cut  the  leather  into  square  pieces,  and  be- 
tween each  pair  lay  a  composition  of  musk,  civet,  &c. 
Use  silk  or  satin  to  cover  the  skins.  To  perfume 
writing  papers,  clothes,  &c. 

Pepper,  Kitchen. — Ginger,  \  lb,,  cinnamon,  black  pepper, 
allspice,  and  nutmeg,  of  each  2  oz.,  cloves,  \  oz.,  dry 
salt,  \\  lb.;  powder  and  mix.     Used  to  flavour  gravies. 

Perchloric  Ether. — Mix  the  sulphovinate  and  perchlorate 
of  baryta  in  equal  parts,  powder  and  distil  by  an  oil  bath 
of  300°  to  340°.  The  receiver  should  contain  some 
strong  alcohol,  and  be  surrounded  with  ice  or  a  freezing 
mixture;  when  water  is  added  the  ether  sinks  to  the 
bottom.  It  is  very  dangerous,  from  its  explosive  pro- 
perties, when  separated  from  alcohol,  but  is  perfectly 
safe  while  combined  with  it.  Alone  it  often  explodes 
without  known  cause,  and  always  with  a  slight  friction 
or  percussion.     Very  small  quantities  only  should  be 


pho.  197 

prepared;  and  the  operator  be  protected  with  a  mask  and 
gloves. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Diluted.— Phosphorus,  6  drachms, 
nitric  acid,  4  oz.,  distilled  water,  8  oz.;  mix  the  acid 
and  water,  add  the  phosphorus,  and  distil  off  6  oz.  in  a 
sand  bath,  return  this  to  the  retort,  and  let  6  oz.  again 
distil,  which  are  to  be  rejected.  Evaporate  the  remain- 
ing liquor  in  a  platina  capsule  down  to  2  oz.,  and,  when 
cold,  make  it  up  1  pint  with  distilled  water. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Colourless,  odourless,  sp.  gr. 
1*064.  No  precipitate  falls  on  the  addition  of  chloride 
of  barium,  or  nitrate  of  silver.  It  does  not  affect  strips 
of  copper  or  silver,  nor  is  it  coloured  by  hydrosulphuric 
acid  either  before  or  after  contact  with  the  metals.  A 
fluid  oz.  of  this  acid  is  saturated  by  132  grains  of  crys- 
tallized carbonate  of  soda,  and  no  precipitate  falls. 
Seldom  used  in  this  country.  Dose :  10  to  30  drops,  largely 
diluted,  in  diabetes,  phosphatic  urinary  deposits,  &c. 

Phosphorus  is  not  prepared  on  the  small  scale.  It  is  a 
pale,  semi-transparent,  combustible  solid,  sp.  gr.  1*77, 
its  vapour,  4-35,  melts  at  108°  P.,  boils  at  550°  F.  It 
is  kept  in  water  to  prevent  its  inflaming;  it  is  soluble  in 
ether,  naphtha,  oils,  and  especially  in  bisulphuret  of 
carbon.  Used  to  make  matches,  and  in  electrotyping. 
It  is  a  corrosive  poison. 

Phosphorus  Pa^te. — Put  into  a  Florence  flask  1  drachm 
of  phosphorus  and  1  oz.  of  rectified  spirit.  Dip  the 
flask  into  hot  water  until  the  phosphorus  is  melted;  • 
then  cork  the  flask,  and  agitate  it  until  the  contents 
are  cold.  Pour  off  the  spirit,  and  mix  the  phosphorus 
with  lj  oz.  of  lard,  then  add  a  mixture  of  flour,  5  oz., 
sugar  or  cheese,  1J  oz.,  and  make  the  whole  into  a  paste 
with  a  little  water.     Used  to  destroy  vermin. 

Phosphoretted  Hydrogen. — Boil  together  in  a  small  re- 
tort, phosphorus  and  liquor  potassse,  or  hydrate  of  lime.; 
let  the  beak  be  kept  under  water,  and  as  the  bubbles 
rise  they  inflame  on  contact  with  the  air.  The  retort 
at  first  should  be  filled  to  the  neck,  and  caution  should 
be  used.  The  gas  is  very  fetid,  sp.  gr.  1*24. 
17* 


198  pic. 

Photographic  Sensitive  Paper. — 1.  Common  salt,  20 
grains,  water,  1  oz. ;  wash  the  paper  with  this  solution, 
and  when  dry,  wash  with  the  following  solution  :  nitrate 
of  silver,  60  grains,  distilled  water,  1  oz.  When  dry, 
it  is  ready  for  use,  in  copying  feathers,  lacework,  leaves, 
&c. 
2.  Wash  the  paper  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver,  6 
grains,  distilled  water,  J  oz.;  dry  the  paper,  and  wash 
it  with  iodide  of  potassium,  5  grains,  distilled  water,  J 
oz.  Dry  with  a  gentle  heat,  repeat  the  wash  with  the 
silver  solution,  and  when  dry,  the  paper  is  ready  for 
use.  The  sensitive  surface  is  an  iodide  of  silver,  and 
is  easily  affected  by  light. 

Pickles  serve  to  flavour  meats,  and  are  very  generally  used. 
They  should  not  be  prepared  in  metallic  vessels,  as  the 
salts  formed  by  such  contact  are  poisonous.  Vinegar 
should  be  boiled  in  a  stone-ware  jar  in  a  water  bath, 
and  the  pickles,  when  made,  are  best  kept  in  glass  jars 
well  covered,  having  a  wood  or  horn  spoon  to  remove 
them  when  required. 

Fickle,  Lemon. — 1.  Wipe  6  lemons  and  slice  them,  add 
salt,  1  lb.,  garlic,  1  lb.,  6  cloves,  horseradish  and  mus- 
tard, of  each  2  oz.,  cloves,  mace,  nutmeg,  and  Cayenne, 
of  each  \  oz.,  vinegar,  2  quarts;  digest  6  weeks,  and 
bottle. 

2.  Lemon-juice  and  vinegar,  of  each  3  quarts,  bruised 
ginger,  4  oz.,  allspice,  pepper,  and  grated  lemon-peel, 
of  each  2  oz.,  salt,  14  oz.,  Cayenne,  \  oz.,  mace  and 
nutmegs,  of  each  \  oz. ;  digest  and  bottle. 

Pickle,  Meat. — 1.  Sugar,  2  lbs.,  bay  or  common  salt,  4 
lbs.,  saltpetre,  8  oz.,  water,  6  quarts;  dissolve. 

2.  Salt,  6  lbs.,  sugar,  1  lb.,  saltpetre,  3  oz.,  water,  4  gal- 
lons; boil,  skim,  and  cool.  When  partly  exhausted  by 
use,  add  one-third  of  the  above  ingredients,  and  boil 
again. 

Meat  is  immersed  in  the  above  to  keep  it  in  warm  wea- 
ther; the  meat  acquires  a  fine  red  colour. 

Pickled  Onions. — Choose  small  round  onions,  remove  the 
skins,  and  scald  them  with  brine,  wipe  with  a  towel, 


PIE — PIL.  199 

and  pour  on  them  hot  spiced  vinegar.  When  cold  cover 
them,  and  preserve  them  in  small  jars. 
All  the  usual  pickles  are  preserved  similarly,  as  cucum- 
bers, walnuts,  gherkins,  mushrooms,  samphires,  cauli- 
flowers, melons,  &c.  Red  cabbage  is  prepared  without 
salt,  and  with  cold  vinegar. 
Pierre  Infernale. — Fused  nitrate  of  silver. 

Pills  are  small  globes  of  solid  medicines,  chiefly  made  up 
because  the  substances  are  nauseous,  or  such  as  operate 
in  small  doses.  The  powders,  &c,  are  made  to  com- 
bine, by  using  honey,  treacle,  syrup,  soap,  extract,  mu- 
cilage, or  conserve  of  rose,  according  to  the  formula, 
and  when  the  mass  is  sufficiently  tenacious  it  is  divided 
into  pills.  They  generally  weigh  5  grains  each,  and 
should  never  exceed  this  quantity. 

Pill  of  Aloes,  (Compound,')  L. — Socotrine  aloes,  in  pow- 
der, 1  oz.,  extract  of  gentian,  J  oz.,  oil  of  caraways, 
40  drops,  treacle,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Beat  together 
to  a  pill  mass.  Purgative,  stomachic.  Used  in  habit- 
ual costiveness.  Dose :  5  to  20  grains.  Aloes  are  more 
easily  powdered  by  adding  2  or  3  drops  of  olive  oil  to 
each  ounce. 

Pill  of  Aloes  with  Myrrh,  L. — Powdered  Socotrine  aloes, 
k  oz.,  saffron,  powdered  myrrh,  and  soft  soap,  of  each 
2  drachms,  treacle,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Beat  toge- 
ther to  a  pill  mass.  Purgative,  emmenagogue.  Used 
in  chlorosis  and  amenorrhoea.     Dose:  5  to  15  grains. 

Pill  of  Aloes  with  Soap,  L. — Extract  of  Barbadoes  aloes 
powdered,  soft  soap,  and  extract  of  liquorice,  equal 
parts,  treacle,  a  sufficient  -quantity.  Beat  the  aloes 
with  the  soap,  add  the  other  ingredients,  and  make  a 
pill  mass.     Purgative.     Dose:  5  to  15  grains. 

Pill  of  Arseniate  of  Soda,  (Compound.) — Arseniate  of 
soda,  2  grains,  dissolved  in  a  little  distilled  water,  guaia- 
cum,  J  drachm,  oxysulphuret  of  antimony,  20  grains, 
mucilage  to  mix.     Divide  into  24  pills. — E.  Wilson. 

Pill  of  Calomel,  (  Compound,)  L. — Chloride  of  mercury 
and  oxysulphuret  of  antimony,  of  each,  2  drachms, 
guaiacum,  resin  powdered,  and  treacle,  of  each  J  oz. 
Bub  the  mercury  with  the  antimony,  and  afterwards 


200  pil. 

Pills. 

with  the  guaiacum  and  treacle,  to  make  a  mass.  Altera- 
tive. Employed  in  cutaneous  eruptions,  in  skin 
disorders,  and  in  secondary  syphilis.  Dose;  5  to  10 
grains. 

Pill  of  Colocynth,  (Compound,*)  L. — Extract  of  colo- 
cynth, 1  drachm,  powdered  extract  of  aloes,  6  drachms, 
powdered  scammony,  2  drachms,  powdered  cardamoms, 
£  drachm,  soft  soap,  1£  drachms.  Mix  the  powders 
together,  then  the  other  ingredients,  and  form  a  mass. 
Purgative.  Used  as  a  common  aperient,  generally 
combined  with  blue  pill,  calomel,  or  extract  of  hen- 
bane. 

Pill  of  Galbanum,  (Compound,)  L. — Prepared  galba- 
num,  2  drachms,  myrrh  and  prepared  sagapenum,  of 
each  3  drachms,  prepared  assafoetida,  1  drachm,  soft 
soap,  2  drachms,  treacle,  a  sufficient  quantity;  beat  to- 
gether to  a  mass.  Stimulant,  antispasmodic.  Dose,  5 
to  20  grains,  in  hysteria  or  amenorrhoea. 

Pill  of  Gamboge,  (  Compound,)  L. — Gamboge  in  powder, 
2  drachms,  powdered  Socotrine  or  hepatic  aloes,  3 
drachms,  powdered  ginger,  1  drachm,  soft  soap,  J  oz. 
Mix  the  powders,  add  the  soap,  and  form  a  mass. 
Used  as  an  active  cathartic  in  obstinate  constipation, 
in  dropsies,  and  to  expel  tape-worm.  Dose,  10  to  15 
grains. 

Pill  of  Hemlock,  (  Compound^)  L. — Extract  of  hemlock, 
5  drachms,  powdered  ipecacuanha,  1  drachm,  treacle, 
a  sufficient  quantity;  beat  together  to  a  mass.  Anti- 
spasmodic, expectorant,  narcotic.  Used  in  spasmodic 
cough,  bronchitis,  and  incipient  consumption.  Dose,  5 
to  10  grains. 

Pill  of  Ipecacuanha  with  Squill,  L — Compound  powder 
of  ipecacuanha,  3  drachms,  fresh  squill,  powdered,  and 
powdered  ammoniacum,  of  each  1  drachm,  treacle,  a 
sufficient  quantity;  beat  together  to  a  mass.  Expecto- 
rant, sedative,  sudorific.  Used  in  chronic  bronchitis, 
asthma,  and  coughs.     Dose,  5  to  15  grains. 

Pill  of  Iron,  (Compound,)  L. — Powdered  myrrh,  2  dr., 
carbonate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  iron,  and  treacle,  of  each 
1  drachm.     In  a  warm  vessel  rub  the  myrrh  with  the 


PIL — PLA.  201 

Pills. 

soda,  add  the  iron,  and  rub  again;  mix  in  the  treacle, 
and  form  a  mass.     Tonic.     Used  in  chlorosis.     Dose, 

5  to  10  grains. 

Pill  of  Mercury,  L. — Mercury,  J  oz.,  confection  of  roses, 

6  drachms,  powdered  liquorice,  2  drachms.  Rub  the 
mercury  with  the  confection  until  the  globules  disap- 
pear, add  the  liquorice,  and  make  a  mass.  Purgative, 
alterative.  Dose :  as  an  alterative,  1  to  3  grains,  as  a 
purgative,  5  to  10  grains,  followed  by  an  aperient. 

Pill  of  Rhubarb,  (  Compound,}  L. — Powdered  rhubarb, 
4  drachms,  powdered  aloes,  3  drachms,  powdered  myrrh, 
2  drachms,  soft  soap,  J  drachm,  oil  of  caraway,  15  drops, 
treacle,  a  sufficient  quantity.  Mix  the  powders,  add 
the  other  ingredients,  and  form  a  mass.  Stomachic, 
purgative.     Dose,  5  to  20  grains. 

Pill  of  Soap,  {Compound,)  L. — Powdered  opium  and 
powdered  liquorice,  of  each  2  drachms,  soft  soap,  6  dr. ; 
beat  to  a  mass.  Five  grains  contain  1  grain  of  opium. 
Dose,  3  to  10  grains.     Anodyne. 

Pills,  Tonic,  Purgative. — Aloes,  2  drachms,  gamboge,  1 
drachm,  scammony,  J  drachm,  sulphate  of  iron,  J  dr., 
sulphate  of  quinine,  8  grains,  extract  of  gentian  or 
dandelion,  q.  s.  Make  120  pills.  Three  operate  effec- 
tually, without  griping. 

Pill  of  Squill,  (  Compound,)  L. — Freshly-powdered  squill, 
1  drachm,  powdered  ginger  and  powdered  ammoniacum, 
of  each  2  drachms,  soft  soap,  3  drachms,  treacle,  a 
sufficient  quantity.  Mix  the  powders,  add  the  rest, 
and  form  a  mass.  Expectorant,  diuretic.  Used  in 
chronic  coughs.     Dose,  5  to  15  grains. 

Pill  of  Storax,  (Compound,)  L. — Prepared  storax,  6 
drachms,  powdered  opium  and  saffron,  of  each  2  dr.; 
beat  to  a  mass.  Anodyne.  Dose,  5  to  10  grains,  in 
chronic  coughs.    Five  grains  contain  1  grain  of  opium. 

Plasters  are  compounds  intended  for  external  application 
only.  The  mixed  articles  are  thinly  spread  for  use  on 
linen,  calico,  or  leather,  and  the  plaster  is  then  made 
to  adhere  by  slightly  warming  it,  and  applying  to  the 


202  pla. 

Plasters. 

skin.     After   removing   a   plaster,   the   skin   may   be 
cleansed  with  a  little  turpentine. 

Plaster  of  Ammoniacum,  L. — Prepared  ammoniacum,  5 
oz.,  diluted  acetic  acid,  8  oz.  Dissolve  the  aninio- 
niacum  in  the  acid,  then  evaporate  slowly  to  a  proper 
consistence,  constantly  stirring.  Stimulant,  discu- 
tient.  Applied  to  scrofulous  tumours  and  chronic 
swellings. 

Plaster  of  Ammoniacum  with  Mercury ,  L. — Warm  olive 
oil,  1  drachm,  sulphur,  8  grains,  mix  until  they  unite, 
rub  in  3  oz.  of  mercury  until  the  globules  disappear, 
then  add  1  lb.  of  prepared  ammoniacum,  previously 
melted,  and  mix.  More  powerful  than  ammoniacum 
plaster,  but  similarly  employed. 

Plaster  of  Belladonna,  L. — Soap  plaster  and  extract  of 
belladonna,  of  each  3  oz.  Melt  the  plaster  by  the  heat 
of  a  water-bath,  add  the  extract,  and  stir  until  of  a 
proper  consistence.     Anodyne  and  antispasmodic. 

Plaster  of  Cantharides,  L. — Finely-powdered  cantharides, 
1  ft).,  wax  and  mutton  suet,  of  each  7|  oz.,  resin,  3  oz., 
lard,  6  oz.  Melt  the  wax,  suet,  and  lard  together,  add 
the  resin,  melted,  then  remove  from  the  fire,  and,  when 
cooling,  stir  in  the  cantharides,  and  mix.  Used  as  a 
blistering  plaster. 

Plaster  of  Cummin,  L. — Cummin,  caraway, laurel  berries, 
and  wax,  of  each  3  oz.,  prepared  Burgundy  pitch,  3  ft)., 
olive  oil  and  water,  of  each  1 J  oz.  Melt  the  pitch  and 
wax,  add  the  oil,  the  water,  and  the  dry  ingredients, 
powdered,  then  evaporate  to  the  required  consistence. 
Stimulant,  detergent.  Applied  to  languid  ulcers,  which 
require  stimulating. 

Plaster  of  Galbanum,  L. — Prepared  galbanum,  8  oz.,  tur- 
pentine, 1  oz.,  melt,  add  prepared  frankincense,  3  oz., 
plaster  of  lead,  3  ft).,  and  mix.  Stimulant,  discutient. 
Applied  to  the  chest  in  pulmonary  complaints,  and  to 
indolent  glandular  tumours. 

Plaster  of  Iodide  of  Potassium,  L. — Prepared  frankin- 
cense, 6  oz.,  wax,  6  drachms,  melt,  add  iodide  of  po- 
tassium, 1  oz.,  mixed  in  olive  oil,  2  drachms,  and  stir 


pla.  203 

Plasters. 

until  cold.  To  be  spread  on  linen  rather  than  lea- 
ther. Applied  to  chronic  enlargements;  scrofulous 
tumours,  nodes,  &c. 

Plaster  of  Iron,  L. — Prepared  frankincense,  2  oz.,  lead 
plaster,  8  oz.,  melt,  sprinkle  in  1  oz.  of  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  and  mix. 

Plaster  of  Lead,  L. — Oxide  of  lead,  in  fine  powder,  6  lb., 
olive  oil,  1  gallon,  water,  2  pints.  Boil  slowly  until 
mixed  to  a  proper  consistence,  adding,  if  necessary,  a 
little  boiling  water.  Used  as  a  basis  for  other  plasters, 
and  applied  to  cuts  or  excoriations. 

Plaster  of  Mercury,  L. — Warm  olive  oil,  1  drachm,  sul- 
phur, 8  grains,  mix;  rub  in  3  oz.  of  mercury  until  the 
globules  disappear,  then  add  melted  plaster  of  lead,  1  lb., 
and  mix.  Alterative,  discutient.  Less  powerful  than 
the  plaster  of  ammoniacum  with  mercury. 

Plaster  of  Opium,  L. — Prepared  frankincense,  2  oz.,melt, 
add  melted  plaster  of  lead,  8  oz.,  then  add  extract  of 
opium,  1  oz.,  dissolved  in  1  oz.  of  boiling  water,  and 
evaporate  to  the  proper  consistence.  Anodyne.  Ap- 
plied to  give  local  relief  to  painful  parts. 

Plaster  of  Pitch,  L. — Prepared  Burgundy  pitch,  2  lb., 
prepared  frankincense,  1  lb.,  wax  and  resin,  of  each  4 
oz.;  melt  together  and  add  expressed  oil  of  nutmegs,  1 
oz.,  olive  oil  and  water,  of  each  2  oz.  Stir  and  evapo- 
rate to  the  proper  consistence.  Mild  counter-irritant. 
Applied  to  the  chest  to  relieve  coughs,  and  to  the  loins 
in  lumbago.  Forms  a  good  warm  plaster,  for  the  chest 
in  winter. 

Plaster  of  Resin,  L. — Melted  lead  plaster,  3  lbs.,  melted 
resin,  }  lb.;  mix.  Stimulant,  adhesive.  The  usual 
sticking  plaster  applied  to  cuts  and  wounds  to  keep  them 
closed. 

Plaster  of  Soap,  L. — Melted  lead  plaster,  3  lb.,  Castile 
soap,  J  fib.,  melted  with  resin,  1  oz.;  mix  with  the  plaster, 
stir  and  boil  to  the  proper  consistence.  Used  to  support 
fractured  limbs. 

Platinum. — The  heaviest  metal  known,  sp.  gr.  21-25  to 


204  poi — pot. 

21-5;  resists  acids  and  great  heat.     Soluble  in  nitromu- 
riatic  acid  and  in  chlorine.     All  its  salts  are  poisonous. 

Poids  de  Marc— Eight  ounces. 

Polishing  Powder  for  Specula. — Prepare  peroxide  of 
iron,  by  precipitation,  from  a  diluted  solution  of  sulphate 
of  iron  with  water  of  ammonia.  Wash  the  precipitate, 
press  it  in  a  screw  press  until  nearly  dry,  and  expose  it 
to  a  heat  which  in  the  dark  appears  a  dull  red. 

Pomade  is  the  French  name  for  pomatum.  It  is  made  by 
covering  lard  with  perfumed  flowers,  and  changing  them 
when  exhausted;  until  the  lard  or  pomade  is  sufficiently 
scented. 

Pomade  Divine.— Spermaceti,  4  oz.,  lard,  8  oz.,  almond 
oil,  12  oz.,  gum  benzoin,  4  oz.,  vanilla  beans,  1}  oz. 
Digest  the  whole  in  a  steam  bath  for  six  hours,  and 
strain. 

Pomatum  Lavender. — -Lard,  2  J  lbs.,  lavender  flowers,  10 
lbs.,  white  wax,  4  oz.  Add  2  lbs.  of  flowers  to  the 
melted  lard  and  wax,  cork  the  whole  in  a  jar,  and  sim- 
mer in  a  water-bath  for  6  hours;  strain,  and  proceed  to 
add  the  remaining  flowers.  When  completed,  wash  it 
well,  re-melt  it,  and  fill  small  pots,  which  should  be  well 
covered  with  wet  bladder  or  waxed  paper.  This  is  the 
method  adopted  for  any  pomatum  of  flowers,  but  most 
pomatums  are  made  by  adding  the  essential  oils  to  the 
lard  and  wax,  and  they  serve  equally  well. 

Potash,  Acetate  of,  L. — Acetic  acid,  26  oz.,  carbonate 
of  potash,  1  ft>.,  or  sufficient,  distilled  water,  12  oz.; 
add  the  carbonate  gradually  to  the  acid,  first  mixed  with 
the  water  to  saturation,  and  strain.  Evaporate  the  li- 
quor in  a  sand-bath,  the  heat  being  cautiously  applied 
until  the  salt  is  dry. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Soluble  in  water  and  in  recti- 
fied spirit,  the  watery  solution  affects  neither  litmus  nor 
turmeric.  Nothing  is  precipitated  from  it  either  on  the 
addition  of  chloride  of  barium,  or  nitrate  of  silver,  but 
if  anything  is  thrown  down  by  nitrate  of  silver,  from  a 
strong  solution,  it  is  again  dissolved  on  the  addition 


pot.  205 

Potash. 

of  water,  or  dilute  nitric  acid.  Sulphuric  acid  added 
evolves  acetic  vapours.  100  grains  of  this  salt  digested 
in  sulphuric  acid,  evaporated,  and  the  salt  dried  by  a 
high  temperature,  leaves  88*8  grains  of  sulphate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Diuretic,  purgative,  used  in  dropsy,  and  obstructions  of 
the  liver.  Dose:  20  to  60  grains  as  a  diuretic,  increased 
to  3  drachms  it  acts  as  a  purgative.  It  sometimes  causes 
griping. 

Potash,  Bicarbonate  of. — Crystallized. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — "  Soluble  in  water.  The  so- 
lution slightly  changes  the  colour  of  turmeric  to  brown; 
sulphate  of  magnesia  throws  down  nothing  from  it  un- 
less heat  is  applied;  nitric  acid  drives  off  bubbles  of 
carbonic  acid,  and  if  nitric  acid  is  first  added  in  excess, 
chloride  of  barium  causes  no  precipitate,  and  nitrate  of 
silver  very  little,  if  any.  From  100  grains,  30*7  grains 
of  water  and  carbonic  acid  are  expelled  at  a  red  heat." 
Antacid,  diuretic.  Dose:  10  grains  to  1  scruple.  As 
an  effervescing  draught,  1  scruple,  to  citric  acid,  14 
grains,  or  lemon  juice,  3  J  drachms. 

Potash,  Bitartrate  of. — Crystalline. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — "  Sparingly  soluble  in  water, 
the  solution  reddens  litmus.  At  a  red  heat  it  is  con- 
verted into  carbonate  of  potash."  Laxative,  diuretic, 
refrigerant.  Dose:  1  scruple  to  1  oz.,  according  to  the 
purpose  of  administration.  It  is  often  given  as  a  diuretic 
or  refrigerant  in  the  imperial  drink :  it  forms  an  ingre- 
dient in  many  tooth  powders. 

Potash,  Carbonate  of — See  Carbonate  of  Potash. 

Potash,  Chlorate  of — Crystallized. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — u  Soluble  in  water,  the  solution 
gives  no  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver.  It  melts  by 
heat,  and  at  a  red  heat  100  grains  of  the  salt  emit  nearly 
39  grains  of  oxygen.  A  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid 
gradually  added  to  the  crystals,  change  them  to  yellow, 
then  red,  and  yellow  fumes  of  peroxide  of  chlorine  ap- 
pear. It  crackles  when  rubbed  with  sulphur."  Sel- 
dom employed  medicinally.     Dose:  10  to  30  grains. 


206  pot. 

Potash. 

Potash,  Hydrate  of,  L. — Solution  of  potash,  1  gallon; 
evaporate  in  an  iron  vessel  until,  ebullition  being  finished, 
the  hydrate  of  potash  liquefies,  pour  it  into  moulds. 

Characters,  L. — "In  an  open  vessel  it  speedily  liquefies. 
It  is  soluble  in  rectified  spirit."  Used  as  a  powerful 
caustic.  It  causes  intense  pain  at  the  time,  and  the 
parts  slough  and  form  an  issue.  It  is  not  used  inter- 
nally. 

Potash,  Nitrate  of. — Crystallized.  Characters  and  Tests, 
L. — Soluble  in  water,  and  nothing  is  precipitated  from 
the  solution  by  chloride  of  barium  or  nitrate  of  silver. 
It  melts  by  heat,  but  loses  no  weight ;  at  an  intense  heat 
it  yields  oxygen;  from  the  remaining  salt  rubbed  to 
powder,  sulphuric  acid  elicits  nitrous  vapours.  On 
burning  charcoal  it  deflagrates,  and  leaves  carbonate  of 
potash.  From  100  grains,  digested  in  sulphuric  acid, 
86  grains  of  dried  sulphate  of  potash  are  obtained  by  a 
red  heat. 

Refrigerant,  sedative,  diuretic.  Used  in  fever,  rheuma- 
tism, gonorrhoea,  &c.  Dose:  8  to  10  grains  to  several 
drachms  daily,  always  diluted  largely  with  plenty  of  li- 
quid. An  ounce  in  a  small  quantity  of  water  has 
caused  death;  in  large  dilution  it  causes  no  bad  effect. 

Potash,  Sulphate  of — Crystallized.  Characters  and 
Tests,  L. — Slightly  soluble  in  water:  what  is  thrown 
down  from  this  solution  by  bichloride  of  platinum  is 
yellowish,  and  by  chloride  of  barium,  white,  and  insolu- 
ble in  nitric  acid.  It  crackles  by  heat,  it  melts  at  a  red 
heat,  but  loses  no  weight.  From  100  grains  dissolved 
in  distilled  water,  chloride  of  barium  and  hydrochloric 
acid  being  added,  132  grains  of  sulphate  of  baryta  are 
obtained,  when  dried  at  a  red  heat. 

Mild  laxative,  used  as  a  deobstruent,  and  in  diarrhoea. 
Dose :  10  or  15  grains  to  4  drachms. 

Potash,  Tartrate  of  L.  Characters  and  Tests. — Soluble 
in  water,  the  solution  does  not  change  litmus  or  turmeric. 
The  addition  of  almost  any  acid  throws  down  crystals 
of  bitartrate  of  potash,  which  generally  adhere  to  the 
vessel.     What  is  thrown  down  from  the  same  solution 


pot.  207 

by  chloride  of  barium,  or  acetate  of  lead,  is  dissolved  by 
dilute  nitric  acid. 
Potash  with  Lime,  L, — Hydrate  of  potash  and  lime,  (un- 
slacked,)  each  1  oz.;  mix,  and  keep  in  a  well-closed 
vessel.  Characters,  L. — Mixed  with  water,  it  is  slacked, 
and  any  acid  being  added  it  evolves  no  bubbles  of  car- 
bonic acid.     Only  used  externally  as  a  caustic. 

Potassio-Tartrate  of  Antimony,  L. — Finely  powdered 
tersulphuret  of  antimony,  1  ft).,  sulphuric  acid,  15  oz., 
bitartrate  of  potash,  10  oz.,  distilled  water,  5  pints.  Mix 
the  tersulphuret  with  the  acid  in  an  iron  vessel,  apply 
heat  to  this  under  a  chimney,  and  stir  with  an  iron  spa- 
tula, increase  the  fire  until,  the  flame  of  the  ignited 
sulphur  being  extinct,  nothing  but  a  white  powdery 
mass  remains.  When  cool,  wash  this  with  water  until 
nothing  acid  can  be  detected,  and  dry  it.  Mix  9  oz.  of 
this  salt  with  the  bitartrate,  and  boil  in  water  30  minutes, 
filter  the  hot  solution,  and  let  it  crystallize,  dry  the  crys- 
tals and  evaporate  the  liquor  for  more. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Colourless,  soluble  in  water, 
the  solution  is  not  changed  by  ferrocyanide  of  potassium, 
hydrosulphuric  acid  causes  an  orange  precipitate;  chlo- 
ride of  barium  or  nitrate  of  silver  throws  nothing  down 
but  what  is  soluble  in  more  water.  Nitric  acid  throws 
down  a  precipitate,  and  again  re-dissolves  it.  From 
100  grains  of  this  salt  dissolved  in  water,  hydrosul- 
phuric acid  throws  down  49  grains  of  tersulphuret  of 
antimony. 

Potassium. — A  brilliant  white  metal,  the  base  of  potash. 
To  procure  it,  mix  dry  carbonate  of  potash,  2  parts,  with 
charcoal  in  powder,  1  part;  distil  in  an  iron  vessel  with 
a  strong  heat,  let  the  product  be  caught  in  a  copper  re- 
ceiver containing  some  naphtha,  and  surrounded  with 
ice.  It  may  be  re-distilled  if  wanted  pure.  Lustrous, 
soft  at  common  temperatures,  at  32°  F.  it  is  brittle  and 
crystalline,  melts  at  136°  F.,  and  distils  at  a  low  red 
heat;  sp.  gr.  0*865,  being  lighter  than  water,  equiva- 
lent 39,  symbol  K  (kalium.)  In  air  potassium  imme- 
diately oxidizes,  and  becomes  coated  with  caustic  pot- 


208  pot. 

ash.  Thrown  on  water  it  inflames,  burns  with  a 
purple  colour,  and  leaves  an  alkaline  solution  (oxide  of 
potassium.)  Potassium  is  always  preserved  in  naphtha, 
which,  when  pure,  contains  no  oxygen. 

Potassium,  Ferrocyanide  of  (Prussiate  of  potash.) — Crys- 
tallized. Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Yellow,  soluble  in 
water,  the  solution  is  not  changed  by  any  alkali,  or  by 
tincture  of  galls.  The  precipitate  from  sulphate  of  iron 
is  at  first  white,  and  then  blue,  that  from  sulphate  of 
copper  is  brown,  from  sulphate  of  zinc,  white.  This 
salt  loses  its  colour  at  a  gentle  heat,  and  from  100  grs., 
12-6  grains  of  water  escape.  It  is  decomposed  at  a  red 
heat;  what  remains  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
again  precipitated  by  ammonia.  From  100  grains  18*7 
grains  of  sesquioxide  of  iron  may  be  prepared.  If  this 
salt  is  heated  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid  it  exhales  an 
odour  of  hydrocyanic  acid. 

Only  employed  to  obtain  dilute  hydrocyanic  acid;  does 
not  appear  to  possess  medicinal  virtue;  is  not  poison- 
ous. 

Potassium,  Sulphate  of. — Is  used  chiefly  to  form  baths. 
It  may  be  given  in  doses  of  3  to  5  grains  in  skin  dis- 
eases, or,  for  a  bath,  4  oz.  may  be  dissolved  in  water, 
which  should  be  in  a  wooden,  and  not  a  metallic  vessel. 

Potassium,  Iodide  of,  L. — Crystallized.  "  Soluble  in  6  or 
8  parts  of  rectified  spirit,  and  freely  soluble  in  water. 
The  watery  solution  does  not  turn  turmeric  brown,  or 
only  very  slightly;  it  does  not  change  the  colour  of  lit- 
mus; it  becomes  blue  on  the  addition  of  nitric  acid  and 
starch  together;  it  is  not  coloured  on  the  addition  of 
nitric  acid  with  starch.  The  watery  solution  has  a 
yellow  precipitate,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  from  acetate 
of  lead,  but  no  precipitate  occurs  from  a  solution  of 
lime  or  chloride  of  barium :  if  the  precipitate  from  ni- 
trate of  silver  be  digested  in  strong  ammonia,  and  nitric 
acid  added  to  the  filtered  liquor,  nothing  is  thrown 
down  from  it.  From  100  grains,  dissolved  in  water, 
141  grains  of  iodide  of  silver  are  precipitated  by  nitrate 
of  silver."  Used  in  scrofula,  bronchocele,  and  various 
glandular  diseases.  Dose :  2  to  20  grains  internally, 
and  externally  used  in  the  form  of  ointment  or  lotion. 


pou — pow.  209 

Poudre. — (Hair  Powder.)  The  bases  are  starch  and  oak- 
moss,  alone  or  mixed,  and  scented  at  pleasure.  From 
the  perfume,  the  poudre  takes  various  names,  as  poudre 
a  la  mareshalle,  poudre  de  fleurs  d' orange,  poudre  de 
jasmine,  de  jonquille,  de  rose,  &c.  It  may  be  coloured 
at  pleasure,  and  is  frequently  met  with  under  the  title 
of  violet  powder.  Hair  powder  was  fashionable  at  one 
period,  but  the  unnatural  appearance  of  the  hair,  com- 
bined with  the  tax  levied  on  its  advocates,  have  ren- 
dered it  a  usage  of  the  olden  time,  of  which  there  are 
now  few  examples. 

Pounce. — Powdered  gum  sandarac.  Used  to  dust  writing, 
in  order  to  dry  it.  Another  preparation  ealled  pounce, 
is  the  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda ;  used  for  marking- 
ink  with  preparation. 

Powders. — "It  is  necessary  that  whatever  we  order  to  be 
reduced  to  powder  should  be  passed  through  a  fine  sieve 
to  separate  the  coarser  parts  and  impurities,  and  it  is 
desirable  that  most  powders  should  not  be  long  kept, 
but  be  recently  prepared. " — P.  L. 

Powder  of  Aloes,  (Compound)  Ij. — Socotrine  aloes,  1} 
oz.,  guaiacum  resin,  1  oz.,  compound  powder  of  cinna- 
mon, $  oz.  Rub  the  aloes  and  guaiacum  separately  to 
powder,  then  mix  them  with  the  cinnamon  powder. 
Purgative,  sudorific.     Dose :  10  to  20  grains. 

Powder  of  Antimony,  (Compound)  L. — Powdered  ter- 
sulphuret  of  antimony,  1  ft).,  horn  shavings,  2  lbs.  Mix, 
and  throw  into  a  strongly  heated  crucible,  stirriog  uotil 
vapour  no  longer  arises.  Powder  the  product,  expose 
it  to  the  heat  of  a  fire,  and  keep  it  red  hot  for  two  hours, 
then  rub  it  to  fine  powder.  A  very  uncertain  medicine 
in  its  effect.     Dose:  3  to  10  grains. 

Poioder  of  Chalk,  ( Compound)  L. — Prepared  chalk,  J 
lb.,  cinnamon,  4  oz.,  tormentil  and  acacia,  of  each  3  oz., 
long  pepper,  i  oz. ;  powder  the  whole  finely,  and  mix. 
Astringent,  antacid.  Used  in  diarrhoea.  Dose :  10  to 
40  grains. 

Powder  of  Chalk  (Compound)  with  Opium,  L. — Com- 
pound chalk  powder,  6i  oz,,  powdered  opium,  4  scru- 
18* 


210  PRA — PRE. 

pies;  mix.  Astringent,  anodyne.  Dose:  10  to  30 
grains. 

Powder  of  Cinnamon,  {Compound)  L.—  Cinnamon,  2  oz., 
cardamoms,  1£  oz.,  ginger,  1  oz.,  long  pepper,  \  oz.; 
powder  and  mix.  Aromatic,  astringent.  Dose;  10  to 
20  grains. 

Powder  of  Ipecacuanha,  (Compound)  L. — Ipecacuanha 
and  opium,  of  each  1  drachm,  sulphate  of  potash,  1  oz.; 
powder  and  mix.  Diaphoretic,  anodyne.  Used  to  re- 
lieve dysentery  and  rheumatism.  Dose:  2  to  5  grains 
in  dysentery,  and  as  a  sudorific  10  to  15  grains.  Any 
liquid,  if  taken  immediately  after,  might  cause  nausea 
and  vomiting,  but  to  assist  diaphoresis,  a  basin  of  hot 
gruel  should  be  taken  one  hour  after  the  powder. 

Powder  of  Jalap,  (Compound)  L. — Jalap,  3  oz.,  bitar- 
trate  of  potash,  6  oz.,  ginger,  2  drachms;  powder  and 
mix.     Purgative.     Dose :  20  to  40  grains. 

Powder  of  Kino,  (Compound)  L. — Kino,  15  drachms, 
cinnamon,  i  oz.,  dried  opium,  1  drachm;  powder  and 
mix.  Astringent  and  aromatic.  Dose :  5  to  20  grains 
in  diarrhoea. 

Poivder  of  Scammony,  (Compound)  L. — Scammony  and 
hard  extract  of  jalap,  each  2  oz.,  ginger,  J  oz.;  powder 
and  mix.  Vermifuge,  purgative.  Dose:  10  to  20 
grains. 

Powder  of  Tragacanth,  (Compound)  L. — Tragacanth, 
acacia,  and  starch,  of  each  1£  oz.,  sugar,  3  oz. ;  powder 
and  mix.  Demulcent,  emollient.  Used  in  mixtures. 
Dose  :  15  to  60  grains. 

Pradier's  Cataplasm. — A  celebrated  recipe,  for  which  the 
Emperor  Napoleon  gave  £2,500.  Balm  of  Mecca,  6 
drachms,  rectified  spirit,  16  oz.,  dissolve;  red  bark, 
sarsaparilla,  and  sage,  of  each  1  oz.,  saffron,  J  oz.,  rec- 
tified spirit,  32  oz. ;  digest  for  48  hours,  filter;  mix 
the  two  liquors,  and  add  twice  their  weight  of  lime 
water.  Used  in  gout,  by  sprinkling  2  oz.  on  the  surface 
of  a  hot  linseed-meal  poultice. 

Prepared  Vegetable  Medicines  are,  in  some  instances, 
ordered  to  be  used  by  the  London  College,  as  purer  than 
the  drugs  which  have  undergone  no  preparation. 


PRE.  211 

Prepared  Ammoniacum,  L. — Ammoniacum  in  tears,  1 
lb.,  water  sufficient  to  cover  it;  boil  until  they  are  mixed, 
strain  through  a  hair  sieve,  and  evaporate  in  a  water 
bath  so  that  it  may  solidify  on  cooling.  This  process 
removes  seeds  and  stalks. 

Prepared  Assafoetida,  L. — Proceed  as  directed  for  pre- 
pared ammoniacum. 

Prepared  Burgundy  Pitch,  L. — Proceed  as  directed  for 
prepared  ammoniacum.  The  purification  frees  the  pitch 
from  the  chips  and  twigs  with  which  it  is  originally 
mixed. 

Prepared  Cassia,  L. — Cassia  broken  longitudinally,  1  ft>., 
distilled  water  sufficient  to  cover  it;  macerate  for  six 
hours  with  frequent  stirring,  strain  the  pulp  through  a 
hair  sieve,  and  evaporate  in  a  water  bath  to  the  con- 
sistence of  a  confection.  This  process  clears  the  cassia 
from  the  pods  and  seeds. 

Prepared  Frankincense,  L. — Frankincense,  1  Kb.,  water 
sufficient  to  cover  it.  Boil  the  frankincense  in  the 
water,  strain  it  through  a  hair  sieve,  and  when  cold 
pour  off  the  water.  The  loose  woody  matter  present  in 
common  frankincense  is  separated  by  this  process. 

Prepared  Galbanum,  L. — Proceed  as  directed  for  pre- 
pared ammoniacum. 

Prepared  Prune,  L. — Prunes,  1  fb.,  water  sufficient  to 
cover  the  prunes.  Boil  gently  for  four  hours,  press  the 
pulp  through  an  open  cane  sieve,  and  afterwards  through 
a  fine  hair  sieve,  then  evaporate  in  a  water  bath  to  the 
consistence  of  a  confection.  The  pulp  alone  comes 
through,  clear  of  the  skins  and  stones. 

Prepared  Sagapenum,  L. — Proceed  as  directed  for  pre- 
pared ammoniacum. 

Prepared  Storax,  L. — Storax,  1  lb.,  rectified  spirit,  4 
pints.  Dissolve  the  storax  in  the  spirit  and  strain 
through  linen,  then  let  the  greater  part  of  the  spirit 
distil  by  a  gentle  heat,  and  evaporate  what  is  left  in  a 
water  bath  to  the  proper  consistence.  Storax  is  inso- 
luble in  water,  and  in  this  process  spirit  is  used  as  the 
purifying  medium. 

Prepared  Tamarind,  L. — Tamarind,  1  lb,;  water  suffi- 


212  PRI — PRU. 

cient  to  cover  it.  Macerate  for  four  hours  with  a  gen- 
tle heat,  then  proceed  as  for  prepared  prunes.  Sepa- 
rates the  stones  and  twigs. 
Printing  Bollers  are  made  of  treacle  and  glue,  with 
sometimes  a  little  Paris  white,  &c.  The  proportions 
are  about  J  ft),  of  glue  to  1J  ft),  of  treacle;  the  glue  is 
broken  to  pieces,  soaked  for  24  hours  in  sufficient 
water,  then  melted  with  the  treacle,  and  cast  into  a 
mould  previously  oiled.  On  removing  the  composition 
it  forms  a  cylinder  without  a  seam,  elastic,  like  India- 
rubber,  yet  sufficiently  soft  to  ink  the  type  without  in- 
juring them.  When  it  gets  hard,  which  happens  in  2 
to  4  months,  according  to  the  weather,  &c,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  re-melt  it,  adding  a  little  more  treacle.  Used 
to  ink  the  type  for  letter  press.  If  the  composition  is 
too  hard,  the  ink  does  not  spread  evenly,  if  too  soft, 
pieces  are  torn  away  from  the  roller.  When  the  print- 
ing is  finished,  the  roller  is  rubbed  over  a  sink  stone 
with  cold  water,  which  dissolves  a  little  of  the  external 
coat,  and  so  leaves  it  clear  of  ink. 

Prints,  Ackermann's  Liquor  for. — Best  pale  glue  and 
white  soap,  of  each  2  oz.,  hot  water,  30  oz. ;  dissolve, 
and  add  powdered  alum,  1  oz.  Used  as  a  size  for 
prints  before  colouring  them. 

Prussian  Blue. — 1.  Mix  alum,  2  parts,  with  sulphate  of 
iron,  1  part,  and  add  water  sufficient  to  dissolve.  Then 
make  a  solution  of  prussiate  of  potash,  add  to  it  a  little 
sulphuric  acid,  and,  when  mixed,  drop  in  the  first  solu- 
tion until  the  precipitate  falls  slowly,  when  it  will  re- 
quire washing  on  the  filter,  and  drying. 

2.  TurnbulVs. — Add  a  solution  of  protosulphate  of  iron 
to  one  of  red  prussiate  of  potash. 

3.  Soluble. — Make  one  solution  of  prussiate  of  potash,  2 
oz.,  and  another  of  protosulphate  of  iron,  1  oz.,  add 
this  gradually  to  the  first  until  the  precipitate  almost 
ceases  to  fall,  then  strain  on  linen,  add  water,  and  con- 
tinue the  washing  until  the  blue  colour  begins  to  dissolve 
in  it,  when  it  may  be  at  once  dissolved  in  distilled  water 
or  dried.  Or,  add  a  solution  of  persulphate  of  iron  to 
one  of  ferroprussiate  of  potash,  and  proceed  as  last. 


PUR — PYR.  213 

4.  Potash  or  pearlash,  2  parts,  coke  cinders  or  coals,  2 
parts,  iron  turnings,  1  part.  Powder  the  whole  coarsely, 
roast  it  in  an  open  crucible  for  half  an  hour,  stirring 
occasionally,  cool,  and  dissolve  the  soluble  portion  in  a 
water  filter;  add  1  part  of  copperas  and  muriatic  acid 
to  brighten  the  colour.  The  product  is  a  pure  perferro- 
cyanate  of  iron. — Thompson. 

Purple  of  Cassius. — Crystallized  protochloride  of  tin,  1 
part,  crystallized  perchloride  of  tin,  2  parts;  make  sepa- 
rate solutions,  mix  the  liquors,  and  add  in  solution,  1 
part  of  crystallized  terchloride  of  gold;  wash  and  dry 
the  precipitate.  Used  to  stain  glass  of  a  ruby  colour, 
and  to  paint  porcelain  purple. 

Purified  Gum  Arabic. — Gum,  1  part,  strong  and  puri- 
fied solution  of  sulphurous  acid  gas,  6  or  8  parts;  pre- 
serve the  mixture  from  the  contact  of  air;  and  when 
the  gum  is  dissolved,  heat  the  liquid,  pour  it  off  warm 
into  a  receiver  containing  carbonate  of  baryta  in  excess. 
Filter  the  liquid,  which  is  now  a  solution  of  pure  gum; 
and  evaporate. 

Putty. — Whiting,  well  sifted,  is  mixed  with  boiled  oil  to  a 
paste,  which  is  then  chopped  in  a  putty-mill  until  well 
mixed.  As  soon  as  part  of  the  putty  is  ready,  it  is 
withdrawn,  and  more  paste  added.  When  it  is  desired 
red,  some  Spanish  brown  is  mixed  with  the  paste  to 
colour  it. 

Pyroligneous  Acid. — A  vinegar  obtained  by  the  destruc- 
tive distillation  of  wood. 

Pyrophorus. — A  term  applied  to  those  substances  which 
inflame  on  exposure  to  air.  They  are  never  prepared 
except  for  experiment  or  curiosity.  1.  Mix  dried  alum 
and  brown  sugar,  equal  parts,  burn  in  a  covered  cruci- 
ble until  dry,  bottle,  and  keep  up  the  heat  until  flame 
ceases  to  rise,  then  cork  close  to  cool. — Honiberg.  2. 
Calcine  tartar  emetic  in  a  similar  manner,  or  tartrate  of 
lead,  (crystallized  acetate  of  lead,  5  parts,  tartaric  acid, 
2  parts;  make  separate  solutions,  mix  the  liquors,  wash 
and  dry  the  precipitate,  which  is  tartrate  of  lead.)     3. 


214  QUA — RAD. 

Lamp-black,  3  parts,  dried  alum,  4  parts,  carbonate  of 
potash,  8  parts;  calcine. — Hare.  4.  Sulphate  of  pot- 
ash, 9  parts,  calcined  lamp-black,  5  parts. —  Gay  Lussac. 

5.  Sulphate  of  potash,  2  parts,  lamp-black,  11  parts. 

6.  Alum,  3  parts,  flour,  1  part.  When  any  of  these 
powders  have  been  properly  burned,  a  little  of  the  com- 
position inflames  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  more 
quickly  if  the  atmosphere  is  damp,  or  the  powder  breathed 
upon. 

Quateron. — Four  ounces. 

Queen's  Metal. — Tin,  100  parts,  antimony,  8  parts,  cop- 
per, 4  parts,  bismuth,  1  part;  melt  under  charcoal. 
Used  to  make  teapots,  and  other  white  metal  articles. 
It  is  a  description  of  pewter. 

Quinine. — A  white,  bitter,  odourless  alkaloid;  obtained 
from  bark.  It  is  not  used  in  medicine,  but  several  of 
its  salts  are  employed  as  tonics  and  febrifuges. 

Quinine,  Sulphate  of,  L. — A  crystallized  salt,  prepared 
from  yellow  bark.  Soluble  in  water,  especially  if 
mixed  with  an  acid.  When  ammonia  is  added,  quina  is 
thrown  down,  and  on  the  liquor  being  evaporated,  what 
remains  ought  not  to  taste  of  sugar.  100  grains  of  this 
salt  lose  8  or  10  grains  of  water  by  a  gentle  heat.  It 
is  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  If  recently  prepared  chlorine 
is  added,  and  then  ammonia,  it  turns  green.  By  add- 
ing chloride  of  barium  to  100  grains,  dissolved  in  water 
mixed  with  hydrochloric  acid,  26*6  grains  of  sulphate 
of  barytes  are  obtained  after  it  has  been  dried  by  being 
heated  in  a  red  fire.  Disulphate  of  quinine  is  given  in 
ague,  rheumatism,  and  tic-doloreux,  in  which  last  it  is 
especially  useful,  combined  with  sesquichloride  of  iron. 
(See  Iron.)  Its  use  should  always  be  preceded  with  a 
purgative  and  emetic,  if  required ;  otherwise  it  will  fail 
to  do  good,  but  will  fur  the  tongue  and  disorder  the 
stomach.     Dose :  1  to  10  grains. 

Radclifee's  Elixir. — Aloes,  6  drachms,  cinnamon,  ze- 
doary,  and  cochineal,  of  each  i  drachm,  rhubarb,  1 
drachm,  buckthorn  syrup,  2  oz.;  proof  spirit,  1  pint, 


RAN — RAT.  215 

water,  5  oz. ;  digest  7  days. — Paris.     An  aromatic  sto- 
machic and  purgative.     Dose :  1  to  4  drachms. 

Rancidity,  to  Remove. — Add  a  little  nitric  ether  to  the 
rancid  oil.  A  few  drops  preserve  oils  and  fats  from 
turning. 

Ratafia. — Spirit  sweetened  and  flavoured  with  fruit. 

Rats  and  Mice  may  be  exterminated  in  various  ways  by 
using  poisons;  the  chief  objection  against  which  is, 
that  they  retire  to  their  holes  to  die,  and  the  bodies 
putrefy  unless  removed,  which  causes,  at  times,  great 
expense. 

1.  Boil  1  oz.  of  arsenic  in  half-a-pint  of  water  for  a  few 
minutes,  add  lump  sugar  sufficient  to  sweeten  the 
liquor,  which  must  then  be  poured  on  1  lb.  of  old 
bread,  cut  in  squares.  These  must  then  be  laid  in 
places  where  the  vermin  can  eat  it ;  care  must  be  taken 
to  prevent  accidents  to  children,  &c. 

2.  Melt  2  lb.  of  suet,  add  2  lb.  of  wheat  flour,  3  oz.  of 
arsenic,  2  J  drachms  of  lamp  black,  and  15  drops  of  oil 
of  aniseed.  This  composition  is  authorized  by  the 
Government  of  France. 

3.  Mix  1  quart  of  oatmeal,  2  oz.  white  sugar,  oils  of  rho- 
dium, caraway,  and  aniseed,  of  each  6  drops,  musk,  J 
grain;  combine  these  without  touching  with  the  hands. 
Place  this  mixture  for  some  nights  where  the  rats  can 
eat  without  disturbance;  at  the  end  of  6  nights,  if  they 
take  it  freely,  add  1  teaspoonful  of  arsenic.  What  re- 
mains in  the  morning  should  be  burnt,  avoiding  the 
fumes. —  Chemist,  vol.  6. 

4.  Feed  as  last  for  some  nights,  then  add  carbonate  of 
barytes,  \  oz.,  to  scented  oatmeal,  4  oz.,  and  leave  it 
for  24  hours;  afterwards  burn  the  remainder. — Tay- 
lor. 

5.  Add  nux  vomica,  1  oz.,  to  oatmeal,  1  lb.,  scent  with 
aniseed  and  musk. 

6.  Melt  phosphorus,  2  drachms,  in  water,  5  oz.,  by  a  gen- 
tle heat  from  hot  water;  pour  the  whole,  when  liquid, 
into  a  mortar;  mix  with  rye  meal,  5  oz.,  then  add  fresh 
butter,  5  oz.,  sugar,  4  oz.,  and  mix. 


216  REC — ROS. 

7.  Fresh  butter,  4  oz.,  calomel,  3  drachms,  bread  crumbs, 
2  oz.,  sugar,  \  oz.,  oils  of  nutmeg  and  rhodium,  of  each 
2  drops,  oil  of  aniseed,  1  drop;  mix.  Used  in  hay- 
ricks, &c,  by  laying  a  lump  on  a  stick,  and  inserting  it. 

8.  Trap  Baits. — 1.  To  the  last,  add  1  drop  of  oil  of 
thyme.  2.  Flour  of  malt,  4  oz.,  butter,  sufficient  to 
make  a  paste,  add  oil  of  aniseed,  2  drops,  and  bait  the 
trap.     Said  to  be  very  successful. 

9.  Lay  bird-lime  in  their  haunts,  and  they  will  quit  in 
disgust  when  it  adheres  to  their  furs. 

10.  On  the  side  of  a  basin  of  water  securely  balance 
a  stick,  so  that  it  will  drop  over  the  water  with  the 
weight  of  a  mouse.  Bait  this  end  with  cheese,  tying  it 
on,  and  lay  a  platform  for  the  mice  to  ascend  by. 

[Rectification.— The  second  distilling  of  a  liquid  to  purify 
it. 

Red  Ink. — Pernambuco  wood,  4  oz.,  dilute  acetic  acid,  16 
oz.,  water,  16  oz.,  boil  down  to  24  oz.;  add  1  oz.  of 
alum,  evaporate  to  16  oz.;  add  gum  Arabic,  1  oz., 
strain,  and,  when  cold,  add  protochloride  of  tin,  1 
drachm. —  Weber. 

Relish,  Kitchener's. — Ground  black  pepper  and  salt,  of 
each  1  oz.,  allspice,  horse-radish,  and  shalots,  of  each  \ 
oz.,  walnut  pickle,  or  mushroom  ketchup,  1  pint;  in- 
fuse 14  days,  and  strain.     Used  as  a  sauce. 

Rennet. — The  stomach  of  a  calf  washed  clean,  and  pre- 
served with  brine  or  dry  salt'. 

Rennet,  Essence  of. — Fresh  rennet,  6  oz.,  salt  and  proof 
spirit,  of  each  2  oz.,  wine,  1  pint;  digest  24  hours,  and 
strain.  Rennet  and  its  essence  are  both  used  to  curdle 
milk,  in  preparing  cheese.  Very  little  suffices  for  this 
purpose.  The  dry  rennet  is  almost  invariably  used  in 
farm  houses;  the  essence  very  rarely. 

Roberts's  Poor  Man's  Friend. — Chiefly  nitric  oxide  of 
mercury. 

Rose  Hair  Oil. — Take  half  a  pint  of  fine  olive  oil,  (salad 
oil,)  and  half  an  ounce  of  alkanet  root;  place  them  to- 


ROS — RUP.  217 

gether  in  a  bottle  in  a  warm  situation,  there  to  remain 
for  two  or  three  days,  giving  the  bottle  a  shake  night 
and  morning.  When  the  oil  is  sufficiently  rosy,  which, 
in  contact  with  the  alkanet  root,  it  soon  becomes,  it  is 
to  be  strained  through  fine  lawn,  and  any  scent  added 
to  it  that  is  preferred. 

Rosemary  Hair  Wash.— Rosemary  water;  1  gallon;  spirit, 
10  oz.,  pearlash,  1  oz. 

Rouge. — Wash  safflowers  until  the  water  comes  away  co- 
lourless, dry  the  flowers,  powder  them,  and  digest  in  a 
weak  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda.  Place  some  cotton 
wool  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  then  add  white  vinegar 
till  it  ceases  to  produce  a  precipitate,  wash  the  wool  in 
cold  water,  dissolve  the  colour  in  a  fresh  solution  of 
soda,  add  some  'finely-powdered  French  chalk,  mix  well, 
precipitate  with  vinegar  as  before,  dry  the  powder  care- 
fully, and  triturate  it  with  a  little  olive  oil,  to  render  it 
smooth  and  adhesive. 

Rouge,  Toilet. — Talc  powder,  coloured  with  carmine. 

Rouge,  Jewellers'. — 1.  Dissolve  sulphate  of  iron  in  hot 
water,  add  a  solution  of  pearlash  as  long  as  any  precipi- 
tate falls,  wash  this  often  with  warm  water,  drain  it,  and 
calcine  to  a  bright  red  colour.  2.  Precipitate  a  dilute 
solution  of  sulphate  of  iron,  with  ammonia  in  excess, 
wash  and  express  the  precipitate,  then  calcine  it  to  red- 
ness. Used  as  a  polishing  powder,  and  for  covering 
razor  strops. 

Royal  Preventive. — Diacetate  of  lead  and  proof  spirit, 
of  each  1  part,  water,  20  parts.  Used  to  prevent  in- 
fection. 

Rum  Ether. — Black  oxide  of  manganese  and  sulphuric 
acid,  of  each  12  lbs.,  alcohol,  26  lbs.,  strong  acetic 
acid,  10  lbs.  Mix,  and  distil  12  pints.  Used  to  give 
spirit  the  flavour  of  rum. 

Rupert's  Drops  are  formed  by  dropping  melted  glass  into 
cold  water;  they  form  pieces  thick  at  one  end,  and  ta- 
pering off  to  a  point.    The  thick  end  will  bear  the  blow 
19 


218  SAC — SAG. 

of  a  hammer  without  breaking,  but  if  the  narrow  tail 
be  broken  off,  the  whole  falls  to  powder  with  a  smart 
shock  to  the  holder,  the  effect  arising  from  the  hollow 
centre  suddenly  expanding. 

Sachets  are  dry  substances  enclosed  in  little  bags,  which 
are  worn  next  the  skin  as  medical  agents. 
Sachets. — Powdered  orris,  2  lbs.,  rose  leaves,  1  lb.,  ton- 
qtrin  beans,  8  oz.,  vanilla  beans,  4  oz.,  musk,  \  oz.,  otto 
of  almonds,  5  drops.  Small  bags,  filled  with  this  pow- 
der, are  kept  amongst  clothes,  to  prevent  moths  and 
perfume  linen. 

Sachet,  Anti-phthisic— In  12  oz.  of  strong  decoction  of 
rue,  dissolve  1  oz.  of  aloes,  dip  into  this  a  piece  of  soft 
muslin,  folded  several  times,  and  large  enough  to  cover 
the  chest  and  part  of  the  stomach.-  Dry  the  muslin, 
and  apply  it  over  the  chest.  Used  to  prevent  con- 
sumption. 

Saffron,  L. — The  recent  and  dried  corms  of  the  wild 
herb.  Let  it  be  dug  up  in  the  month  of  July,  or  be- 
fore the  autumnal  bud  has  projected.  The  dry  coat- 
ings having  been  torn  off,  cut  the  cormus  transversely 
in  thin  slices,  and  dry  at  first  with  a  gentle  heat,  but 
afterwards  slowly  increased  to  the  150th  degree. 

u  The  stigma  consists  of  tripartite  filaments  of  an  orange 
red  colour,  with  the  small  filaments  towards  the  apex 
dilated.  Moistened  with  water,  and  bruised  on  white 
paper,  it  leaves  an  orange  stain. " 

There  are  two  kinds,  the  hay  and  the  cake  saffron,  the 
latter  being  frequently  much  adulterated.  They  are 
chiefly  used  as  colouring  ingredients.  Saffron  was 
formerly  esteemed  cordial  and  emmenagogue,  and  was 
ordered  in  some  compounds  for  these  qualities,  but  now 
is  little  used  except  for  its  tinge.  It  may  be  given  in 
doses  of  10  to  60  grains,  in  pill  or  powder,  or  made 
into  an  infusion. 

Sago. — A  species  of  starch  from  the  sago  palm  tree.  For 
use,  wash  1  oz.  of  sago,  then  boil  it  in  1  pint  of  clear 
water  until  combined,  and  flavour  to  taste  with  wine, 
sugar,  spice,  &c.     It  may  be  steeped  before  boiling. 


SAL.  219 

Sal  Amarum. — Epsom  salt. 

Sal  Erattjs. — Bicarbonate  of  potash, 

Sal  Essentiale  Tartari. — Tartaric  acid. 

Sal  Tartari. — Bicarbonate  of  potash. 

Salep. — The  prepared  root  of  the  orchis  inascula,  &c.  Boil 
i  oz.  of  the  powder  in  1  pint  of  water,  and  when  dis- 
solved, strain,  sweeten,  and  flavour  with  wine,  sugar, 
spice,  &c. 

Saloop. — Sassafras  tea,  with  milk  and  sugar.  Used  in 
rheumatism  and  skin  diseases. 

Salt,  Bed. — Colour  common  salt  with  an  infusion  of  saf- 
fron, beet-root,  or  cochineal,  or  tincture  of  red  sanders 
wood,  or  carmine,  and  dry  it.  Used  to  colour  gravies. 
Brown  salt  is  prepared  with  equal  parts  of  browning 
and  port  wine. 

Salt,  Sore-throat. — Nitre  melted  and  poured  into  moulds. 
Often  called  sal  prunella. 

Salts,  Smelling. — 1.  Hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  8  oz., 
carbonate  of  potash,  3  oz.,  essence  of  lemon  and  oil  of 
cloves,  of  each  20  drops,  oil  of  rosemary,  12  drops,  oil 
of  bergamotte,  10  drops,  oil  of  cinnamon,  8  drops, 
camphor,  12  grains,  musk,  1  grain,  spirit  of  wine  and 
strongest  ammonia,  of  each  i  oz.  Dissolve  the  camphor 
and  oils  in  the  spirit,  mix  the  hydrochlorate  and  car- 
bonate, first  powdered  separately,  rub  together,  add  the 
spirit,  mix,  and  add  the  liquor  ammoniae,  then  fill  the 
bottles  immediately.  2.  For  the  hydrochlorate,  sub- 
stitute the  sesquicarbonate  of  ammonia,  and  proceed  as 
before.  Very  powerful.  3.  Sesquicarbonate  of  am- 
monia, 1  lb.,  oil  of  lavender,  3  oz.,  oil  of  verbena,  J 
oz.,  strong  solution  of  ammonia,  1  oz.;  mix.  See 
Essence  for  smelling  bottles. 

Salve,  Lip. — 1.  Spermaceti  ointment,  3  oz.,  honey,  1  oz., 
mix,  and  scent  if  desired.  2.  Rose.  Spermaceti  oint- 
ment, coloured  with  alkanet,  and  scented  with  otto. 
Or,  oil  of  almonds,  coloured  with  alkanet,  6  parts,  white 


220  SAR — SED. 

wax,  3  parts,  spermaceti,  1  part,  scent  with  otto.    Used 
for  chapped  skin. 

Sartaginis. — An  iron  pan. 

Scammony  Resin. — Add  alcohol  to  the  scammony,  mace- 
rate for  several  days,  decant;  add  fresh  spirit  to  the 
residue,  macerate  for  two  days.  Mix  the  spirits,  allow 
the  impurities  to  fall,  decant  the  solution  into  cold  wa- 
ter, and  the  resin  will  be  precipitated.  Wash  it  in 
fresh  water,  and  evaporate  until  dry. 

Scent,  Pomatum. — 1.  Millefleur.  Essence  of  ambergris,  4 
parts,  essence  of  lemon,  3  parts,  oils  of  cloves  and  la- 
vender, of  each  2  parts,  essence  of  bergamotte,  1  part; 
mix.  2.  Cowslip.  Essence  of  bergamotte,  4  parts, 
essence  of  lemon,  2  parts,  oil  of  cloves,  1  part;  mix. 
3.  Jonquille.  Essences  of  bergamotte  and  lemon,  of 
each  8  parts,  oil  of  cloves,  2  parts,  oils  of  sassafras  and 
orange,  of  each  1  part;  mix.  4.  See  Castor  Oil  Po- 
made. 5.  Oil  of  verbena  and  otto  of  roses,  of  each  5 
drops,  essence  of  sweet  bean,  12  drops,  rectified  spirit, 
1  oz.;  mix. 

Schwartz'  Drops. — Barbadoes  tar,  2  parts,  tincture  of 
assafoetida,  3  parts;  mix.  Used  for  tapeworm.  Dose: 
40  drops  3  times  daily. 

Scheele's  Green  (the  arsenite  of  copper.) — Arsenious 
acid,  11  oz.,  carbonate  of  potash,  2  lbs.;  dissolve  by 
heat  in  1  gallon  of  water,  filter,  and  add  this  gradually 
to  a  filtered  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  2  lbs.,  wa- 
ter, 3  gallons.  Wash,  and  dry  the  precipitate,  which 
will  weigh  about  1J  lb.  Used  as  a  green  colour  in 
painting. 

Scudamore's  Gout  Lotion. — Camphor  mixture,  5  oz., 
alcohol,  2  oz. ;  mix.     Applied  warm  on  linen  rags. 

Sedative  Water. — Liquor  of  ammonia,  (22°  Baume,)  3  J 
oz.?  camphorated  alcohol,  3  drachms,  bay  salt,  9  dr., 
water,  1  quart.  Mix  the  spirit  of  camphor  with  the 
ammonia,  mix  the  salt  and  water,  pour  off  the  clear 
water,  and  add  the  camphorated  ammonia.    For  general 


SEI— SIL.  221 

use,  this  preparation  requires  the  addition  of  another 
quart  of  water;  it  is  then  used  to  bathe  the  chest,  skin, 
&c,  in  cases  of  fever,  inflammation,  rheumatism,  &c. 
It  may  be  applied  by  compresses  of  cotton,  removing 
these  as  a  burning  or  smarting  is  felt.  The  parts  should 
afterwards  be  rubbed  with  camphor  cerate.  Raspail 
states  that  in  disorders  of  the  chest  this  application  of 
sedative  water  and  camphor  cerate  on  the  back,  between 
the  shoulders,  will  point  out  by  red  spots  the  exact  seat 
of  disease,  and  that  these  spots  will  cease  to  appear  as 
the  cure  advances. 

Seidlitz  Powders  (in  one  Paper). — Bitartrate  of  soda, 
2  parts,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  1  part.     Mix. 

Sel  de  Seignette. — Potassio-tartrate  of  soda. 

Sel  Vegetal. — Tartrate  of  potash. 

Selenium,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  by  Berzelius. — Mix 
sulphuret  of  selenium  1  part,  binoxide  of  manganese, 
8  parts,  heat  in  a  glass  retort,  and  receive  the  product 
in  water.  Selenium  is  a  reddish  brown  body,  of  im- 
perfect metallic  lustre,  sp.  gr.  4-3,  melts  at  212°,  boils 
at  650°,  insoluble  in  water,  and  when  heated  in  the  air, 
emits  a  peculiar  disagreeable  odour. 

Sepia,  the  ink  of  cuttle-fish. — Prepared  for  artists  by  boil- 
ing in  alkali,  precipitating  with  acid,  then  washing  and 
drying  the  precipitate.  A  fine  brown  colour,  used  by 
artists  to  wash  pictures,  like  Indian  ink. 

Shoemakers'  Black  (a  solution  of  green  copperas.) — It  is 
applied  to  leather  to  turn  it  black. 

Signatures,  copies  of. — 1.  Write  the  name,  sprinkle  gum 
Arabic,  in  finest  powder,  on  the  wet  ink,  make  a  rim 
round,  and  pour  in  melted  fusible  alloy.  This  may  be 
printed  from  at  a  copperplate  press. 
2.  Write  the  name  in  copying  ink,  transfer  it  to  a  wood 
block,  and  let  it  be  engraved  as  a  wood-cut. 

Silica,  a  name  applied  to  a  composition  for  filling  teeth, 
made  of  powdered  porcelain,  plaster  of  Paris,  and  iron 

19* 


222  sil. 

filings,  equal  parts,  and  mixed  with  thick  mastic  or 
copal  varnish. 

Silica,  the  earthy  base  of  flint. — Heat  quartz  to  redness, 
plunge  it  in  cold  water,  dry,  and  powder.  This  is  in- 
soluble; but  if  to  1  part  3  parts  of  carbonate  of  potash 
be  added  and  fused,  it  forms  soluble  glass,  which  is  used 
to  cover  wood,  &c,  and  render  it  incombustible. 

Silver,  a  well-known  white  metal;  very  lustrous,  malleable, 
ductile,  and  the  best  known  conductor  of  heat  and 
electricity.  Pure  silver  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  10-5,  melts  at 
about  1873°,  (Daniell,)  and  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  It 
is  not  often  used  alone  in  the  arts,  but  is  generally 
alloyed  with  a  little  copper;  for  plate  and  coin,  the  pro- 
portions are,  11  oz.  2  dwt.  of  silver,  to  18  dwt.  of 
copper.  It  is  employed  for  numerous  purposes  in  do- 
mestic life,  for  lighthouse  reflectors,  filling  teeth,  (amal- 
gamated with  mercury,)  and  electrotyping  inferior 
metals.  The  equivalent  of  silver  is  108,  its  symbol 
Ag  (argentum.)  Some  of  its  salts  are  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

Silver,  Solders  for.— 1.  Hardest.  Silver,  4  parts,  copper, 
1  part;  fuse  together.  2.  Hard.  Sterling  silver,  3 
parts,  melt,  add  brass  wire,  1  part.  3.  Soft.  Silver,  2 
parts,  melt,  add  brass  wire,  1  part.  This  is  generally 
used;  some  add  a  little  arsenic,  to  make  it  whiter  and 
more  fusible,  but  it  becomes  less  malleable,  and  more 
injurious.  4.  Pure  tin,  or  tin  solder,  (2  lead  to  1  tin,) 
used  for  inferior  works. 

Silver,  Nitrate  of,  L.  (1836.) — Pure  silver,  1£  oz.,  ni- 
tric acid,  1  oz.,  diluted  with  water,  2  oz.;  heat  by  a 
sand-bath  until  ebullition  ceases,  and  the  water  is  ex- 
pelled, then  pour  it  into  moulds.  No  formula  is  given 
in  the  P.  L.  for  1851,  but  the  following  characters  and 
tests  are  to  be  observed: — "  White,  soluble  in  water, 
the  solution  precipitates  silver  when  copper  is  immersed 
in  it.  If  17  grains  of  nitrate  of  silver  are  added  to  6 
grains  of  salt,  dissolved  in  water,  and  to  the  filtered 
solution  more  nitrate  be  added,  nothing  further  is  thrown 


sil.  223 

down.  This  substance  must  be  kept  from  the  light." 
Used  as  a  caustic  externally,  and  internally  as  a  tonic 
and  astringent.  In  solution  it  must  always  be  combined 
with  distilled  water,  and  never  with  impure  water. 
Externally  it  is  rubbed  on  the  wetted  skin,  or  applied 
in  a  lotion  of  2  to  20  grains  to  each  ounce  of  water. 
Internally  it  is  given  in  the  solid  form,  in  doses  of  £th 
of  a  grain,  gradually  increased  to  2  or  3  grains. 

Silvering,  the  art  of  coating  substances  with  silver. — Leaf 
silvering  may  be  performed  as  leaf  gilding.  See  Gild- 
ing, burnished.  Cold  silvering  may  be  performed  on 
brass  and  copper  which  is  well  cleaned  and  quite  bright, 
by  rubbing  with  a  moistened  cloth,  dipped  in  the  fol- 
lowing powder:  1.  Chloride  of  silver,  2  parts,  pearl- 
ash,  6  parts,  salt,  3  parts,  whiting,  2  parts;  mix.     Or, 

2.  Precipitated  silver,  1  part,  common  salt  and  cream  of 
tartar,  each  2  parts;  mix.  When  the  metal  is  silvered, 
it  should  be  washed  in  a  hot  weak  solution  of  alkali, 
and  then  washed  dry.     Other  silvering  powders  are: 

3.  Nitrate  of  silver  and  salt,  of  each  1  part,  cream  of 
tartar,  7  parts.  4.  Nitrate  of  silver,  1  part,  cyanide  of 
potassium,  3  parts.  5.  Bath.  Nitrate  of  silver,  15 
parts,  sulphate  of  soda,  100  parts;  dissolve  in  water, 
and  dip  the  article  into  the  solution. 

Silvering,  Glass.— See  Amalgams.  Mirrors  are  silvered 
by  coating  tin-foil  with  mercury,  applying  the  mirror, 
and  pressing  together  with  weights  to  remove  the  super- 
fluous mercury.  The  insides  of  globes  are  coated  with 
the  amalgam,  rolling  them  about  until  every  part  is 
coated.  Drayton's  patent  process  is  as  follows:  Mix 
nitrate  of  silver  and  liquor  ammonia,  of  each  1  oz., 
water  and  rectified  spirit,  of  each  3  oz. ;  let  stand  four 
hours,  and  filter.  To  each  oz.  add  2  drachms  of  sugar, 
dissolved  in  alcohol  and  water,  equal  parts;  pour  the 
mixture  on  the  glass  to  be  silvered,  and  keep  up  the 
heat  of  160°  until  the  silvering  is  completed.  Besides 
sugar,  there  are  other  precipitants  of  the  silver,  as  oils 
of  cloves,  cassia,  caraway,  or  thyme,  aldehyde,  &c,  and 
the  solution  of  gun  cotton  in  caustic  potash.     To  this 


224  sir— soa. 

last  the  nitrate  is  added  in  solution,  and  ammonia  suf- 
ficient to  redissolve  the  precipitate;  the  solution,  on 
being  heated,  deposits  very  brilliant  silver. 

Sirop  d'Amandes. — Sweet  almonds,  1  lb.,  bitter  almonds, 
5  oz.,  white  sugar,  6  lbs.,  water,  3  lbs.  4  oz.,  orange- 
flower  water,  8  oz.  Blanch  the  almonds,  and  beat 
them  into  a  fine  paste  in  a  stone  mortar,  with  4  oz.  of 
water  and  1  lb.  of  sugar.  Mix  this  paste  with  the  rest 
of  the  water,  and  press;  add  the  remaining  sugar,  dis- 
solving it  by  the  heat  of  a  water  bath;  then  add  the 
orange  water,  and  strain  through  muslin. 

Size. — The  hides  called  sizing  are  prepared  for  size,  by 
partly  covering  them  with  water  in  a  tub,  at  the  bottom 
of  which  a  pipe  gives  off  steam  from  a  boiler.  The 
steam,  being  turned  on,  heats  and  boils  the  size  without 
danger  of  burning,  and  the  process  is  continued  until 
the  whole  is  completely  dissolved  into  a  jelly.  Alum 
is  then  added,  to  clear  the  size,  and  it  is  drawn  off  to 
cool.  It  may  be  prepared  by  boiling  with  water;  but  is 
more  apt  to  burn,  if  not  carefully  attended  to. 

Size,  Japanners'  Gold. — Linseed  oil,  boiled  with  gum 
anime,  and  thinned,  if  required,  with  turpentine. — 
Whittoclc. 

Size,  Gold. — 1.  Drying  oil,  ground  with  red  lead.  Inferior. 
2.  Boiled  oil,  3  parts,  japanner's  gold  size,  1  part;  mix 
with  yellow  ochre,  well  ground,  in  boiled  oil,  to  a  suffi- 
cient thickness.     Superior  quality. 

Smalts,  a  blue  pigment  prepared  from  cobalt.  Used  in 
painting,  and  to  give  linen  a  blue  tinge. 

Soap. — The  hard,  or  Castile  soap,  made  of  olive  oil  and 
soda,  is  now  simply  called  soap  in  the  P.  L.  The  soft 
soap  of  medicine  is  made  of  olive  oil  and  potash,  and 
"  in  place  of  this,  the  common  soft  soap  prepared  from 
fish-oil,  suet,  and  potash,  should  by  no  means  be  used/' 
L.  The  frequent  use  of  hard  soap  in  pills,  &c,  ren- 
dered them  so  hard  as  frequently  to  be  ineffective;  the 
soft  soap  is  therefore  now  substituted  for  most  prepara- 
tions. 


soa.  225 

Soap  (Brown). — Tallow,  975  lbs.,  rosin,  325  lbs.,  soda  ash, 
4  cwt.,  water,  q.  s. 
White. — Tallow,  13  cwt.,  soda  ash,  4  cwt. 
Boil  the  compound,  and  when  the  combination  is  complete, 
add  a  quantity  of  common  salt.  The  soap  separates, 
and  floats  on  the  surface,  and  may  then  be  formed  into 
wedges. 

Soaps,  Fancy — consist  of  common  commercial  soap,  mixed 
with  scents  and  colours  at  pleasure.  The  regulations  of 
the  Excise  prevent  other  than  licensed  manufacturers 
preparing  ordinary  soap,  but  this  may  be  scented  or 
mixed,  and  retailed  by  druggists,  &c. 

Soap,  Bitter  Almond. — Melt  soap,  1  lb.,  with  a  little 
water,  and  when  cooling,  add  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  1 
drachm. 

Soap,  au  Bouquet.—- -Melt  7  lbs.  of  soap,  and  add  essence 
of  bergamotte,  1  oz.,  oils  of  cloves,  sassafras,  and  thyme, 
of  each  2  drachms. 

Soap,  a  la  Rose. — Melt  4  lbs.  of  olive  oil  soap,  with  3 
lbs.  of  tallow  soap,  adding  a  little  water;  when  melted, 
add  1  drachm  of  vermilion  ;  mix,  cool,  and  add  otto  of 
roses,  3  drachms,  essence  of  cloves  and  cinnamon,  of 
each  i  drachm,  bergamotte,  2 \  drachms;  mix. 

Soap,  Floating. — Melted  soap  and  water  are  agitated  un- 
til the  soap  largely  increases  in  size,  it  is  then  scented, 
and  poured  into  moulds  to  dry. 

Soap,  Mush. — Melt  1  lb.  of  soap,  cool,  add  essence  of 
musk,  i  drachm,  bergamotte  and  ambergris,  of  each  20 
drops. 

Soap,  Transparent. — Soap  is  dissolved  in  rectified  spirit, 
and  the  clear  portion  moulded  in  squares.  Not  much 
used,  does  not  lather  well.  May  be  perfumed  at  plea- 
sure. 

Soap,  Lady  Derby's. — See  Cosmetics — Almond  Soap. 

Soap,  Windsor. — Common  soap,  scented  with  caraway 
and  bergamotte. 

Soap,  Shaving. — Mix  1}  lb.  soap,  carbonate  of  potash, 
2  oz.,  and  spirit  of  wine,  1  quart;  digest  until  dissolved, 
filter,  and  scent  with  bergamotte,  or  essence  of  lemon 
The  product  is  an  oily  liquid. 


226  sod. 

Soda. — An  alkali,  resembling  potash,  but  rather  feebler.  It 
forms  many  salts,  some  of  which  are  used  in  medicine. I 

Soda,  Biborate  of,  L.,  is  in  crystals,  soluble  in  boiling 
water;  from  this  solution,  when  saturated  and  heated, 
sulphuric  acid  throws  down  colourless  crystalline  scales 
of  boracic  acid.  Used  mostly  as  a  cooling  lotion  to  the 
mouth,  and  as  a  cure  for  ringworm ;  for  this  last  pur- 
pose, 1  part  is  dissolved  in  vinegar,  2  parts,  and  applied. 

Soda,  Bicarbonate  of,  L. — Soluble  in  water,  it  slightly 
changes  the  colour  of  turmeric  to  brown.  From  this 
solution  neither  bichloride  of  platinum  nor  sulphate  of 
magnesia  throws  anything  down,  unless  heat  be  applied. 
What  chloride  of  barium  throws  down  is  dissolved  by 
hydrochloric  acid ;  100  grains  of  this  substance,  added 
to  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  evolve  51*7  grains  of  carbonic 
acid.  Antacid.  As  an  effervescing  draught,  1  drachm 
may  be  added  to  tartaric  acid,  18  grains,  or  lemon  juice, 
4  J  drachms,  with  water,  4  oz. 

Soda,  Phosphate  of,  L.~ Crystallized,  effloresces  on  ex- 
posure to  air,  soluble  in  water,  the  solution  turns  tur- 
meric brown.  Chloride  of  barium  gives  a  white  preci- 
pitate, which  dissolves  in  nitric  acid  without  efferves- 
cence ;  nitrate  of  silver  gives  a  yellow  precipitate,  which 
is  soluble  in  the  same  acid.  At  a  red  heat,  100  grains 
of  this  salt  give  off  62-3  grains  of  water.  What  is 
thrown  down  by  nitrate  of  silver,  from  a  solution  of  the 
remaining  salt,  is  white.  Mild  laxative.  Dose :  1  to 
lj  oz.  in  broth  or  gruel. 

Soda,  Botassio -tartrate  of,  L. — In  crystals,  soluble  in 
water ;  the  solution  changes  neither  litmus  nor  turme- 
ric. By  adding  sulphuric  acid,  bitartrate  of  potash  is 
thrown  down ;  from  nitrate  of  silver,  or  chloride  of  ba- 
rium, no  precipitate  results,  or  only  what  is  soluble  in 
more  water.  Mild  cooling  laxative,  apt  to  gripe,  if 
given  alone.  Dose :  2  to  8  drachms,  in  a  suitable  ve- 
hicle. 

Soda,  Sulphate  of,  L. — In  crystals,  which  powder  on  ex- 
posure to  air,  are  soluble  in  water,  the  solution  does  not 
change  litmus  or  turmeric.  Nitrate  of  silver  scarcely 
causes  a  precipitate  in  the  dilute  solution ;  at  a  high 


sod — sol.  227 

temperature  100  grains  evolve  55-5  grains  of  water. 
From  100  grains,  dissolved  in  distilled  water,  on  the 
addition  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  chloride  of  barium, 
71  grains  of  sulphate  of  baryta  are  obtained,  by  drying 
at  a  hot  fire.  Purgative.  Used  in  fevers  and  inflam- 
mations.    Dose :  i  to  2  oz. 

Sodium. — The  base  of  soda.  Anhydrous  carbonate  of  soda, 
6  parts,  dissolve  in  a  little  hot  water,  mix  with  finely- 
powdered  charcoal,  2  parts,  lump  charcoal,  1  part. 
Pleat  to  whiteness  in  an  iron  retort,  and  receive  the 
product  in  naphtha.  Sodium  is  a  silver-white  metal 
resembling  potassium,  soft  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
melts  at  194°,  and  rapidly  oxidizes;  sp.  gr.  0.972, 
being  lighter  than  water.  If  thrown  in  water  it  de- 
composes it  rapidly,  in  hot  water  it  at  once  inflames, 
and  leaves  a  solution  of  soda. — The  equivalent  of  so- 
dium is  23 ;  its  symbol  is  Na  (natrium.) 

Solder. — An  alloy  for  the  purpose  of  joining  metals.  Fine 
solder  for  copper,  tin,  &c,  is  tin  2  parts,  lead  1  part, 
fused  together.  Common  solders  contain  less  tin;  bet- 
ter solders  contain  silver,  gold,  &c, 

Soldering  Liquid.- — Hydrochloric  acid,  J  pint,  granulated 
zinc,  1J  oz.;  dissolve,  and  add  some  common  solder  and 
hydrochlorate  of  ammonia. 

Solomon's  Balm  of  Gilead. — Compound  tincture  of  car- 
damoms prepared  with  brandy,  1  pint,  tincture  of  can- 
tharides,  1  oz. ;  mix.  The  original  was  used  in  venereal 
cases.  The  proprietor,  Dr.  Solomon,  acquired  an  im- 
mense fortune  by  its  sale. 

Solutions  consist  chiefly  of  soluble  salts  which  are  kept 
ready  diluted  to  a  certain  strength,  so  as  to  save  time 
in  preparing  prescriptions  in  which  they  may  be  or- 
dered. 
Solution  of  Acetate  of  Ammonia,  L. — Dilute  acetic  acid, 
1  pint,  sesquicarbonate  of  ammonia,  9  drachms  or  a 
sufficient  quantity.  Add  the  ammonia  until  the  acid 
is  saturated. 
Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Without  colour  or  smell.     The 


228  sol. 

Solutions. 

sp.  gr.  is  1.022.  It  does  not  change  the  colour  of  tur- 
meric or  litmus.  On  the  addition  of  hydrosulphuric 
acid  it  is  not  coloured,  nor  is  anything  thrown  down  on 
the  addition  of  chloride  of  barium.  What  is  thrown 
down  by  nitrate  of  silver  is  soluble  in  water,  and  par- 
ticularly so  in  nitric  acid.  Ammoniacal  vapours  arise 
on  the  addition  of  potash,  and  acetous  fumes  are  given 
off  on  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid.  On  evaporating, 
the  residue  is  destroyed  by  heat. 

Sudorific,  aperient,  or  diuretic,  according  to  the  dose. 
The  ammonia  should  not  predominate,  as  in  some  cases 
it  would  prove  injurious,  especially  in  eye- waters.  Used 
in  fevers,  catarrh,  and  influenza.  Dose :  5  to  12  drs. 
As  a  colly rium,  1  oz.  to  9  of  water. 

Solution  of  Acetate  of  Morphia ,  L. — Acetate  of  morphia, 
4  drachms,  acetic  acid,  15  drops,  distilled  water,  1  pint, 
proof  spirit,  \  pint;  mix  and  dissolve.  Anodyne,  less 
exciting  than  opium.     Dose :  8  to  20  drops. 

Solution  of  Alum  (  Compound,)  L. — -Alum  and  sulphate 
of  zinc,  of  each  1  oz.  boiling  water,  3  pints;  dissolve 
and  strain.  Powerfully  astringent.  Used  diluted  as  a 
lotion  to  old  ulcers,  as  a  collyrium,  and  as  an  injection 
in  gonorrhoea  or  leucorrhooa. 

Solution  of  Ammonia,  L. — No  directions  are  given  in 
the  Pharmacopeia  for  this  or  the  next  preparation. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Free  from  colour,  sp.  gr.  -960. 
Exposed  to  air  it  emits  acrid  alkaline  fumes,  which  are 
evanescent,  as  shown  by  turmeric.  Nothing  is  thrown 
down  on  the  addition  of  lime  water,  it  is  not  coloured 
by  the  addition  of  hydrosulphuric  acid,  nor  when  first 
saturated  with  nitric  acid  does  it  give  any  precipitate 
on  the  addition  of  sesquicarbonate  of  ammonia,  nitrate 
of  silver,  or  chloride  of  barium.  100  grains  of  the  so- 
lution contain  nearly  10  grains  of  ammonia. 

Solution  of  Ammonia,  (Stronger)  L.  Characters  and 
Tests. — The  sp.  gr.  is  -882.  It  can  be  reduced  to  the 
standard  of  the  weaker  solution  of  ammonia,  by  the  ad- 
dition of  2  oz.  of  distilled  water  to  each  oz.  of  this  solu- 
tion. 100  grains  of  this  contain  nearly  30  grains  of  am- 
monia. 


sol.  229 

The  strong  solution  of  ammonia  is  vesicant,  caustic,  stimu- 
lant, and  antispasmodic.  Externally  applied  in  its  pure 
state  it  quickly  reddens  and  inflames  the  skin,  and  acts 
as  a  blister,  without  causing  strangury.  Combined  with 
emollient  ingredients  it  assists  in  forming  useful  stimu- 
lating liniments  for  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  sprains, 
and  bruises.  When  taken  internally  in  large  doses  it 
acts  as  a  powerful  corrosive  irritant.  The  pungent 
odour  of  its  fumes  will  often  assist  in  arousing  patients 
who  seem  insensible  from  exhaustion,  drunkenness,  or 
fits;  but  the  application  should  only  be  momentary, 
otherwise  inflammation  will  ensue  without  any  corre- 
sponding benefit.  This  solution  is  used  to  dissolve  es- 
sential oils,  and  to  fill  the  smelling  bottles  which  are 
generally  used  on  any  sensation  of  heat,  faintness,  or 
headache.  These  are  known  as  smelling  salts.  The 
weaker  solution  is  often  added  to  oil  as  a  popular  em- 
brocation, known  as  hartshorn  and  oil,  and  internally  is 
used  as  a  medicine.  Dose:  5  to  30  drops  diluted  in 
water  or  milk. 

Solution  of  Ammonio- Sulphate  of  Copper,  L. — Ammonio- 
sulphate  of  copper,  1  drachm,  distilled  water,  1  pint; 
dissolve  and  strain.  Stimulant,  detergent.  Not  used 
internally.  Colour  deep  purplish  blue  while  the  am- 
monia is  in  excess,  changing  to  light  blue  if  decomposed 
by  want  of  ammonia.  Used  as  a  test  for  arsenious  acid, 
turning  green  when  mixed  with  it,  and  as  a  wash  for 
ulcerated  surfaces. 

Solution  of  Arsenite  of  Potash,  L. — Arsenious  acid  in 
small  pieces,  and  carbonate  of  potash,  of  each  80  grains, 
compound  tincture  of  lavender,  5  drachms,  distilled 
water,  1  pint.  Boil  the  acid  and  potash  with  half-a-pint 
of  water  until  dissolved.  To  the  liquor  when  cold  add 
the  tincture,  and  make  up  exactly  1  pint  with  water. 
Each  oz.  contains  4  grains  of  arsenious  acid.  Used  in 
agues  and  skin  diseases.  Dose :  3  to  10  drops  by  gra- 
dual increase,  intermitting  the  dose  when  it  causes  pain 
in  the  stomach,  headache,  or  symptoms  of  irritation. 
It  must  always  be  taken  soon  after  a  meal,  as  its  effects 
are  then  milder. 
20 


230  sol. 

Solutions. 

Solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  L. — Bichloride  of 
mercury  and  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  of  each  10  grs., 
distilled  water,  1  pint;  dissolve.  Each  fluid  oz.  con- 
tains i  grain  of  bichloride  of  mercury.  Poisonous  in 
large  doses,  alterative  in  small  quantity.  Dose.:  J  to  2 
drachms,  in  water  or  some  infusion  or  decoction.  Ex- 
ternally applied  as  a  lotion  to  eruptions  and  sores. 

Solution  of  Carbonate  of  Potash,  L. — Carbonate  of  pot- 
ash, 20  oz.,  distilled  water,  1  pint;  dissolve  and  strain. 
Sp.  gr.  1-473.     Antacid.     Dose:  10  to  60  drops. 

Solution  of  Chloride  of  Arsenic,  L. — Arsenious  acid  in 
small  pieces,  J  drachm,  hydrochloric  acid,  1}  drachm, 
distilled  water,  1  pint.  Mix  the  hydrochloric  acid  with 
1  oz.  of  water,  and  boil  the  arsenious  acid  in  it  until  dis- 
solved; add  water  to  make  it  measure  1  pint  exactly. 
Each  oz.  contains  1 J  grains  of  arsenious  acid.  Used  in 
agues  and  skin  diseases.  Dose :  10  to  30  drops  by  gra- 
dual increase,  to  be  taken  after  a  meal. 

Solution  of  Chlorinated  Soda,  L. — Carbonate  of  soda,  1 
fb.,  distilled  water,  48  oz.,  chloride  of  sodium,  4  oz., 
binoxide  of  manganese,  3  oz.,  sulphuric  acid,  2  J  oz. 
Dissolve  the  carbonate  in  2  pints  of  water,  then  put  the 
chloride  and  binoxide,  rubbed  to  a  powder,  into  a  retort, 
add  to  them  the  acid,  first  mixed  with  3  oz.  of  water, 
and  cooled.  Heat  the  mixture,  and  pass  the  chlorine 
first  through  5  oz.  of  water,  and  afterwards  into  the  so- 
lution of  carbonate. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — The  colour  of  turmeric  is  at 
first  changed  to  brown  when  added  to  this  solution,  and 
soon  after  entirely  disappears.  On  the  addition  of  di- 
lute hydrochloric  acid,  carbonic  acid  and  chlorine  are 
emitted  together.  It  bleaches  the  solution  of  sulphate 
of  indigo,  and  precipitates  lime  from  lime-water. 

Used  as  a  disinfectant  against  foul  effluvia;  locally  applied 
to  cleanse  ulcers  and  suppurating  wounds,  eruptions,  or 
sores,  as  a  gargle  in  ulcerated  sore  throat,  as  a  wash  in 
profuse  salivation,  as  an  injection  when  there  is  offen- 
sive discharge  from  the  vagina  or  bladder.  Internally, 
in  low  fever;  it  clears  the  tongue  and  corrects  foul  eva- 


sol.  231 

Solutions. 

cuations.  Dose:  15  to  30  drops  in  water,  externally, 
or  as  an  injection,  diluted  with  15  times  its  weight  of 
water. 
Solution  of  Citrate  of  Ammonia,  L. — Citric  acid,  3  oz., 
distilled  water,  1  pint,  sesquicarbonate  of  ammonia,  2  J 
oz.,  or  a  sufficient  quantity.  Dissolve  the  acid  in  water, 
and  add  the  sesquicarbonate  to  saturation.  Uses  similar 
to  those  of  the  solution  of  acetate  of  ammonia.  Dose : 
1  to  3  drachms. 
Solution  of Diacetate  of 'Lead,  L. — Acetate  of  lead,  2  lb. 
3  oz. ;  oxide  of  lead  in  powder,  1  lb.  4  oz. ;  distilled  water, 
6  pints.  Boil  for  30  minutes,  frequently  stirring,  and 
when  the  liquor  is  cold,  add  sufficient  distilled  water  to 
make  it  6  pints,  then  strain,  and  preserve  it  in  well- 
closed  bottles. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Clear,  sp.  gr.  1-26.  It  corre- 
sponds with  acetate  of  lead  in  the  characters  given,  ex- 
cept the  last. 

Astringent,  cooling,  only  used  externally  when  diluted 
with  water,  as  a  collyrium,  and  to  relieve  inflammation. 
Combined  with  lard  or  cerate  is  applied  as  a  dressing  to 
irritable  sores.  Used  also  in  a  dilute  state  as  an  injec- 
tion in  gonorrhoea. 

Solution  of  Diacetate  of  Lead  (diluted,)  L. — Solution  of 
diacetate  of  lead,  1J  drachm,  distilled  water,  1  pint, 
proof  spirit,  2  drachms;  mix.  Used  externally  only,  and 
as  an  injection. 

Solution  of  Hydrochlorate  of  Morphia,  L. — Hydrochlo- 
rate  of  morphia,  4  drachms,  distilled  water,  1  pint, 
proof  spirit,  J  pint;  mix  and  dissolve.  Anodyne,  less 
exciting  than  opium.     Dose:  8  to  20  drops. 

Solution  of  Iodide  of  Potassium  (  Compound,)  L. — Io- 
dide of  potassium,  10  grains,  iodine,  5  grains,  distilled 
water,  1  pint;  mix  and  dissolve.  Dose:  2  to  6  drachms, 
in  bronchocele,  &c. 

Solution  of  Potash,  L. — Carbonate  of  potash,  15  oz.,  lime, 
8  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  gallon.  Dissolve  the 
carbonate  in  4  pints  of  water,  sprinkle  a  little  water  on 
the  lime  in  an  earthen  vessel,  and  the  lime  being  slacked, 


232  sol— soy. 

Solutions. 

add  the  rest  of  the  water.  Mix  the  solutions  in  a  close 
vessel  immediately,  and  shake  them  until  cold ;  let  the 
carbonate  of  lime  subside,  and  preserve  the  clear  liquor 
in  a  green  glass  bottle. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Sp.  gr.  1*063.  In  100  grains 
there  are  6*7  grains  of  potash.  Little  or  nothing  is 
thrown  down  on  the  addition  of  lime-water,  or  if  satu- 
rated with  nitric  acid  by  carbonate  of  soda,  chloride  of 
barium,  or  nitrate  of  silver.  What  is  thrown  down  by 
bichloride  of  platinum  is  yellow.  Antacid,  alkaline, 
caustic.  Dose:  10  to  30  drops.  Used  in  dyspepsia, 
bladder  complaints,  lepra  and  other  skin  diseases,  &c. 

Solution  of  Sesquicarbonate  of  Ammonia,  L. — Sesquicar- 
bonate  of  ammonia,  4  oz.,  distilled  water,  1  pint;  dis- 
solve and  strain.  Dose:  10  to  60  drops  in  any  bland 
vehicle.     Stimulant,  antacid. 

Solution  of  Soda,  L. — Carbonate  of  soda,  31  oz.,  lime,  9 
oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  gallon.  Proceed  as  direct- 
ed for  solution  of  potash.  Sp.  gr.  1-061.  In  100  grs. 
are  contained  4  grains  of  soda.  Its  other  characteris- 
tics correspond  with  those  of  solution  of  potash,  the  last 
excepted. 

Solution  of  Nitrate  of  Iron. — Iron  wire,  in  small  pieces, 
1  oz.,  nitric  acid  (s.  gr.  1*42,)  3  oz.,  distilled  water,  q. 
s.  Mix  the  acid,  with  10  oz.  of  the  water,  in  a  thin, 
wide-mouthed  flask,  surrounded  with  water;  add  the 
iron  gradually,  filter  the  solution,  heat  it  gently  in  a 
flask,  and  carefully  drop  in  nitric  acid,  stirring  frequent- 
ly, until  a  drop  of  the  solution,  on  being  tested  with 
ammonia,  yields  a  clear  red  precipitate;  then  add  dis- 
tilled water,  to  make  up  30  oz. — Procter. 

Soup,  Portable. — Prepared  by  boiling  beef,  &c,  to  a  jelly 
with  very  little  water.  The  jelly  is  spiced  and  flavoured 
to  taste,  and  a  little  serves  to  enrich  broth  or  make  ex- 
temporaneous soup. 

SOY. — The  genuine  is  imported;  that  usually  sold  is  an  imi- 
tation. Boil  one  gallon  of  the  seeds  of  dolichos,  soja,  peas 
or  kidney-beans  until  soft,  and  bruised  wheat,  1  gallon; 
keep  it  in  a  warm  place  24  hours,  and  add  salt,  1  gallon, 


spe— spt.  1  233 

water,  2  gallons;  bung  in  a  stone  jar  for  3  months,  ex- 
press the  liquor,  and  treat  the  residue  with  fresh  salt 
and  water  for  an  inferior  soy. 

Specific,  Worm. — Gamboge,  1  part,  carbonate  of  potash,  2 
parts;  mix. — Herrenschwand. 

Speculum  Metal. — 1.  Copper,  64  parts,  pure  tin,  29  parts; 
melt  separately  under  a  little  black  flux,  and  mix.  2. 
Copper,  2  parts,  pure  tin,  1  part;  mix  as  before.  3. 
Copper,  64  parts,  tin,  29  to  33  parts;  mix.  4.  a  Copper 
and  tin  are  the  best  metals  for  reflecting  telescopes,  the 
best  proportions  being  copper,  126*4  parts,  tin,  58-9 
parts. " — Earl  of  Eosse.  Sometimes  a  little  arsenic  is 
added  to  increase  the  whiteness.  Used  to  make  the  re- 
flecting mirrors  of  telescopes. 

Speculum  Metal. — Tin,  589  parts,  copper,  1,264  parts. 

Spice,  Kidder's  Sweet. — Cloves,  mace,  nutmeg,  cinna- 
mon, and  sugar,  equal  parts.     Used  in  pastry. 

Spice,  Kidder's  Savoury. — Cloves,  mace,  nutmeg,  pep- 
per, and  salt,  equal  parts.     Used  to  spice  meats,  &c. 

Spielman's  Camphorated  Yinegar. — Camphor,  30 
grains,  alcohol,  10  drops;  mix  and  powder,  add  sugar, 
1  oz.,  and  distilled  vinegar,  5  oz.  Stimulant,  in  doses 
of  2  to  4  drachms. 

Spirits  are  chiefly  solutions  in  spirit  of  aromatic  oils,  or 
volatile  ingredients,  or  else  they  are  distilled  from  si- 
milar solutions. 
Spirit  of   Ammonia  (Aromatic,*)  L. — Hydrochlorate  of 
ammonia,  6  oz.,  carbonate  of  potash,   10  oz.,   bruised 
cinnamon  and  bruised  cloves,  of  each  2}  drachms,  le- 
mon-peel, 5  oz.,  rectified  spirit  and  water,  of  each  4  pints. 
Mix  and  distil  6  pints.      Sp.   gr.   *918.      Stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  used  in  hysteria  and  fainting.     Turns 
milky  on  the  addition  of  water.     Dose :  i  to  1  drachm. 
Spirit  of  Ammonia  (Fetid,)  L. — Hydrochlorate  of  am- 
monia, 10  oz.,  carbonate  of  potash,  16  oz.,   rectified 
spirit  and  water,  of  each  3  pints,  assafoetida,  5  oz.     Mix, 
and  slowly  distil  3  pints.     Sp.  gr.  -861.     Stimulant, 
20* 


234  spi. 

Spirits. 

antispasmodic,  used  in  flatulent  colic,  hysteria,  and  as 
an  enema.     Dose:  J  to  1  drachm. 

Spirit  of  Aniseed,  L. — Oil  of  aniseed,  3  drachms,  proof 
spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Stimulant,  carminative  in 
flatulent  colic,  wind,  pain  in  the  stomach  and  bowels, 
griping,  &c.     Dose :  \  to  2  drachms. 

Spirit  of  Camphor,  L. — Camphor,  5  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2 
pints;  dissolve.  Stimulant.  Used  externally  to  bruises 
and  sprains,  and  in  liniments.  Internally,  to  relieve 
pain  and  promote  perspiration.  Dose :  10  to  60  drops. 
Added  to  water  it  forms  an  extemporaneous  camphor 
julep. 

Spirit  of  Caraway,  L. — Oil  of  caraway,  2  drachms,  proof 
spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Carminative,  stimulant. 
Dose;   J  to  2  drachms. 

Spirit  of  Cinnamon,  L. — Oil  of  cinnamon,  2  drachms, 
proof  spirit,  1  gallon ;  dissolve.  Stimulant,  stomachic. 
Dose  :  20  to  60  drops.  Oil  of  cassia  is  generally  sub- 
stituted for  that  of  cinnamon. 

Spirit  of  Ether  {Compound,)  L. — Ether,  8  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  16  oz.,  ethereal  oil,  3  drachms;  mix.  Anti- 
spasmodic, stimulant.  Used  in  fever,  colic,  hysteria, 
and  spasmodic  pains.     Dose;  20  to  40  drops. 

Spirit  of  Horseradish  (Compound,)  L. — Sliced  horse- 
radish, dried  orange  peel,  of  each  20  oz.,  bruised  nut- 
megs, 5  drachms,  proof  spirit,  1  gallon,  water,  2  pints. 
Mix,  and  slowly  distil  1  gallon.  Stimulant.  Used  in 
dropsies  and  as  an  antiscorbutic.    Dose:  J  to  4  drachms. 

Spirit  of  Juniper  (Compound,)  L. — Oil  of  juniper,  1J 
drachm,  oil  of  caraway  and  oil  of  fennel,  of  each  12 
drops,  proof  spirit,  1  gallon;  mix.  Diuretic,  stimulant. 
Used  in  dropsies.  Dose:  1  to  4  drachms,  with  diu- 
retics. 

Spirit  of  Nitric  Ether,  L. — Rectified  spirit,  2  pints,  ni* 
trie  acid,  3£  oz.  Add  the  acid  gradually  to  the  spirit 
and  mix,  then  let  28  oz.  distil. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L. — Sp.  gr.  -834.  It  slightly  changes 
the  colour  of  litmus  to  red.  On  adding  carbonate  of 
soda  no  bubbles  of  carbonic  acid  escape. 


spo— stl  235 

Spirits. 

Diuretic,  diaphoretic,  refrigerant.  Used  in  fever,  dropsy, 
gonorrhoea,  and  strangury.     Dose  :  10  to  40  drops. 

Spirit  of  Nutmeg,  L. — Bruised  nutmeg,  2J  oz.,  proof 
spirit,  1  gallon,  water,  1  pint.  Mix,  and  slowly  distil 
1  gallon.  Aromatic,  stimulant,  carminative.  Dose: 
J  to  1  drachm. 

Spirit  of  Fenny  royal,  L. — Oil  of  pennyroyal,  3  drachms, 
proof  spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Stimulant,  carmina- 
tive.    Dose:  i  to  2  drachms. 

Spirit  of  Peppermint,  L. — Oil  of  peppermint,  3  drachms, 
proof  spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Stimulant,  carmina- 
tive, cordial,  stomachic.     Dose:  J  to  2  drachms. 

Spirit  of  Pimento,  L. — Oil  of  pimento,  2  drachms,  proof 
spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Aromatic,  carminative.  Used 
in  flatulence  or  griping.     Dose:  i  to  1  drachm. 

Spirit  of  Rosemary,  L. — Oil  of  rosemary,  2  drachms, 
rectified  spirit,  1  gallon;  dissolve.  Applied  locally  to 
prevent  baldness,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  stimulating 
liniments. 

Sponge,  Prepared. — Dip  sponge  into  melted  wax,  and 
compress  it  between  iron  plates  until  cold.  Used  to 
make  sponge  tents. 

Sponge,  Bleached. — Wash  it  in  weak  muriatic  acid,  then  . 
in  cold  water,  soak  it  in  a  feeble  sulphuric  acid,  wash 
in  cold  water,  and  lastly  with  rose  or  orange-flower 
water. 

Sponge,  Burnt. — Prepared  by  burning  sponge  in  a  covered 
crucible.  Formerly  used  in  bronchocele,  but  now  gene- 
rally superseded  by  iodine,  its  active  ingredient. 

Standert's  Mixture  for  Bowel  Complaint. — Carbo- 
nate of  magnesia,  1  oz.,  rhubarb,  }  oz.,  tincture  of 
rhubarb,  3  oz.,  tincture  of  opium,  2  drachms,  oil  of 
aniseed,  30  drops,  oil  of  peppermint,  30  drops,  gin,  5 
oz.,  water,  25  oz.     Mix.     Dose:  one  wineglassful. 

Stimulating  Liniment. — Olive  oil,  4  parts,  liquor  ammo- 
nia, 2  parts,  turpentine,  2  parts,  camphor,  1  part,  al- 
kanet  root,  q.  s.     Mix  the  turpentine  and  camphor,  add 


236  sto— sue. 

the  remainder,  and  when  the  colour  is  bright,  strain. 
An  excellent  external  application  for  painful  or  sore 
parts,  rheumatisms,  pains,  swellings,  &c. 

Stomachic  Candy. — Lump  sugar,  1  lb.,  water,  8  oz.;  dis- 
solve by  heat,  and  add  cardamom  seeds,  ginger,  and 
rhubarb,  of  each  1  oz. 

Stomachic  Liqueur. — Take  tops  and  roots  of  angelica,  9 
drachms,  calamus  aromaticus,  4  scruples,  myrrh,  cinna- 
mon, of  each  2  scruples,  aloes,  vanilla,  cloves,  of  each  1 
scruple,  nutmeg,  5  grains,  saffron,  1  grain.  Digest  the 
whole  in  one  quart  of  good  brandy  for  fifteen  days, 
strain,  add  li  lb.  of  sugar,  and  bottle. 

Stone  Blue. — Chinese  blue,  4  parts  by  weight,  TurnbulPs 
blue,  1  part,  oxalic  acid,  1  part;  mix;  pour  on  boiling 
water  until  the  whole  is  dissolved;  add  1  part  by  mea- 
sure, of  sulphate  of  indigo  (1  part  indigo  to  4  of  acid,) 
and  neutralize  with  carbonate  of  ammonia.  Used  to 
blue  linen,  &c,  after  washing. 

Straw  is  bleached  by  the  vapours  of  sulphur,  or  a  solution 
of  oxalic  acid  or  chloride  of  lime.  It  may  be  dyed  with 
any  liquid  colour. 

Strychnia,  L. — The  alkali  prepared  from  nux  vomica. 
"  Crystals,  soluble  in  boiling  rectified  spirit.  It  lique- 
fies by  heat,  and  if  great  it  is  destroyed.  Its  taste  is 
most  bitter.  Being  very  powerful,  it  must  be  used  most 
cautiously."  Strychnia  is  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
but  dissolves  in  dilute  spirit,  and  in  7000  parts  of  water, 
which  solution  tastes  intensely  bitter.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  paralysis,  but  is  employed  in  other  disorders  also. 
The  dose  is  -j^th  of  a  grain,  cautiously  increased  to  I 
grain.  It  is  very  poisonous,  and  no  antidotes  are 
known.  The  dose  should  be  small  from  each  fresh 
sample,  as  they  differ  considerably  in  strength. 

Suet. — Prepared  from  the  fat  of  the  sheep,  &c.  Mutton 
suet  is  used  as  the  basis  of  various  plasters,  ointments, 

&c. 

Suet,  Melilot. — Suet,  4  parts,  melilot  leaves,  1  part;  melt 
till  crisp  and  strain.     Used  by  farriers. 


sua— sul.  237 

Sugar,  Alum. — Powdered  alum,  white  of  egg  and  rose- 
water;  mixed  and  shaped  like  sugar  loaves.  Used  as  an 
astringent. 

Sugar,  Lemon. — Sugar,  2  lbs.,  tartaric  acid,  1<|  oz.,  essence 
of  lemons,  1  drachm;  mix.     Used  to  make  lemonade. 

Sulphur  is  chiefly  used  as  an  alterative  and  laxative,  ex- 
ternally it  is  applied  for  the  itch,  and  in  this  complaint 
it  appears  to  have  a  specific  influence.  Dose:  J  to  3 
drachms. 

Sulphur,  Iodide  of,  L. — Sulphur,  1  oz.,  iodine,  4  oz;  put 
the  sulphur  in  a  glass  vessel,  and  on  it  place  the  iodine, 
immerse  the  vessel  in  boiling  water  until  they  combine, 
cool,  break  the  vessel,  and  preserve  the  contents  in  a 
well  closed  bottle.  From  100  grains  of  this  salt  boiled 
in  water,  20  grains  of  sulphur  subside.  Iodide  of  sul- 
phur is  not  used  internally;  but  in  the  form  of  ointment 
is  used  for  skin  eruptions. 

Sulphuretted  Hydrogen. — Sesquisulphuret  of  antimony,  1 
part,  muriatic  acid,  5  parts;  heat  in  a  retort,  and  receive 
the  gas  over  mercury.  It  is  a  colourless  gas,  having  a 
strong  putrid  odour,  which  is  most  disagreeable  when  in 
small  quantity;  it  burns  with  a  blue  flame.  Sp.  gr. 
1-171,  100  cubic  inches  weigh  36*33  grains,  at  50°,  a 
pressure  of  17  atmospheres  liquefies  it.  Chlorine  decom- 
poses this  gas,  potassium  burns  in  it  with  energy,  100 
measures  of  it  with  150  of  oxygen  explode  with  the 
electric  spark,  combustion  ensues,  and  100  measures  of 
sulphurous  acid  gas  result.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen  is 
a  valuable  test  for  metals  in  solution,  &c;  hence  its  own 
presence  is  easily  detected  by  paper  wetted  with  acetate 
of  lead,  which  is  immediately  blackened. 

Sulphuric  Acid,  L. — Free  from  colour  and  odour,  sp.  gr. 
1-843;  mixed  with  an  equal  measure  of  water,  it  usually 
throws  down  a  white  but  scanty  precipitate;  it  emits  no 
vapour  of  nitrous  acid.  Diluted  with  12  parts  of  water 
it  gives  no  yellow  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid.  100  grains  of  this  acid  are  saturated 
by  285  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate  of  soda. 

Nordhausen  sulphuric  acid  is  prepared  by  distilling  cal- 


238  SUL— SYD. 

cined  sulphate  of  iron  in  an  earthern  retort;  the  ordi- 
nary commercial  acid  is  made  by  allowing  the  fumes  of 
burning  sulphur  to  come  in  contact  with  those  of  nitre 
and  oil  of  vitriol.  Concentrated  sulphuric  acid  contains 
40  parts  acid  to  9  parts  water,  it  is  a  colourless  oily  li- 
quid, of  sp.  gr.  1*85,  acid  taste  and  reaction.  It  freezes 
at  15°,  at  620°  it  boils,  and  may  be  distilled  without 
decomposition.  When  good,  Nordhausen  acid  is  dis- 
tilled, anhydrous  sulphuric  acid  comes  over  in  solid 
crystals  resembling  asbestos.  This  deliquesces  and 
fumes  on  exposure  to  air,  melts  at  66° ,  boils  at  105°, 
sp.  gr.  1-97,  at  78°  does  not  redden  litmus  paper.  It 
combines  with  water  with  a  hissing  like  hot  iron.  Ordi- 
nary sulphuric  acid,  4  parts  by  weight,  at  50°,  mixed 
suddenly  with  water,  1  part,  at  50 °,  will  rise  to  a  tem- 
perature of  300°. 

The  acid  of  the  shops,  in  its  stronger  form,  is  only  used 
externally  as  a  caustic,  &c,  internally  it  is  a  corrosive 
poison.  The  antidotes  are  chalk,  magnesia,  whiting, 
carbonate  of  soda,  or  potash,  &c,  &c. 

Sulphuric  Acid j  Dilute,  L. — Sulphuric  acid,  15  drachms, 
distilled  water,  1  pint.  Add  the  acid  by  degrees  to 
half  a  pint  of  the  water,  then  make  up  one  pint  with 
more  water.  Characters  and  Tests. — Sp.  gr.  1-103, 
one  fluid  ounce  is  saturated  by  216  grains  of  crystal- 
lized carbonate  of  soda."  Astringent,  tonic,  refrige- 
rant. Used  in  fever,  sweating,  internal  bleeding,  lead 
colic,  skin  diseases,  &c.  Dose:  10  to  30  drops.  Ex- 
ternally the  stronger  acid  is  used  in  ointment,  with  4 
to  8  times  its  weight  of  lard,  for  itch,  &c. 

Sulphurous  Acid. — Heat  100  parts  of  black  oxide  of  man- 
ganese with  14  parts  of  sulphur  in  a  glass  retort,  and 
receive  the  product  in  water.  Pure  liquid  sulphurous 
acid  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  1*45,  boils  at  14°  F.,  and  causes 
great  cold  by  its  evaporation,  and  on  exposure  to  air  is 
decomposed.  Used  to  bleach  silks,  &c.;  and  to  remove 
iron  mould. 

Sydenham's  Lenitive. — "Rhubarb,  3  drachms,  coriander 
seeds  and  tamarinds,  of  each  2  oz.,  senna,  J  oz.,  boiling 


syr.  239 

water,  1  pint;  macerate  3  hours  and  strain.     Stomachic, 
laxative.    .  Dose :  1  to  4  tablespoonfuls. 

Syrups  are  solutions  of  sugar  in  water,  either  plain  or  me- 
dicated. "Syrups  .are  to  be  kept  where  the  heat  never 
exceeds  55°. ;; — L. 

Syrup  of  Buckthorn,  L. — Buckthorn  juice,  4  pints,  sliced 
ginger  and  bruised  pimento,  of  each  6  drachms,  sugar, 
6  lb.,  rectified  spirit,  6  oz.  Let  the  dregs  of  the  juice 
subside  for  3  days,  and  strain  the  clear  liquor;  add  to 
1  pint  the  ginger  and  pimento,  macerate  with  a  gentle 
heat  for  4  hours  and  strain,  boil  the  remaining  juice  to 
1J  pint,  mix  the  liquors,  add  the  sugar,  and  when  cold 
add  the  spirit.  Cathartic.  Used  for  dropsies  in  robust 
patients.  Dose:  J  to  1  oz. 
Syrup  of  Cochineal,  L. — Bruised  cochineal,  4  scruples, 
boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint,  sugar,  3  lbs.,  or  a  suffi- 
cient quantity,  rectified  spirit,  2 i  oz.,  or  a  sufficient 
quantity.  Boil  the  cochineal  for  15  minutes  in  the 
water  in  a  closed  vessel,  then  strain;  add  to  the  liquor 
twice  its  weight  of  sugar,  dissolve,  and  when  cold,  add 
to  each  oz.  J  drachm  of  spirit.  Used  to  colour  medi- 
cines. 
Syrup  of  Ginger. — Sliced  ginger,  2  J  oz.,  boiling  distilled 
water,  1  pint,  sugar,  2 J  lb.  or  a  sufficient  quantity, 
rectified  spirit  a  sufficient  quantity.  Macerate  the  ginger 
in  the  water  for  4  hours,  press  out  the  liquor,  strain, 
and  proceed  as  in  syrup  of  cochineal. 
Syrup  of  Iodide  of  Iron,  L. — Iodine,  1  oz.,  iron  wire,  3 
drachms,  distilled  water,  12  oz.,  or  a  sufficient  quantity, 
sugar,  10  oz.  Mix  the  iodine  and  iron  with  8  oz.  of 
water,  and  heat  until  the  solution  assumes  a  greenish 
colour,  then  strain,  evaporate  to  4  oz.,  add  the  sugar, 
and  when  cold  add  water  to  make  it  15  oz.  Preserve  it 
in  a  well  closed  black  glass  bottle.  Tonic,  alterative. 
Used  in  scrofulous  affections  and  in  chronic  rheumatism. 
Dose :  J  to  1  drachm. 
Syrup  of  Iodide  of  Iron  and  Quinine. — Digest  1  drachm 
of  iodine  with  J  drachm  of  iron  filings  and  4  drachms 
of  water,  with  a  gentle  heat  and  frequent  agitation,  till 
the  solution  is  colourless ;  filter  it  rapidly  into  a  bottle 


240  SYR. 

Syrups. 

containing  28  oz.  of  syrup;  dissolve  12  grains  of  sul- 
phate of  quinine  in  2  drachms  of  water  acidulated  with 
sulphuric  acid,  and  add  to  the  former  solution.  Each 
ounce  contains  3  grains  of  iodide  of  iron. — Bouchardat. 

Syrup  of  Lemon y  L. -^-Strained  lemon  juice,  1  pint,  sugar, 
2J  lb.,  rectified  spirit,  2J  oz.  Boil  the  juice  for  10 
minutes  and  strain,  add  the  sugar  and  dissolve,  when 
the  syrup  has  cooled  add  the  spirit.  Used  to  commu- 
nicate its  flavour  to  medicines.  The  boiling  and  strain- 
ing is  intended  to  remove  the  mucus  from  the  juice. 

Syrup  of  Marshmallow,  L. — Marshmallow  root,  1J  oz., 
sugar,  4  lb.  or  sufficient,  distilled  water,  1  pint,  rectified 
spirit,  2  J  oz.  or  sufficient.  Macerate  the  root  in  the 
water  for  12  hours,  express  and  strain  the  liquor,  and 
proceed  as  for  syrup  of  cochineal.  Demulcent,  used  in 
cough  mixtures.     Dose :  1  to  4  drachms. 

Syrup  of  Mulberry ,  L. — Strained  mulberry  juice,  1  pint, 
sugar,  2^  lb.,  rectified  spirit,  2%  oz.,  or  sufficient.  Dissolve 
the  sugar  in  the  juice  with  a  gentle  heat,  and  in  24  hours 
remove  the  scum,  pour  off  the  clear  liquor,  and  add  the 
spirit.     Used  chiefly  for  its  colour.     Acid,  refrigerant. 

Syrup  of  Orange ,  L. — Dried  orange  peel,  2  J  oz.,  boiling 
distilled  water,  1  pint,  sugar,  3  lb.  or  sufficient,  rectified 
spirit,  3  J  oz.  or  sufficient.  Macerate  the  peel  in  the 
water  for  12  hours  in  a  covered  vessel,  express  the  liquid 
and  boil  it  for  10  minutes,  then  strain,  and  proceed  as 
for  syrup  of  cochineal.  Used  only  for  its  flavour,  and 
as  a  stomachic. 

Syrup  of  Poppy ,  L. — Bruised  poppies  without  seeds,  3 
lbs.,  sugar,  5  lbs.,  boiling  distilled  water,  5  gallons,  rec- 
tified spirit,  5  oz.  Boil  the  water  and  poppies  to  2 
gallons,  express,  strain,  boil  to  4  pints,  and  strain  while 
hot.  After  12  hours,  boil  the  clear  liquor  to  2  pints, 
add  the  sugar,  and  when  cold  the  spirit.  Anodyne, 
sedative,  less  powerful  than  opium.  Used  in  cough 
mixtures.  Dose :  1  to  4  drachms. 
Syrup  of  Proto-Nitrate  of  Iron. — Iron  wire,  in  small 
pieces,  2  oz.,  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1*42,)  3  oz.,  water,  13 
oz.;  sugar,  2  lbs.     Pour  on  the  iron  3  oz.  of  water;  mix 


SYR.  241 

Syrups. 

the  acid  with  the  rest  of  the  water,  and  pour  gradually 
to  the  iron  until  the  acid  is  saturated,  as  shown  by  lit- 
mus paper;  filter  on  the  sugar,  and  make  up,  if  requisite, 
to  30  oz.,  by  pouring  water  on  the  filter.  Strain,  if 
necessarj^;  and  seal  the  syrup  in  phials. — Procter. 

Syrup  of  Red  Poppy,  L. — Red  poppy  petals,  1  lb.,  boiling 
distilled  water,  1  pint,  sugar,  3  lb.  or  sufficient,  rectified 
spirit,  2  J  oz.  or  sufficient.  Heat  the  water  in  a  water- 
bath,  add  the  petals,  frequently  stirring,  then  macerate 
without  heat  for  12  hours,  press  out  the  liquor  with  the 
hand,  strain,  and  proceed  as  for  syrup  of  cochineal. 

Syrup  of  Rose j  L. — Damask  rose  petals,  7  oz.,  sugar,  6 
lb.,  boiling  distilled  water,  3  pints,  rectified  spirit,  5  J 
oz.  Macerate  the  petals  in  the  water  for  12  hours  and 
strain,  evaporate  to  2  pints,  and  dissolve  the  sugar  in 
the  liquor ;  when  cold,  add  the  spirit. 

Syrup  of  Saffron,  L. — Saffron,  5  drachms,  boiling  dis- 
tilled water,  1  pint,  sugar,  3  lb.  or  sufficient,  rectified 
spirit,  2  J  oz.,  or  sufficient.  Macerate  the  saffron  in  the 
water  for  12  hours  in  a  closed  vessel,  strain  and  proceed 
as  in  syrup  of  cochineal.  Used  for  its  colour  and  fla- 
vour. 

Syrup  of  Sarsaparilla ,  L. — Sarsaparilla,  3}  lb.,  distilled 
water,  3  gallons,  sugar,  8  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2  oz. 
Boil  the  sarsaparilla  ir>  2  gallons  of  water  to  one-half, 
and  strain  while  hot.  Boil  it  in  the  remaining  water 
to  one-half,  and  strain.  Evaporate  the  mixed  liquors 
to  2  pints,  add  the  sugar,  and  when  cold,  the  spirit. 
Tonic,  alterative.     Dose :  1  drachm  or  more. 

Syrup  of  Senna,  L. — Senna,  3  J  oz.,  bruised  fennel,  10 
drachms,  manna,  3  oz.,  boiling  distilled  water,  1  pint, 
treacle,  3  lb.  Macerate  the  fennel  and  the  senna  in 
the  water  with  a  gentle  heat  for  6  hours,  express  through 
linen,  strain,  and  add  the  manna.  Evaporate  the  treacle 
in  a  water  bath  until  it  becomes  almost  solid  on  cooling, 
add  to  it  while  hot  the  liquor,  and  mix  thoroughly. 
Purgative.     Dose :  1  to  4  drachms. 

Syrup  of  Tolu,  L. — Balsam  of  tolu,  10  drachms,  boiling 
distilled  water,  1  pint,  sugar,  2  J  lb.     Boil  the  water 
21 


242  SYR— TAR. 

and  balsam  in  a  closed  vessel  for  30  minutes,  frequently 
stirring;  when  cold,  strain  the  liquor  and  mix  it  with 
the  sugar.  Agreeable  stimulant  in  cough  mixtures. 
Dose :  20  to  60  drops. 

Syrup  of  Tolu. — Tincture  of  tolu,  2  oz.,  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, 2  drachms,  sugar,  24  oz.  (av.,)  water,  12  oz. 
Hub  the  tincture  with  the  magnesia  and  2  oz.  of  the 
sugar,  gradually  add  the  water,  and  filter.  Dissolve 
the  remainder  of  the  sugar  in  the  water  by  a  gentle 
heat.  Syrup  of  ginger  may  be  obtained  in  the  same 
manner. — Finley. 

Syrup  of  Violets,  L. — Violets,  9  oz.,  boiling  distilled 
water,  1  pint,  sugar,  3  lb.  or  sufficient,  rectified  spirit, 
2 1  oz.,  or  sufficient.  Macerate  the  violets  in  the  water 
for  12  hours,  express  and  strain;  let  the  dregs  subside, 
and  proceed  as  for  syrup  of  cochineal.  Laxative  to  in- 
fants. 

Syrup,  L. — Sugar,  3  lb.,  distilled  water,  1  pint;  dissolve 
with  a  gentle  heat.  Used  to  sweeten  mixtures,  and  to 
cause  pill  masses  to  adhere. 

Sweet  Oil. — Eape  oil. 

Taleolas  Scissa. — Cut  like  jujubes. 

Tannic  AcldJ  L. — Almost  colourless.  Dissolved  in  water 
it  is  powerfully  astringent;  from  a  solution  of  isinglass 
it  throws  down  a  white  precipitate,  in  other  respects  it 
resembles  gallic  acid.  Astringent.  Used  in  the  sweat- 
ing and  looseness  of  phthisis.  Dose :  2  to  5  grains  in 
pills. 

Tar  was  at  one  time  extolled  highly  for  its  medicinal  virtues, 
it  is  now  little  used,  except  for  lepra  and  psoriasis. 
Pitch  is  the  residue  of  tar,  boiled  to  dryness,  its  uses  are 
similar,  and  it  is  a  good  medicine  for  piles.  Dose  of 
tar  or  pitch  10  to  20  grains  2  or  3  times  a  day  in  pill, 
with  half  its  weight  of  gum  acacia. 
Barbadoes  Tar  (petroleum)  has  similar  uses,  its  dose  is  5 
to  30  grains. 

Tartaric  Acid,  L. — Is  prepared  from  bitartrate  of  potash. 
Crystalline,  free  from  colour;  almost  entirely  decomposed 


TAR — TER.  243 

by  fire,  soluble  in  water;  this  solution  throws  down  bi- 
tartrate  of  potasli  from  any  neutral  salt  of  potash.  Chlo- 
ride of  barium  throws  nothing  down  from  this  solution, 
what  is  thrown  down  by  acetate  of  lead  is  soluble  in 
nitric  acid.  100  grains  of  this  acid  dissolved  in  water 
are  saturated  by  192  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate  of 
soda.  Refrigerant  and  laxative.  It  is  less  efficacious 
in  scurvy  than  lemon-juice  or  citric  acid,  and  it  is  not 
so  suitable  as  these  for  mixing  with  bicarbonate  of  pot- 
ash. It  is  usually  taken  in  effervescing  draughts;  1  oz. 
of  tartaric  acid  at  a  dose  has  in  one  case  caused  death. 

Tartarus  Boraxatus. — Soluble  cream  of  tartar. 

Tartarus  Depuratus. — Cream  of  tartar. 

Tartarus  Tartarisatus. — Tartrate  of  potash. 

Taylor's  Solution. — Nitrate  of  silver,  1  part,  distilled 
water,  12  parts.  Dissolve;  and  add  gradually  strong 
liquor  of  ammonia,  until  the  precipitate  at  first  produced 
is  just  redissolved.     Used  for  copying  negative  pictures. 

Tea  is  often  largely  adulterated.  Grocers  rounce  their  tea 
by  agitation  with  calcined  magnesia,  this  imparts  a 
bloom,  but  injures  the  solvent  powers  of  the  water. 
Pure  tea  is  not  turned  black  by  cold  infusion  in  water, 
containing  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  nor  does  it  turn 
hartshorn  spirit  blue.  The  amber  colour  of  the  infusion 
is  not  reddened  by  adding  a  few  drops  of  oil  of  vitriol. 

Teeth,  The. — Are  best  preserved  by  cleanliness.  Too  much 
friction  is  injurious,  neglecting  them  is  often  the  cause 
of  tartar  accumulating;  to  prevent  this,  various  powders 
and  tinctures  are  used.     See  Index. 

Teeth,  Cement  for. — Mastic,  90  parts,  ether,  40  parts; 
dissolve,  and  add  alum  sufficient  to  form  a  mass.  Mix 
tincture  of  camphor,  2  parts,  with  essence  of  cloves,  1 
part ;  add  6  parts  of  the  above  mass,  and  apply  to  the 
tooth.— Bernoih. 

Terra  Foliata  Tartari. — Acetate  of  potash.     - 

Terra  Foliata  Tartari  Crystallisata. — Acetate  of 
soda. 


244  TES — TIN. 

Test  for  Essential  Oils. — Add  dry  acetate  of  potash.    If 
alcohol  be  present,  the  salt  is  dissolved,  but  not  otherwise. 
Thridace. — Extract  of  lettuce. 

Tin. — A  well  known  white  metal.  Pure  tin  is  soft,  mal- 
leable, sp.  gr.  7  3,  melts  at  442°,  dissolves  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Its  white  oxide  is  used  as  a  polishing 
medium,  under  the  name  of  putty  powder.  Tin  filings 
are  used  occasionally  as  a  vermifuge,  in  doses  of  1  to  3 
drachms  for  two  or  three  mornings,  followed  by  a  pur- 
gative.  Their  action  is  supposed  to  be  purely  mechanical. 

Tinctures  are  spirituous  solutions  of  various  substances 
which  may  be  conveniently  administered  in  this  form. 

"  All  tinctures  should  be  prepared  in  close  glass  vessels, 
and  frequently  shaken  during  maceration." — P.  L. 

Tincture  of  Aconite,  L. — Aconite  root,  coarsely  powdered, 
15  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days, 
press,  and  filter.  Anodyne  and  sedative  in  neuralgia, 
gout,  rheumatism,  &c. ;  when  diluted  is  used  as  an  em- 
brocation in  these  disorders.  Dose :  3  to  10  drops  in- 
ternally. In  moderate  quantity  aconite  acts  as  a  power- 
ful poison. 

Tincture  of  Aloes ,  L. — Socotrine,  or  hepatic  aloes  in  coarse 
powder,  1  oz.,  extract  of  liquorice,  3  oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
10  oz.,  distilled  water,  30  oz.  Macerate  the  aloes  in 
the  mixed  spirit  and  water  for  7  days,  then  add  the 
liquorice,  and  when  it  is  dissolved,  strain.  Dose :  J  oz., 
to  1  oz. 

Tincture  of  Aloes  (Compound,)  L. — Socotrine  or  he- 
patic aloes  in  coarse  powder,  4  oz.,  saffron,  2  oz.,  tinc- 
ture of  myrrh,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  and  strain. 
Purgative,  stimulant,  and  stomachic.  Dose:  1  to  2 
drachms. 

Tincture  of  Ammonia  (Compound,)  L. — Mastic,  2 
drachms,  rectified  spirit,  9  drachms,  oil  of  lavender,  14 
drops,  stronger  solution  of  ammonia,  1  pint.  Dissolve 
the  mastic  in  the  spirit,  pour  off  the  clear  tincture,  and 
add  the  remaining  ingredients.  A  milky  compound, 
antispasmodic  and  stimulant,  used  in  hysteria.  Dose: 
10  to  40  drops. 

Tincture  of  Ammonio- Chloride  of  Iron,  L. — Ammonio- 


tin.  245 

Tinctures. 

chloride  of  iron,  4  oz.,  proof  spirit  and  distilled  water, 
of  each  1  pint.  Dissolve  and  strain.  Dose:  30  drops 
to  2  drachms,  as  a  tonic. 

Tincture  of  Assafoetida,  L. — Assafoetida,  in  small  pieces, 
5  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days, 
and  strain.  Stimulant  and  antispasmodic.  Employed  in 
hysteria,  flatulency,  colic,  &c.  Dose:  J  to  1J  drachms 
in  pennyroyal  water,  or  otherwise. 

Tincture  of  Belladonna,  L. — Dried  belladonna,  4  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Dose :  2  to  4  drops.  Mixed  also  with  soap  lini- 
ment as  an  anodyne  application  externally. 

Tincture  of  Benzoin  (Compound,)  L. — Benzoin  in  coarse 
powder,  3  J  oz.,  prepared  storax,  2  J  oz.,  balsam  of  tolu, 
10  drachms,  Socotrine  or  hepatic  aloes  in  coarse  powder, 
5  drachms,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7 
days,  and  strain.  Used  in  cases  of  chronic  cough. 
Dose:  20  drops  to  1  drachm.  Externally  applied  to 
rough  ragged  cuts.  This  tincture  does  not  readily  unite 
with  mucilage  or  water,  but  will  mix  easily  with  treacle 
and  water. 

Tincture  of  Calumba,  L. — Calumba  thinly  sliced,  3  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express, 
and  strain.  Aromatic,  tonic.  Dose:  1  to  2  drachms, 
with  soda,  iron,  or  chalybeates. 

Tincture  of  Camphor  (Compound,)  L. — Camphor,  2  J 
scruples,  powdered  opium,  benzoic  acid,  of  each  72 
grains,  oil  of  aniseed,  1  drachm,  proof  spirit,  2  pints. 
Macerate  for  7  days,  strain.  Used  chiefly  to  allay 
coughs.  Dose :  J  to  2  drachms.  Each  ounce  contains 
about  two  grains  of  opium. 

Tincture  of  Cantharides,  L. — Cantharides  bruised,  J  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  6  or  7  days,  express, 
and  strain.  Stimulant,  diuretic,  must  be  used  with 
caution.  Dose:  10  drops,  gradually  increased  to  1 
drachm,  given  in  any  mucilaginous  fluid.  Externally 
used,  combined  with  compound  camphor  liniment,  as  a 
rubefacient  in  rheumatism,  frost-bites,  or  unbroken  chil- 
blains. An  ingredient  in  remedies  for  baldness. 
21* 


246  tin. 

Tinctures. 

Tincture  of  Capsicum,!/. — Capsicum  bruised,  10  drachms, 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  press,  and 
strain.  Dose  :  10  to  60  drops,  in  scarlet  fever,  ulcerated 
sore  throat,  and  to  induce  perspiration.  It  is  also  used 
as  a  gargle  in  sore  throat,  &c. 

Tincture  of  Cardamom  (Compound,)  L. — Cardamoms, 
caraway,  and  cochineal,  all  bruised,  of  each  2 i  drachms, 
cinnamon  bruised,  5  drachms,  stoned  raisins,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Aromatic,  stimulant,  cordial.  Dose  :  1  to  4 
drachms.     Chiefly  used  to  flavour  and  colour  mixtures. 

Tincture  of  Cascarilla,  L. — Cascarilla  bruised,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Tonic,  stomachic,  employed  in  mixtures. 
Dose  :  1  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Castor ',  L. — Bruised  castor,  2 \  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  2  pints,  macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Dose:  20  drops  to  2  drachms,  as  an  antispasmodic  in 
hysteria,  &c. 

Tincture  of  Catechu  (Compound,)  L. — Powdered  catechu, 

3  J  oz.,  bruised  cinnamon,  2£  oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints. 
Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain.  Astringent. 
Dose :  1  to  2  drachms  in  diarrhoea,  combined  with  chalk. 

Tincture  of  Cinchona,  L. — Yellow  cinchona  bruised,  8  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Tonic,  stomachic.  Chiefly  used  as  an  adjunct 
to  infusion  of  cinchona  or  mixtures.  Dose:  1  to  3 
drachms. 

Tincture  of  Cinchona  (Compound,)  L. — Pale  cinchona 
bruised,  4  oz.,  dried  orange-peel,  3  oz.,  serpen tary 
bruised,  6  drachms,  saffron,  2  drachms,  bruised  cochi- 
neal, 1  drachm,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7 
days,  express,  and  strain.  Tonic,  stomachic.  Dose :  1 
to  3  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Bale  Cinchona,  L. — Prepared  and  used  as 
tincture  of  cinchona. 

Tincture  of  Cinnamon,  L. — Cinnamon  bruised,  3 J  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.     Cordial,  aromatic,  and  stomachic.     Dose:  1  to 

4  drachms. 


tin.  247 

Tinctures. 

Tincture  of  Cinnamon  {Compound,')  L. — Bruised  cinna- 
mon, 1  oz.,  bruised  cardamom,  J  oz.,  long  pepper  pow- 
dered, and  bruised  ginger,  of  each  2  J  draclims,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Dose :  1  to  2  draclims.  Cordial  and  aromatic. 
Tincture  of  Colchicum,  L. — Seeds  of  meadow  saffron  bruised, 
5  oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  ex- 
press, and  strain.  Dose:  20  drops  to  2  drachms  in  gout, 
or  rheumatism. 

Tincture  of  Colchicum  {  Compound,)  L.— Meadow  saffron 
seeds  bruised,  5  oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7 
days,  express,  and  strain.  Dose:  i  to  1  drachm,  in  gout. 

Tincture  of  Cubebs,  L — Cubebs  bruised,  1  lb.,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Dose:  1  to  2  drachms,  thrice  a-day,  in  gonorrhoea  and 
diseases  of  the  urinary  organs. 

Tincture  of  Ergot  {Ethereal,)  L. — Ergot  bruised,  15  oz., 
ether,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Dose:  30  to  60  drops  every  half  hour,  to  excite  uterine 
action  in  labour,  or  to  check  sudden  hemorrhage  in  that 
organ. 

Tincture  of  Foxglove,  L. — Dried  foxglove  leaves,  4  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Dose:  10  to  60  drops,  in  dropsy  or  asthma. 
Sedative,  diuretic,  and  narcotic. 
.  Tincture  of  Galls,  L. — Bruised  galls,  5  oz.,  proof  spirit, 
2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Astringent.  Dose:  J  to  2  drachms.  Chiefly  used  as  a 
test  for  iron,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  astringent  gargles. 

Tincture  of  Gentian  {Compound,)  L. — Gentian  sliced, 
2  J  oz.,  dried  orange-peel,  10  drachms,  cardamom  bruised, 
5  drachms,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days, 
express,  and  strain.  Bitter  tonic  and  stomachic.  Dose: 
i  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Ginger,  L. — Bruised  ginger,  2 J  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Stimulant,  carminative.     Dose:  1  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Guaiacum,  L. — Guaiacum  resin  in  fine  pow- 
der, 8  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  14  days, 


248  tin. 

Tinctures. 

strain,    express,    and   filter.      Stimulant,    diaphoretic. 
Dose:  1  to  3  drachms,  in  rheumatism  or  gout. 

Tincture  of  Guaiacum  (Compound,)  L. — Guaiacum  in 
coarse  powder,  7  oz.,  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia,  2 
pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  and  strain.  Stimulant, 
diaphoretic,  and  emmenagogue.  Used  in  chronic  rheu- 
matism and  gout.     Dose:  i  to  1  drachm. 

Tincture  of  Hellebore,  L. — Black  hellebore  bruised,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.     Emmenagogue.     Dose:  J  to  1  drachm. 

Tincture  of  Hemlock,  L. — Dried  hemlock  leaves,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Deobstruent  and  narcotic.  Dose:  20  to  60 
drops. 

Tincture  of  Henbane,  L. — Prepared  as  tincture  of  hem- 
lock.    Narcotic,  anodyne.     Dose:  15  to  60  drops. 

Tincture  of  Hops,  L. — Hops,  6  oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints. 
Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain.  Bitter  sto- 
machic.    Dose:  |  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Iodine  (Compound,)  L. — Iodine,  1  oz.,  iodide 
of  potassium,  2  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate 
until  dissolved,  and  strain.     Dose:  10  to  60  drops. 

Tincture  of  Jalap,  L. — Jalap  coarsely  powdered,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Purgative,  cathartic.  Dose:  1  to  4  drachms. 
"Used  chiefly  in  combination  with  other  medicines. 

Tincture  of  Kino,  L. — Powdered  kino,  3  J  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  and  strain.  As- 
tringent. Dose:  1  to  2  drachms,  generally  combined 
with  chalk. 

Tincture  of  Lavender  (Compound,)  L. — Oil  of  lavender, 
1J  drachms,  oil  of  rosemary,  10  drops,  cinnamon  and 
nutmeg  bruised,  of  each  2  J  drachms,  red  sanders  sliced, 
5  drachms,  rectified  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  the  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  and  sanders  in  the  spirit  for  7  days, 
press,  strain,  and  add  the  oils.  Dose:  J  to  2  drachms, 
in  lowness  of  spirits,  flatulence,  hysteria,  or  fain tn ess. 

Tincture  of  Lemons,  L. — Fresh  lemon-peel,  3  J  oz.,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  press,  and  strain. 
Dose:  i  to  2  drachms,  to  flavour  other  medicines. 


tin.  249 

Tinctures. 

Tincture  of  Lobelia,  L. — Lobelia  powdered,  5  oz.,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  press,  and  strain. 
Dose:  15  to  30  drops,  in  cough,  asthma,  and  bronchitis. 

Tincture  of  Lobelia  (Ethereal^)  L. — Lobelia  powdered,  5 
oz.,  ether,  14  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  26  oz.  Macerate  for 
7  days,  press,  and  strain.  Dose:  15  to  40  drops,  in 
cough,  asthma,  and  bronchitis. 

Tincture  of  Myrrh,  L. — Powdered  myrrh,  3  oz.,  rectified 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  and  strain.  Sti- 
mulant, tonic,  antiseptic.  Dose:  20  to  60  drops.  Sel- 
dom administered  alone,  but  chiefly  used  as  a  dentifrice, 
and  as  an  application  to  fresh  cuts. 

Tincture  of  Opium,  L. — Powdered  opium,  3  oz.,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Dose:  from  2  drops  to  1  or  2  drachms.  One  grain  of 
opium  is  contained  in  19  drops.  Anodyne,  astringent, 
sedative. 

Tincture  of  Orange  (Peel,*)  L. — Dried  orange-peel,  3} 
oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express, 
and  strain.  Bitter  stomachic.  Mostly  used  in  con- 
junction with  mixtures.     Dose:  1  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Orris. — Bruised  orris-root,  7  lbs.,  rectified 
spirit,  1  gallon.     Let  stand  14  days,  and  strain. 

Tincture  of  Quinine  (Compound,)  L. — Disulphate  of  qui- 
nine, 5  drachms  and  1  scruple,  tincture  of  orange,  2 
pints.  Digest  until  the  quinine  is  dissolved,  and  strain. 
The  quantity  of  quinine  ordered  is  too  great  for  the 
spirit  to  dissolve,  unless  sulphuric  acid  is  added.  If  all 
the  quinine  is  taken  up,  each  drachm  of  tincture  equals 
1  grain  of  quinine.     Dose:  15  to  60  drops. 

Tincture  of  Rhubarb  (Compound,*)  L. — Bhubarb  sliced, 
2}  oz.,  fresh  liquorice  bruised,  6  drachms,  ginger 
bruised,  and  saffron,  of  each  3  drachms,  proof  spirit,  2 
pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  press,  and  strain.  Dose  : 
1  to  3  drachms  as  a  stomachic,  as  a  purgative,  J  to  1 
oz.     Used  in  cholic  and  diarrhoea. 

Tincture  of  Senna  (Compound,)  L. — Senna,  3  J  oz.,  cara- 
way bruised,  3}  drachms,  cardamom  bruised,  1  drachm, 
raisins  stoned,  5  oz.,  proof  spirit,  2  pints.     Macerate 


250  TIN — TON. 

Tinctures. 

for  7  days,  express,  and  strain.  Stomachic,  purgative. 
Dose:  J  to  1  oz.,  or,  if  in  combination  with  other  mix- 
tures, 1  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Serpentary,  L. — Serpentary  bruised,  3  J  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.     Stimulant,  diaphoretic.    Dose:  i  to  2  drachms. 

Tincture  of  Sesquicliloride  of  Iron,  L. — Sesquioxide  of 
iron,  6  oz.,  hydrochloric  acid,  20  oz.,  rectified  spirit,  3 
pints.  Mix  the  iron  and  acid  by  the  heat  of  a  sand- 
bath,  shaking  frequently  until  dissolved.  When  cool, 
add  the  spirit  and  filter.  Dose:  10  to  30  drops,  gene- 
rally in  mixtures.  All  preparations  of  cinnamon  or  of 
bitters,  except  quassia  and  calumba,  are  incompatible 
with  this  tincture. 

Tincture  of  Squills,  L. — Recently  dried  squill,  5  oz., 
proof  spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and 
strain.  Expectorant  and  diuretic.  Dose:  10  to  30 
drops,  in  coughs,  and  bronchial  affections.  Not  suita- 
ble for  children. 

Tincture  of  Sumbul. — Sumbul,  2  oz.,  proof  spirit,  16  oz. 
Macerate  for  seven  days,  and  strain. 

Tincture  of  Tolu,  L. — Balsam  of  tolu,  2oz.,  rectified  spirit, 
2  pints.  Macerate  until  the  balsam  is  liquefied,  and 
strain.  Stimulant,  expectorant.  Dose:  15  to  30  drops. 
Mixes  with  treacle  and  water,  but  not  with  mucilage. 
Used  chiefly  in  pectoral  mixtures. 

Tincture  of  Valerian,  L. — Valerian  bruised,  5  oz.,  proof 
spirit,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  express,  and  strain. 
Antispasmodic,  tonic.     Dose:  30  to  60  drops. 

Tincture  of  Valerian  (Compound,')  L. — Valerian  bruised, 
5  oz.,  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia,  2  pints.  Macerate 
for  7  days,  express  and  strain.     Dose  and  uses  as  last. 

Tinctura  Meconii. — Tincture  of  opium. 

Tinctura  Tiiebaica. — Tincture  of  opium. 

Tonqtjin  Remedy. — Valerian,  20  grains,  musk,  16  grains, 
camphor,  6  grains;  mix.  Antispasmodic.  Used  in 
hooping-cough  (6  to  12  grains,)  hydrophobia,  and 
mania,  2  scruples  to  1  drachm. 


too.  251 

Toothache. — The  remedies  for  this  pain  must  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  causes.  When  it  arises  from  a  foul  stomach, 
a  brisk  purgative  will  often  cure;  if  from  cold,  anodynes 
are  applied;  if  from  decay,  caustics  may  be  tried,  but 
extraction  is  the  grand  remedy.  In  the  early  decay  of 
teeth,  a  gold  filling  should  be  at  once  resorted  to,  and 
an  able  dentist  employed.  When  a  gum-boil  arises, 
toasted  figs  applied  to  it  assist  it  in  coming  to  a  head 
and  suppurating.  Toothache  anodynes  are  numerous; 
the  following  may  serve  as  specimens: — 

1.  Pellitory,  \  oz.,  camphor,  3  drachms,  opium,  1  drachm, 
oil  of  cloves,  i  drachm,  rectified  spirit,  6  oz.;  digest  30 
days,  and  strain. — Brande. 

2.  Tincture  of  opium,  \  oz.,  camphor,  1  drachm;  dissolve, 
and  add  oil  of  cloves,  20  drops.     Generally  effectual. 

3.  Creosote,  1  drachm,  tincture  of  opium,  2  drachms,  tinc- 
ture of  camphor,  1  drachm. 

4.  Camphor,  2  drachms,  chloroform,  1  drachm,  tincture  of 
opium,  i  drachm. 

5.  Oil  of  rosemary,  2  parts,  tincture  of  galbanum,  1  part; 
mix.     Apply  to  the  affected  side,  in  the  ear,  on  cotton. 

6.  Tannin,  20  grains,  mastic,  5  grains,  ether;  2  drachms. 
— Mr.  Druitt. 

7.  Mastic  or  copal  dissolved  in  chloroform. 

8.  A  popular,  and  sometimes  very  effectual,  remedy  is  the 
henbane  fumigation.  Henbane  seed  is  thrown  on  hot 
cinders  on  a  shovel,  and  a  cup  at  once  placed  over  it; 
on  removing  the  cup,  smoke  is  only  apparent.  Hot 
water  is  poured  in  to  half-fill  the  cup,  and  the  patient 
inhales  the  vapour  near  the  affected  side.  Frequently 
relief  is  produced,  but  it  fails  in  various  cases. 

9.  Apply  a  little  acetate  of  muriate  of  morphia  on  cotton 
wool. 

Toothache  Tincture. — Tincture  of  myrrh,  6  drops,  tinc- 
ture of  benzoin  (comp.,)  12  drops,  muriatic  acid,  18 
drops.     Mix. 

Tooth  Powder. — Sugar  of  milk,  1,000  parts,  pure  tannin, 
15  parts,  lake,  10  parts,  oils  of  mint,  aniseed,  and 
orange-flowers,  q.  s.     Rub  together  the  lake  and  tannin, 


252  THE — URE. 

gradually  add  the  sugar  of  milk,  and  then  the  oils. — 

Mialhe. 

Treacle,  German. — An  evaporated  cold  infusion  of  juni- 
per berries. 

Triple  Extract  of  Eoses. — Otto  of  roses,  3  oz.,  rectified 
alcohol,  1  gallon. 

Turpentine,  Oil  of,  is  employed  as  an  anthelmintic,  purg- 
ative, stimulant,  rubefacient,  &c.  Externally,  it  is  em- 
ployed alone  or  in  liniments.  Dose:  from  10  drops  to 
2  oz.,  according  to  the  object  in  view. 

Turpentine,  Ohio,  according  to  the  P.  L.,  is  an  oleo-resin 
flowing  from  the  incised  trunk  of  the  pistachia  terebin- 
thus,  but  the  article  sold  under  this  name  is  almost  in- 
variably fictitious.  Rosin  and  Canada  balsam  in  equal 
parts  are  employed,  with  or  without  a  little  oil  of  fennel 
or  juniper. 

Turpentine,  Venice,  cannot  be  obtained  genuine  in  most 
cases.  The  imitation  of  it  is  made  of  rosin,  to  each 
pound  of  which  5  or  6  oz.  of  oil  of  turpentine  is  added, 
and  combined  by  heat. 

Tutty,  the  sublimate  of  zinc.  Used  as  an  astringent  in  eye 
waters  and  ointments. 

Ultramarine  is  prepared  from  the  lapis  lazuli,  and  is  a 
very  expensive  pigment.  It  is  artificially  imitated  in 
various  ways  on  the  large  scale,  and  a  good  ultramarine 
for  common  use  is  now  sold  at  3d.  per  oz.,  while  the 
original  colour  brought  from  two  to  four  guineas  for  the 
same  quantity. 

Unguentum  Nihilo. — Ointment  of  zinc. 

TJrea  is  now  artificially  prepared  by  the  following  process  : 
Dry  ferrocyanide  of  potassium,  28  parts,  black  oxide  of 
manganese,  14  parts;  mix.  Heat  the  powders  to  a 
dull  red  on  an  iron  plate  over  a  charcoal  fire,  and  when 
they  begin  to  burn,  stir  and  cool.  Dissolve  the  pro- 
duct in  cold  water,  filter,  add  20 \  parts  of  dry  sulphate 
of  ammonia,  decant  the  clear  liquor,  and  concentrate  it 


VAN— VER.  253 

at  a  gentle  heat  to  dryness;  digest  in  boiling  alcohol, 
and  crystals  of  urea  will  descend  as  the  spirit  cools. — 
Liebig. 
Van  Swteten's  Drops. — A  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate. 

Valerian  is  stimulant  and  antispasmodic,  useful  in  hysteria, 
epilepsy,  hypochondriasis,  indigestion,  &c.  In  some 
cases  pills  of  valerian,  rhubarb,  and  ginger,  equal  parts, 
are  very  useful,  as  in  want  of  tone  in  the  stomach,  or 
slight  derangement  of  that  organ.  The  dose  of  valerian 
is  10  to  30  grains. 

Varnish  to  Coat  Metal. — Copal,  1  part,  oil  of  rosemary, 
1  part,  alcohol,  2  to  3  parts.     Apply  it  hot. 

Veratria,  L.,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  more  so  in  ether, 
most  of  all  in  rectified  spirit.  It  has  no  smell,  but  irri- 
tates the  nose  excessively,  and  has  an  acrid  taste.  It 
must  be  very  cautiously  used.  Veratria  can  only  be 
depended  on  when  prepared  by  a  respectable  chemist, 
and  there  is  no  security  against  adulteration.  1000 
grains  of  sevadilla  only  yield  about  1  grain  of  veratria. 
It  turns  to  a  bright  red  on  the  addition  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  It  is  seldom  or  never  given  internally;  the  dose 
should  be  rl0th  to  ith  of  a  grain,  carefully  watched.  It 
is  a  powerful  irritant  poison.  Used  in  ointment,  &c,  it 
is  applied  to  contract  the  pupil  of  the  eye  by  rubbing 
over  the  orbit;  it  has  been  employed  also  in  tic-doloreux, 
neuralgia,  &c,  but  its  good  effects  are  seldom  apparent 
in  these  cases.  For  external  application,  mix  veratria, 
i  grain,  with  chloric  ether,  2  drachms,  and  add  soap 
liniment,  30  drops. 

Verdigris. — The  diacetafce  of  copper. 

Characters  and  Tests,  L.—  Partly  soluble  in  water,  almost 
entirely  so  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  with  the  aid  of  heat. 
Nothing  is  thrown  down  from  this  solution  by  ammonia 
added  in  excess.  It  is  not  often  used  internally;  it  is 
detergent  and  escharotic  externally. 

Verditer  is  made  by  adding  chalk  or  whiting  to  a  solution 
of  nitrate  of  copper.     The  whiting  is  put  in  a  tub,  the 

22 


254  VER — VIN. 

solution  poured  on  it,  and,  after  agitation,  the  whole  is 
left  to  subside.  The  clear  liquor  is  then  poured  off, 
and  more  solution  added.  This  process  is  repeated  un- 
til the  desired  colour  is  obtained. 

Vermilion. — The  bisulphuret  of  mercury.  It  is  prepared 
by  subliming  7  parts  of  mercury  with  1  part  of  sulphur, 
grinding  the  sublimate  to  powder  with  water,  and  dry- 
ing. 

Vermin  (to  Destroy.) — In  a  pailful  of  water  (cold)  mix 
well  1  lb.  of  chloride  of  lime  (having  first  diluted  it 
into  a  thin  paste  in  a  bowl  of  water,  for  facility  of  mix- 
ture;) with  a  mop  wet  and  saturate  well  the  floor,  skirt- 
ings, and  any  other  wood  work  that  will  not  suffer  in- 
jury; then  shut  the  doors  and  windows  close.  If  there 
should  be  a  suspicion  of  other  tenants  in  the  bedstead, 
take  that  down  too.  In  three  or  four  hours  all  will 
have  disappeared  or  perished. 

Verre  (un.) — A  glass — five  fluid  ounces. 

Vesicants. — 1.  The  evaporated  ethereal  tincture  of  cantha- 
rides  melted,  with  twice  its  weight  of  wax,  and  spread 
on  oiled  silk. 
2.  Blistering  tissue  or  paper  is  similar,  but  spread  on  paper. 
Used  as  blistering  plasters. 

Viennese  Laxative  Water. — Senna,  3  oz.,  raisins,  1J 
oz.,  coriander,  2  drachms,  supertartrate  of  potash,  i  oz., 
boiling  water,  2  J  lbs.  Macerate  one  hour;  add  manna, 
8  oz.,  polypody  root,  3  drachms,  strain. 

Virgin's  Milk  (Lqit  Virginal.) — Tincture  of  benzoin,  J 
oz. ;  add  very  gradually  rose  water,  1  quart. 

Vinegar  is  a  well-known  acid.  That  prepared  in  England 
is  usually  made  from  malt,  or  malt  and  barley,  which 
is  mashed  with  hot  water  as  for  brewing,  and  allowed 
to  run  to  acetous  fermentation.  The  vinegars  are 
known  as  Nos.  18,  20,  22,  and  24,  the  last  being  the 
strongest;  they  almost  always  contain  a  little  sulphuric 
acid. 
Vinegar }  British^  Ln  is  impure  acetic  acid  prepared  by 


vin.  255 

Vinegars. 

fermentation  from  an  infusion  of  malt.  It  is  brownish, 
of  a  peculiar  odour,  sp.  gr.  1-019,  a  fluid  oz.  is  satu- 
rated by  1  drachm  of  crystals  of  carbonate  of  soda. 
After  adding  10  minims  of  a  solution  of  chloride  of 
barium,  to  1  oz.  of  this  acid,  and  filtering,  a  further  ad- 
dition causes  no  precipitate.  The  colour  of  vinegar  is 
not  changed  by  hydrosulphuric  acid  being  added. 
Vinegar,  Aromatic. — 1.  Glacial  acetic  acid,  8  oz.,  oils  of 
rosemary,  lavender,  and  cinnamon,  of  each  20  drops, 
bergamotte,  15  drops,  oil  of  cloves,  24  drops,  oil  of  ne- 
roli,  4  drops,  rectified  spirit,  2  drachms. 

2.  Crystallized. — Pour  a  little  of  the  above  on  crystals  of 
sulphate  of  potash,  and  bottle. 

3.  Extemporaneous. — Dry  acetate  of  potash,  30  grains, 
oil  of  vitriol,  10  drops,  perfume  at  pleasure. 

All  are  used  as  refreshing  scents  in  warm  weather,  sensa- 
tion of  faintness,  &c.  It  is  usually  dropped  on  sponge 
in  glass  stoppered  bottles. 

Vinegar  of  Meadow  Saffron,  L. — Dried  meadow  saffron 
corms,  3  J  drachms,  dilute  acetic  acid,  1  pint,  proof 
spirit,  1 J  oz.  Macerate  the  saffron  in  the  acid  in  a  closed 
vessel  for  3  days,  express,  and  let  the  liquor  clear,  strain, 
and  add  the  spirit.  Used  in  gout,  combined  with  mag- 
nesia.    Dose :  J  to  1  drachm. 

Vinegar  of  Spanish  Flies,  L. — Spanish  flies  in  fine  pow- 
der, 2  oz.,  acetic  acid,  1  pint.  Macerate  for  8  days, 
frequently  shaking,  express  and  strain.  Vesicatory, 
applied  to  blister  the  skin. 

Vinegar  of  Squill,  L. — Squill,  fresh  dried  and  bruised, 
2 J  oz.,  dilute  acetic  acid,  1  pint,  proof  spirit,  1J  oz. 
With  a  gentle  heat  macerate  the  squill  in  the  acid  in  a 
closed  vessel  for  three  days,  express,  let  the  liquor  clear, 
strain,  and  add  the  spirit.  Stimulant,  expectorant. 
Dose :  20  to  40  drops  in  cough,  &c. 

Vinegar,  Household,  is  sometimes  prepared  by  boiling  1 
ft),  of  sugar  with  each  gallon  of  water,  and  fermenting 
with  yeast.  Tea  leaves,  herbs,  &c,  are  sometimes 
added  to  flavour. 

Vinegar,  Flavoured. — Any  herS  or  spice  may  be  added  to 
vinegar  for  14  days;  it  is  then  strained  for  use. 


256  WAF— WAT. 

Vinegar,  Distilled,  L.—  Vinegar,  1  gallon;  distil  7  pints  in 
a  sand  bath.  Sp.  gr,  1-0065,  a  fluid  oz.  is  saturated 
by  57  grains  of  crystallized  carbonate  of  soda. 

Vinegar,  Fruit. — liaspberies,  cherries,  or  strawberries, 
and  vinegar,  of  each  equal  parts;  macerate  24  hours, 
strain,  and  add  to  each  pint  1  lb.  of  white  sugar,  boil, 
skim,  and  when  cool,  add  to  each  pint  2  oz.  of  brandy.* 

Wafers  are  made  of  flour  and  water,  mixed  in  fine  batter; 
it  is  pressed  in  wafer-irons,  baked,  and  cut  with  round 
punches.  Various  colours  are  used:  Red,  red-lead,  or 
a  decoction  of  Brazil  wood  with  alum;  yellow,  infusion 
of  turmeric;  blue,  dilute  neutral  sulphate  of  indigo; 
green,  blue  and  yellow  mixed,  &c. 

Ward's  Red  Drop. — A  solution  of  tartar  emetic  in  wine. 

Warts,  To  Remove. — Use  daily,  nitrate  of  silver,  acetic, 
or  nitric  acid,  by  applying  to  the  top  of  the  wart. 

Washes  are  used  as  cosmetics. 

Wash,  Hair. — Carbonate  of  potash,  1  oz.;  water,  1  quart, 

essence  of  rosemary,  20  drops;  mix. 
Wash  for  Foul  Teeth. — Chloride  of  lime,  J  oz.,  rose-water, 

6  oz.;  mix.     Used  to  remove  the  smell  of  tobacco,  foul 

breath,  &c. 
Wash  for  Freckles. — Rectified  spirit,  1  oz.,  water,  9  oz., 

orange-flower  water,  1  oz.,  diluted  hydrochloric  acid,  1 

drachm;  mix. 

Water,  Distilled,  L.,  (i  remains  clear  on  the  addition  of 
either — 1,  lime-water;  2,  chloride  of  barium;  3,  nitrate 
of  silver;  4,  oxalate  of  ammonia;  or,  5,  hydrosulphuric 
acid/'  The  first  shows  the  absence  of  carbonic  acid,  or 
carbonate  of  ammonia;  second  of  sulphate  of  lime;  third 
of  chlorides;  fourth  of  lime;  fifth  of  lead.  The  first 
portion  of  distilled  water  should  be  rejected.  It  is  often 
ordered  unnecessarily  in  medicine,  but  is  absolutely  re- 
quisite in  solutions  of  salts  of  lead,  nitrate  of  silver,  ox- 
alate of  ammonia,  preparations  of  mercury,  potash,  liquor 
ammonia,  iodide  of  iron,  and  chloride  of  barium. 
A  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water,  at  62°  F.,  barometer  at 
30  inches,  weighs  252458  grains,  one  gallon  weighs 


wat.  257 

70.000  grains,  or  10  lb.  avoirdupois.  It  is  815  times 
heavier  than  atmospheric  air;  its  specific  gravity  is  1*0, 
or  unity.  It  is  slightly  compressible  by  enormous  pres- 
sure. Water  contains  by  weight,  8  parts  oxygen  to  1 
part  hydrogen,  and  by  measure,  1  volume  oxygen  to  2 
of  hydrogen.  Pure  water  is  incapable  of  putrefaction, 
and  is  a  better  solvent  than  the  ordinary  liquid. 

Water,  Elder  Flower,  L. — Elder  flowers,  10  lb.,  water, 
2  gallons;  distil  1  gallon.     Used  for  its  flavour. 

Water,  Lime,  L. — Lime,  J  lb.,  distilled  water,  12  pints. 
Slake  the  lime  with  a  little  water,  add  the  remaining 
water,  and  shake;  set  the  covered  vessel  aside  for  3 
hours,  keep  the  liquor  and  lime  in  stopped  glass  vessels, 
and  when  it  is  required  decant  the  clear  portion  for  use. 
Antacid,  lithontriptic.  Allays  obstinate  vomiting,  is 
used  as  an  astringent  in  dysentery,  and  with  sarsaparilla 
as  an  alterative  in  cutaneous  diseases  or  impaired  diges- 
tion. It  is  used  combined  with  mercury  as  a  wash  for 
syphilitic  sores.  Dose:  i  to  3  oz.,  combined  with  an 
equal  quantity  of  milk. 

Water,  Peppermint,  L. — Dried  peppermint,  2  lb.,  water, 
2  gallons;  distil  1  gallon.  If  the  fresh  herb  be  em- 
ployed, double  the  weight  must  be  used.  This  water 
can  be  more  quickly  prepared  from  oil  of  peppermint, 
like  dill  water.  Stimulant,  aromatic,  carminative. 
Prepare  in  the  same  manner  Pennyroyal  and  Spear- 
mint water. 

Wtater,  Pimento,  L. — Bruised  pimento,  1  lb.,  water,  2 
gallons;  distil  1  gallon.  Or  from  oil  of  pimento,  as 
dill  water.     Carminative. 

Water,  Rose,  L. — -Damask  rose  leaves,  10  lb.,  water,  2 
gallons;  distil  1  gallon.     Fragrant. 

Water,  Dill,  L. — Bruised  dill,  \\  lb.,  water,  2  gallons; 
distil  1  gallon.  Or,  oil  of  dill,  2  drachms,  powdered 
flint  or  sand,  2  drachms,  distilled  water,  1  gallon.  Mix 
the  oil  well  with  the  flint  or  sand,  then  with  the  water, 
and  strain  the  solution.  Carminative.  Dose,  1  drachm 
to  4  oz. 

22* 


258  WAT — WAX. 

In  the  same  way  are  prepared  the  waters  of  Caraway 
and  Cinnamon,  both  of  which  are  aromatic  carmina- 
tive vehicles  for  other  medicines. 

Water-proofing. 

Cloth. — 1.  Lay  on  the  inside  a  solution  of  caoutchouc. 

2.  Use  a  solution  of  isinglass,  alum,  and  soap. 

3.  Boil  it  in  a  decoction  of  alum. 

Boots, — 1.  Oil,  5  oz.,  wax,  i  oz.,  Burgundy  pitch,  J  oz., 
oil  of  turpentine,  J  oz.;  melt  together,  and  apply  until 
the  leather  is  saturated. 

2.  Suet,  rosin,  and  bees' -wax,  melted  and  applied. 

3.  A  solution  of  Indian  rubber,  2  drachms,  and  oil  of 
turpentine,  15  oz.,  mixed,  when  dissolved  by  heat,  with 
1  pint  of  boiled  oil. 

Damp  Walls. — Lay  on  a  hot  solution  of  12  oz.  of  Castile 
soap  to  each  gallon  of  water,  and  in  24  hours  another 
wash  of  alum,  2  oz.  to  each  gallon  of  water. 

Wax,  Bleached. — Yellow  bees'-wax  is  exposed  to  the  air 
in  fine  flakes  or  ribbons  until  bleached,  and  finally 
melted  in  water  containing  sulphuric  acid.  M.  Ingen- 
hol's  mode  is  to  melt  the  wax,  add  to  each  pound  2  oz. 
of  nitrate  of  soda,  then,  by  degrees,  1  oz.  of  sulphuric 
acid  in  9  parts  of  distilled  water,  stirring  with  a  glass 
rod  until  all  the  acid  is  added.  It  is  then  cooled,  the 
vessel  is  filled  with  boiling  water  and  set  aside,  the  wax 
is  finally  washed  with  boiling  water  until  the  wash  no 
longer  precipitates  with  chloride  of  barium.  This  me- 
thod, however,  is  imperfect. 

Wax,  Sealing. — Shellac,  16  parts;  melt  and  add  Venice 
turpentine,  5  parts,  colour  at  pleasure.  For  red,  use 
vermilion;  black,  ivory  black;  blue,  Prussian  blue  or 
fictitious  ultramarine;  green,  king's  yellow  and  Prus- 
sian blue  mixed;  yellow,  king's  yellow,  &c,  &c.  Only 
prepared  by  regular  manufacturers,  and  not  so  much 
used  now  as  formerly. 

Wax,  Bottle. — Rosin,  13  parts,  wax,  1  part;  melt  and 
add  any  colour.  Used  to  render  corks  and  bungs  air- 
tight by  melting  the  wax  over  them. 


WHE — WIN.  259 

Whey  is  prepared  by  adding  a  little  rennet  or  acid,  as  lemon 
juice,  &c,  to  milk,  and  warming  it  until  curdled. 

White'  s,  Sharp. — Alum  and  wheat  flour  equal  parts.  Used 
by  bakers  to  add  to  dough. 

Windows,  Crystallized. — Dissolve  Epsom  salts  in  hot  ale 
or  solution  of  gum  Arabic,  wash  it  over  the  window, 
and  let  it  dry.  If  you  wish  to  remove  any,  to  form  a 
border  or  centre  piece,  do  it  with  a  wet  cloth. 

White  Oils. — Yolks  of  2  eggs,  solution  of  ammonia,  3  oz., 
oil  of  origanum,  1  oz.,  turpentine,  4  oz.,  ^vinegar,  1 
pint.     Mix.     Used  as  a  liniment. 

Wines,  L. — "  Medicated  wines  should  be  kept  in  stopped 
glass  vessels,  and  frequently  shaken  during  macera- 
tion/' 

Wine  of  Aloes,  L. — Socotrine  or  hepatic  aloes  in  powder, 
2  oz.,  powdered  canella,  4  drachms,  sherry  wine,  2 
pints.  Macerate  7  days,  and  strain.  Stomachic,  pur- 
gative.    Dose,  2  to  8  drachms. 

Wine  of  Ipecacuanha,  L. — Bruised  ipecacuanha,  2  J  oz., 
sherry  wine,  2  pints.  Macerate  7  days,  and  strain. 
Emetic,  diaphoretic.     Dose,  30  to  60  drops. 

Wine  of  Iron,  L. — Iron  wire,  1  oz.,  sherry  wine,  2  pints. 
Digest  for  30  days,  and  strain.  Mild  chalybeate  tonic. 
Dose,  1  to  4  drachms. 

Wine  of  Meadow  Saffron,  L. — Dried  corms  of  meadow 
saffron,  8  oz.,  sherry  wine,  2  pints.  Macerate  7  days; 
and  strain.     Used  in  gout.     Dose,  J  to  1  drachm. 

Wine  of  Opium,  L. — Extract  of  opium,  2£  oz.,  bruised 
cinnamon  and  bruised  cloves,  of  each  2  J  drachms, 
sherry  wine,  2  pints.  Macerate  for  7  days,  and  strain. 
Stimulating  anodyne.  Used  in  chronic  ophthalmia,  2 
or  3  drops  being  dropped  in  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye 
at  night;  internally,  the  dose  is  5  to  40  drops. 

Wine  of  Potassio-  Tartrate  of  Antimony,  L. — Crystals  of 
potassio-tartrate  of  antimony,  2  scruples,  sherry  wine, 
1  pint.  Powder  the  crystals,  and  dissolve.  Expecto- 
rant, in  doses  of  15  to  60  drops;  emetic,  2  to  8 
drachms. 


260  win — woo. 

Wine  of  White  Hellebore,  L. — Sliced  white  hellebore,  8 
oz.,  sherry  wine,  2  pints.  Macerate  7  days,  and  strain. 
Emetic,  cathartic,  and  used  in  gout.  Dose :  10  drops, 
2  or  3  times  a  day,  increased  as  required. 

Wine  Tests,  for  lead  in  wine.  1.  Quicklime,  1  oz.,  sul- 
phur, 1  i  oz. ;  heat  in  a  covered  crucible  for  five  minutes. 
Take  of  this  and  of  tartaric  acid,  each  2  drachms,  mix 
and  agitate  in  1  pint  of  water  in  a  stopped  bottle,  let  it 
subside,  decant  the  clear  liquor,  and  add  to  it  tartaric 
acid,  1J  oz. — Hahnemann.  2.  Sulphur  and  oyster 
shells,  equal  parts,  expose  to  a  white  heat  for  15  mi- 
nutes; when  cold,  add  an  equal  quantity  of  cream  of 
tartar,  boil  in  water  for  30  minutes,  decant  the  clear 
liquor  into  ounce  phials,  and  add  to  each  20  drops  of 
muriatic  acid. — Dr.  Paris.  Either  of  the  above  tests 
added  to  wine  containing  lead  throws  down  a  black 
precipitate. 

Wood,  To  Stain. — Red — 1.  Water,  1  gallon,  Brazil  wood, 
1  lb.,  pearlash,  1  oz.;  boil  for  3  hours,  brush  it  hot 
over  the  wood,  and  then,  while  wet,  brush  the  wood 
with  a  solution  of  alum,  2  oz.,  in  water,  1  quart.  2. 
Light — Add  to  each  gallon  of  the  last  2  oz.  more  pearl- 
ash.  3.  Dark — Logwood,  8  oz.,  water,  2  quarts;  boil 
till  of  a  deep  colour,  and  add  carbonate  of  potash,  \  oz., 
brush  it  hot  over  the  wood. 

Yellow — 1.  Water,  1  gallon,  French  berries,  1  lb.,  alum, 
\  oz.;  boil  for  2  hours,  and  use  it  hot.  2.  Logwood 
decoction  without  a  mordant.  3.  Spirit  of  wine,  1 
pint,  turmeric,  1  oz.;  digest  14  days,  and  strain. 

Blue — 1.  Solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo  is  used  hot,  and, 
while  hot,  a  solution  of  cream  of  tartar,  3  oz.,  in  water, 
1  quart.  2.  A  solution  of  verditer  is  brushed  over 
until  the  wood  appears  a  dark  green,  and  then  a  hot 
solution  is  applied  of  pearlash,  2  oz.,  in  boiling  water, 
1  pint. 

Purple — Logwood,  1  lb.,  Brazil  wood,  4  oz.,  water,  1  gal- 
lon; boil  3  hours,  brush  it  on  while  hot,  and  when  dry, 
use  a  solution  of  pearlash,  1  drachm,  in  water,  1 
quart. 


WOR  — YEA.  261 

Blach. — 1.  Vinegar  in  which  nails  and  old  iron  have  di- 
gested, with  a  small  quantity  of  verdigris.  2.  A  de- 
coction of  logwood,  &c,  is  brushed  on  (prepared  as 
purple,  without  Brazil  wood;)  when  dry,  an  infusion  of 
galls,  2  oz.,  in  water,  1  quart,  is  applied,  and  while  wet, 
brushed  over  with  water,  1  quart,  sulphate  of  iron,  2 
oz.  3.  Use  first  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  copper,  and 
afterwards  the  decoction  of  logwood. 

Mahogany — 1.  Water,  1  gallon,  madder,  8  oz.,  fustic,  4 
oz. ;  boil,  brush  on  while  hot,  and  while  wet  streak  it 
with  black  to  vary  the  grain.  This  imitates  Honduras 
mahogany.  2.  Madder,  8  oz.,  fustic,  1  oz.,  logwood, 
2  oz.,  water,  1  gallon;  boil,  brush  on  hot,  and  when 
dry,  brush  over  it  an  infusion  of  pearlash,  1  drachm,  in 
water,  1  pint.     This  resembles  Spanish  mahogany. 

Any  of  the  stained  woods  may  be  varnished,  which  will 
greatly  improve  their  appearance. 

Worm  Cakes,  Storey's. — Calomel,  20  grains,  jalap,  60 
grains,  ginger,  40  grains,  white  sugar,  1  oz.,  vermilion 
to  colour;  make  a  mass  with  syrup,  and  divide  into  80 
cakes,  each  of  which  contains  1  grain  of  calomel.  Dose : 
2  to  4,  fasting  in  the  morning. 
Ching's. — Calomel,  jalap,  and  sugar. 

Yeast,  Artificial. — It  is  easy  to  increase  the  quantity  of 
yeast,  when  there  is  some  to  work  with,  but  to  originate 
it  is  more  troublesome.  Yeast  is  generally  easily  pro- 
cured, and  the  artificial  preparation  is  tried  only  as  an 
experiment,  though  it  might  be  useful  to  colonists  to  be 
able  to  obtain  it  without  trouble. 

1.  Mix  wheat  flour  to  a  paste  with  water,  cover  it  lightly, 
and  let  it  ferment  7  days.  Prepare  wort,  and  boil  it 
with  hops,  as  for  beer,  and  when  cooled  to  90°,  add  to 
it  the  dough  mixed  with  tepid  water.  Let  the  whole 
stand  for  some  hours,  and  when  the  liquor  is  clear  some 
excellent  yeast  has  settled  to  the  bottom. 

2.  Honey,  5  oz.,  cream  of  tartar,  1  oz.,  malt,  16  oz.,  wa- 
ter at  122°  F.,  3  pints;  mix,  and  when  cooled  to  65° 
cover  it,  and  keep  to  that  temperature  until  yeast  is 
formed. 


262  YEA— ZIN. 

3.  Water,  2  quarts,  wheat  flour  to  thicken;  boil  gently 
for  30  minutes,  and  when  cooling  add  8  oz.  of  sugar, 
and  4  tablespoonfuls  of  yeast,  keep  the  whole  mode- 
rately warm.  A  thin  liquor  will  arise  which  must  be 
thrown  away,  and  the  remainder  kept  covered  in  a  cool 
place. 

Yeast,  To  Preserve. — 1.  Place  it  in  a  canvass  bag,  ex- 
pose it  to  pressure  until  it  is  quite  stiff,  when  it  may 
be  preserved  in  close  vessels.  2.  Paint  it  on  dishes, 
and  repeat  the  coats  as  they  dry  until  thick  enough, 
when  it  may  be  detached,  and  will  keep  perfectly 
good. 

Yellow,  Naples. — Lead,  6  lbs.,  antimony,  4  lbs.,  alum 
and  common  salt,  of  each  4  oz.;  mix  and  calcine. 
Used  as  a  paint. 

Yellow,  Patent. — Salt,  1  lb.,  litharge,  4  lb.;  grind  with 
water,  wash  out  the  carbonate  of  soda,  and  heat  the 
residue  until  it  turns  a  fine  yellow.     Used  as  a  paint. 

Yellow  Liquid  for  Foils. — Heat  hay  saffron  in  five  times 
its  weight  of  distilled  water;  and  when  the  desired  co- 
lour is  attained,  decant  the  clear  liquid,  and  mix  with 
gum  or  isinglass.  After  applying,  it  should  be  var- 
nished. 

Zaffer  is  cobalt  ore  roasted,  and  ground  with  2  parts  sili- 
ceous sand.     Used  by  enamellers  and  painters. 

Zinc,  L. — Its  sp.  gr.  is  6*86;  it  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 
What  is  thrown  down  by  ammonia,  is  again  dissolved 
when  ammonia  is  added  in  excess. 
Zinc,  Chloride  of,  L. — Hydrochloric  acid,  1  pint,  distilled 
water,  2  pints,  zinc  in  small  pieces,  7  oz. ;  mix  the  acid 
and  water;  to  these  add  the  zinc,  and  the  effervescence 
being  nearly  finished,  apply  heat  until  bubbles  cease  to 
be  evolved,  pour  off  the  liquor,  strain,  and  evaporate 
to  dryness.  Melt  the  salt  in  a  covered  crucible  to  a  red 
heat,  pour  it  out  on  a  smooth  stone,  cool,  break  it  to 
pieces,  and  preserve  in  a  well  stopped  bottle. 
Characters  and  Tests. — Colourless,  deliquesces  if  exposed 


zin.  263 

to  air,  is  soluble  in  water  or  rectified  spirit.  From  the 
watery  solution  a  precipitate  is  thrown  down  by  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid,  or  ferrocyanide  of  potassium;  ammonia 
or  potash  causes  a  white  precipitate,  which  is  re-dis- 
solved by  an  excess  of  either  alkali;  what  is  precipi- 
tated by  carbonate  of  potash  or  ammonia  is  white,  but 
is  not  again  dissolved  when  these  are  added  in  excess. 
A  painful  caustic  in  cancers;  not  used  internally. 
Zinc,  Oxide  of,  L. — Sulphate  of  zinc,  1  lb.,  sesquicar- 
bonate  of  ammonia,  6}  oz.,  distilled  water,  3  gallons. 
Dissolve  separately  the  sulphate  and  sesquicarbonate  in 
12  pints  of  water,  and  strain,  then  mix;  wash  the  pre- 
cipitate well  with  water,  and  heat  it  in  a  strong  fire  for 
two  hours.  Powdered  yellowish  white;  soluble  in  am- 
monia, potash,  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Zincing. — Copper  and  brass  may  be  zinced  by  boiling  them 
in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  pure  zinc  turnings 
being  added  in  excess.  Or,  use  zinc  and  solution  of 
caustic  potash,  or  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia. 


GLOSSARY  OF  MEDICAL  TERMS, 

CONTRACTIONS,  OLD  NAMES,  AND  SYNONYMS. 


The  following  Glossary  will  be  found  particularly  useful 
for  reference  when  old  chemical  works  or  recipes  are  exa- 
mined. Though  the  list  might  be  greatly  extended,  suffi- 
cient names  are  inserted  for  general  use,  while  a  collection 
of  obsolete  terms  only  found  in  one  or  two  works,  would  be 
more  cumbersome  than  serviceable.  Alisteles  for  Sal-ammo- 
niac, or  Alosat  for  Quicksilver,  might  never  once  be  required ; 
yet  some  hundreds  of  such  terms  may  be  found  in  very  old 
works,  and  are  collected  in  medical  dictionaries,  such  as 
Hooper's,  where  the  student  will  find  them.* 

It  will  be  observed  that,  in  the  following  list,  the  ingre- 
dient is  not  repeated  under  the  head  of  tincture,  mixture, 
pill,  &c,  the  inquirer  must,  therefore,  look  for  the  name  of 
the  ingredient  in  such  cases.  Syrupus  meconio  will  be  un- 
derstood by  looking  for  meconio,  which  will  show  the  article 
to  be  syrup  of  poppies ;  while  tincture  of  Krameria  will  be 

*  Crabb's   Technological   Dictionary  contains  a  great   number, 
some  of  which  cannot  be  readily  found  elsewhere. 
23 


266  GLOSSARY. 

found  under  Krameria  to  be  synonymous  with  tincture  of 
Khatany.  Sometimes  the  name  is  inverted,  as  Basilic  pow- 
der is  found  under  the  word  Powder.  In  the  old  names, 
terms  are  often  carelessly  applied,  as  oxychloride,  submuriate, 
or  subchloride,  all  mean  occasionally  the  same  substance ; 
but  it  must  be  ascertained  what  article  is  meant,  before  re- 
lying on  this  similarity  of  name,  which  is  not  constant,  for 
it  by  do  means  follows  that  calomel  and  corrosive  sublimate 
are  alike,  because  they  have  at  different  times  both  been 
called  chloride  of  mercury. 

The  contractions  generally  used  as  directions  to  the  phar- 
maceutist will  be  found  in  their  order,  and  all  the  most  gene- 
rally useful  are  included  in  the  list,  with  translations  of  their 
meanings. 


GLOSSARY. 


A,  a.  a.,  ana. ..Of  each. 

A  A  A...  Amalgamation. 

Abdom.,  abdomen... The  belly. 

Abesum...  Unslacked  or  quick 
lime. 

Abortion... A  miscarriage. 

Abrotanum . . .  Southernwood. 

Abs.  dolor,  absente  dolor. ..Pain 
being  absent. 

Abs.  febr.,  absente  febre... Fever 
being  absent. 

Absinthii . . .  Wormwood. 

Absorbents... Alkaline  or  earthy 
bases,  which  neutralize  or  ab- 
sorb acids. 

Abstractitius...The  native  spirits 
of  aromatic  vegetables. 

Acacia... Gum  Arabic. 

Acartum...Red  lead. 

Acescent... Readily  turning  sour; 
having  acid  properties. 

Acetum . . .  Vinegar. 

Acetum  Britannicum... British  vi- 
negar. 

Acetum  Gallicum... French  vine- 
gar. 

Acetum  vini... Wine  vinegar. 

Achmadium . . .  Antimony. 

Acid  of  Lemons... Citric  acid. 

Acid  of  Salt... Muriatic  or  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Acid  of  Sugar... Oxalic  acid. 

Acid  Yitriolated  Tartar.,.Bisul- 
phate  of  potash. 


Acorus.. Sweet-flag;  Calamus  aro- 
maticus. 

Acute... Recent,  a  late  attack. 

Adeps  anseris... Goose  grease. 

Adibat...  Mercury. 

Ados... Water  in  which  hot  iron 
has  been  cooled. 

Ad  2  vie,  ad  secundam  vicem... 
To  the  second  time. 

Ad.,  adde,  addantur...add,  let 
them  be  added. 

Ad  def.  animi,  ad  defectione  ani- 
mi...To  fainting. 

Ad  deliquium  animi... To  fainting. 

Addendus...To  be  added. 

Ad  duas  vices. ..For  two  times. 

Ads.  febre,  adstante febre... While 
fever  is  present. 

Ad  gr.  acid.,  ad  gratam  acidita- 
tem...To  a  pleasant  acidity. 

Adipose... Fatty  substance. 

Adipsia... Absence  of  thirst. 

Adjac,  ad jacens... Adjacent. 

Ad  libitum... At  pleasure. 

Admove,  admoveatur... Apply,  let 
it  be  applied. 

Admoveantur...Let  them  be  ap- 
plied. 

Ad  to... Make  up  the  quantity  or- 
dered, as,  "Aqua  Menth.  Pip. 
ad  to  gviij.,"  make  up  8 ounces 
with  peppermint  water. 

Adynamia  ...  A  defect  of  vital 
power. 


268 


GLOSSARY. 


Aerated... Water  having  brass  in 
it:  now  used  to  denote  liquids 
charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas. 

Aerial  acid... Carbonic  acid. 

iErugo... Verdigris,  diacetate  or 
rust  of  copper. 

Ms  ustum...Red  oxide  of  copper. 

iEthiops  per  se... Protoxide  of 
mercury. 

iEthiops  Plummeri... Calomel  and 
sulphuret  of  antimony,  equal 
parts. 

Affidra... Ceruse,  white  lead. 

Affion  ...  An  Arabic  name  for 
opium. 

Ageustia...A  defect  or  loss  of  taste. 

Aggr.  feb.,  aggrediente  febre... 
While  the  fever  is  coming  on. 

Agrium...An  impure  alkali. 

Ague  drop... Solution  of  arsenious 
acid. 

Alabari...Lead. 

Alba...  White. 

Alba  terra. .  Sulphuret  of  mercury, 
the  philosopher's  stone. 

Alba  ta...  German  Silver. 

Albi... Sublimate. 

Albiss...Albi,  white. 

Alexipharmics... Supposed  reme- 
dies against  poison. 

Alfacta . . .  Distillation. 

Algaroth,  powder  of...  A  com- 
pound of  the  oxide  and  chloride 
of  antimony,  the  oxychloride 
of  antimony. 

Alkahest...  A  solvent  or  supposed 
solvent  liquid,  as  the  alkahest 
of  Glauber — oil  of  tartar. 

Alkaline  air... Ammonia. 

A  llii Garlic. 

Aloe  colata... Strained  aloes. 

Aloes  lota... Extract  of  aloes,  pu- 
rified  aloes. 

Aloes  melted... Strained  aloes. 

Alter,  hor.,  alternis  horis... Every 
other,  or  every  second  hour. 

Alt.  q.  h.,  alterna  quaque  hora... 
Every  other  hour. 


Alt.  q.  n.,  alterna  quaque  nocte... 
Every  other  night. 

Alteratives... Medicines  which  re- 
store the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body,  without  greatly  af- 
fecting the  evacuations. 

Althaese... Marsh  mallows. 

Alum,  roach... Roman,  Turkey, 
or  red  alum,  a  pure  palish  red 
alum,  generally  imitated  with 
common  alum,  and  a  little  rose 
pink. 

Alurnen  exsiccatum... Dried  alum. 

Aluminus . . .  Alum. 

Alvo  adstr.,  alvo  adstricta...When 
the  bowels  are  confined. 

Amara...  Bitter. 

Amaurosis...  A  diminution  or  total 
loss  of  sight. 

Amenorrhoea...An  obstruction  of 
the  menses. 

Amentia... Imbecility  of  mind. 

Ammonia,  Aurate  of... Fulmina- 
ting gold. 

Ammonia,  Ferrochloride  of!..Am- 
monio-chloride  of  iron. 

Ammoniacum,  Emulsion  of...  Am- 
moniacum  mixture. 

Ammoniacum,  Milk  of... Ammo- 
niacum mixture. 

Ammoniacum,  Lac.  Ammoniacum 
mixture. 

Ammoniated  oil ...  Liniment  of 
ammonia. 

Amplum... Great;  cochl.  amp.  a 
tablespoonful. 

Amorphous... Without  shape;  a 
term  applied  to  confused  masses 
or  crystals. 

Amygdala.,.  Almonds. 

Amyli  iodidum... Iodide  of  starch. 

Amyli... Starch. 

Amylum...  Starch. 

Ana,  A  A ...  Of  each  a  like  quantity. 

Anderson's  Pills... Pill  of  aloes. 

Ancemia... Deficiency  of  blood. 

Anaesthesia. ..Loss  of  the  sense  of 
touch. 


GLOSSARY. 


269 


Anaphrodisia...  Impotence,  loss  of 
generative  power. 

Anasarca...  A  form  of  dropsy. 

Anethi...Dill. 

Aneurisma...The  dilatation  of  an 
artery,  or  the  heart. 

Angostura. ..Cusparia  bark. 

An  hydrous...  Free  from  water. 

Anil. ..Indigo. 

Animal  charcoal... Bone  or  ivory 
black. 

Anodyne... A  medicine  to  relieve 
pain. 

Anorexia...  Want  of  appetite,  with- 
out loathing  of  food. 

Anosmia... Loss  of  the  sense  of 
smell. 

Antacids... Remedies  which  neu- 
tralize acids. 

Anthelmintics... Medicines  which 
destroy  worms,  vermifuges. 

Anthemidis . . .  Chamomile. 

Anthos...  Flowers,  rosemary. 

Antimon . . .  Antimony. 

Antimony,  Butter  of... Chloride  or 
muriate  of  antimony. 

Antimonium  vitrificatum... Glass 
of  antimony. 

Antiperiodics  ...  Medicines  em- 
ployed against  disorders  which 
recur  at  fixed  intervals. 

Antiscorbutics... Medicines  which 
prevent  or  remove  scurvy. 

Antiseptics  ...  Substances  which 
preserve  meat,  and  prevent  pu- 
trefaction; as  nitre,  salt,  spices, 
sugar,  treacle,  vinegar,  &c. 
Medicinal  antiseptics  are  such 
as  bark,  wine,  spirits,  acids,  &c. 

Antispasmodics. .  Medicines  which 
allay  spasms  and  other  pains. 

Aperient. ..Having  the  power  to 
gently  relax  the  bowels,  as  cas- 
tor oil,  Epsom  salts,  Seidlitz 
powders,  and  mild  pills. 

Aphonia... Dumbness,  speechless- 
ness. 

Aphtha... The  thrush,  little  white 

23* 


ulcers  in  the  mouth  and  on  the 
tongue. 

Apoplexy... A  sudden  suspension 
of  the  vital  powers,  resembling 
a  fit. 

Apozem...A  decoction. 

Applicetur...Let  it  be  applied. 

Aq... Contraction  for  aqua,  water. 

Aqua  anethi...Dill  Water. 

Aqua  argentea. . .  Quicksilver,  mer- 
cury. 

Aqua  astricta... Frozen  water. 

Aqua  bulliens... Boiling  water. 

Aqua  calcis...Lime  water. 

Aqua  carui... Caraway  water. 

Aqua  cassige... Cassia  water. 

Aqua  cinnamomi... Cinnamon  wa- 
ter. 

Aqua  coloniensis.  .Eau  de  Cologne, 
Cologne  water. 

Aqua  communis . . .Common  water. 

Aqua  depurata... Distilled  water. 

Aqua  destillata... Distilled  water. 

Aqua  ex  flumine... River  water. 

Aqua  ex  lacu...Lake  water. 

Aqua  ex  nive...Snow  water. 

Aqua  ex  palude... Marsh  water. 

Aqua  ex  puteo...Well  water. 

Aqua  fervens...Hot  water. 

Aqua  fluvialis... River  water. 

Aqua  foeniculi... Fennel  water. 

Aqua  fontana... Spring  water. 

Aquafortis  (strong  water,). ..Ni- 
tric acid. 

Aqua  imbrium... Rain  water. 

Aqua  kali... Solution  of  carbonate 
of  potash. 

Aqua  lavendulse...  Lavender  wa- 
ter. 

Aqua  marina,  or  maris... Sea- wa- 
ter. 

Aqua  mellis... Honey  water. 

Aqua  menthse  pip  en  tse...  Pepper- 
mint water. 

Aqua  menthse  viridis... Spearmint 
water. 

Aqua  menthge  pulegii... Penny- 
royal water. 


270 


GLOSSARY. 


Aquge  minerales.. Mineral  waters. 
Aqua  nivalis... Snow  water. 
Aqua  pluvia,  or  pluvialis...Rain 

water. 
Aqua  potassse. .  Solution  of  potash. 
Aqua  puteana...Well  water. 
Aqua   regia...  Nitro- muriatic   or 

nitro-hydrochloric  acid. 
Aqua  regina  Hungaria . . .  Hungary 

water. 
Aqua  ros?e...Rose  water. 
Aqua  sambuci...Elderflower  wa- 
ter. 
Aqua  sap phirini... Solution  of  am- 

monio-sulphate  of  copper. 
Aqua  tepida...  Warm  or  lukewarm 

water. 
Aqua  vitse...  Water  of  life. 
Aquila  alba.. Chloride  of  mercury, 

calomel. 
Archil...  Turnsole,   litmus,    cud- 
bear. 
Argentinitratis.. Nitrate  of  silver, 

lunar  caustic. 
Argentum . . .  Silver. 
Argentum    vivum ...  Quicksilver, 

mercury. 
Argol... Impure  bitartrate  of  pot- 
ash. 
Armoracise . . .  Horseradish. 
Arsenic  Metallic  arsenic,  regulus 

of  arsenic,  black  arsenic. 
Arsenic,  Butter  of... Chloride,  or 

sesqui-chloride  of  arsenic. 
Arsenic,    Oxide    of ...  Arsenious 

acid,  white  arsenic. 
Arsenites  ...  Compounds    of    the 

bases  with  arsenious  acid. 
Arthritis... Inflammation    of    the 

joints. 
Arthropyosis.. Suppuration  in  the 

cavity  of  a  joint. 
Arum . . .  Wake-robin. 
Ascites... Dropsy  of  the  belly. 
Asphyxia. .Suffocation,  suspended 

animation. 
Assafcetida,  Milk  of.  ^Assafoetida 

mixture. 


Assafoetida  Lac . . .  Assafoetida  mix- 
ture. 

Asthma.. .A  disease  of  the  chest, 
known  by  a  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing, and  fits  of  coughing. 

Astringents ...  Substances  which 
confine  the  bowels,  or  constrict 
the  animal  fibre. 

Atramentum . . .  Ink. 

Atramentum  Indicum.  .Indian  ink. 

Atrophy... A  wasting  away  of  the 
body. 

Aurantii . . .  Orange. 

Auri,  aurum...Gold. 

Auric  acid... Peroxide  of  gold. 

Auri  chloridum  or  terchloridum 
...Chloride  of  gold. 

Auri  chloruretum...  Chloride  of 
gold. 

Auri  iodidum... Iodide  of  gold. 

Auri  oxidum  ammoniatum... Ful- 
minating gold. 

ifuri  pigmentum...Orpiment. 

Aurum  foliatum... Leaf  gold. 

Aurum  fulminans...  Fulminating 
gold. 

Aurum  granulatum... Grain  gold. 

Aurum  in  libellis... Leaf  gold. 

Aurum  musivum...Bisulphuret  of 
tin. 

Aurum  murias... Chloride  of  gold. 

Aurum  potabile... Liquid  gold. 

Aurum  pulveratum.  .Gold  powder. 

Avense...  Gruel. 

Axunge... Hog's  lard. 

Azote. ..Nitrogen  gas. 

Azurum...  Smalts. 

Baccis  Lauri... Laurel  berries. 
Balm  of  Mecca... Balm  of  Gilead, 

a  factitious  preparation  of  rosin 

and  benzoin  with  perfume. 
Balneum... A  bath. 
Balneum  arenge...A  sand  bath. 
Balneum  calidum...A  hot  water 

bath. 
Balneum  marigs...A  warm  water 

bath. 


GLOSSARY. 


271 


Balsam  of  soap. ..Soap  liniment. 

Balsam  of  sulphur... See  Oil  of 
sulphur. 

Balsam  um  poly  chrestum. .  Jesuits' 
drops. 

Balsamum  vitee... Balsam  of  life. 

Bardana . . .  Burdock. 

Barilla... Impure  Foda,  prepared 
from  sea  plants. 

Barilla,  Salt  of. .  Carbonate  of  soda. 

Basilicon . . .  The  resin  cerate,-/*.  L. 

BB.,  Bbds.,  Barbadensis...Bar- 
badoes. 

Beguin's  sulphuretted  spirit  ... 
Hydrosulphuret  of  ammonia. 

Belladonna... Deadly  nightshade. 

Benjamin. ..Gum  benzoin. 

Berlin  blue... Prussian  blue. 

Bes... Eight  ounces. 

Bezoar...A  destroyer  of  poison, 
an  antidote. 

Bib.  bibe... Drink. 

Bibat...  Drink. 

Bis. ..Twice. 

Bis  ind.,  bis  in  dies  ..Twice  a  day. 

Bismuth,  Magistery  of...Subni- 
trate  of  bismuth. 

Bismuth,  Trisnitrate  of...Subni- 
trate  of  bismuth,  pearl  white, 
Fard's  Spanish  white. 

Black  drop... Fermented  wine  of 
opium. 

Black  wash... Calomel  and  lime 
water;  for  sores,  &c. 

Bleaching  liquid..  Solution  of  chlo- 
ride of  potash. 

Blende.. Native  sulphuret  of  zinc. 

Blennorrhea...  A  discharge  of  mu- 
cus from  the  vagina  or  urethra. 

Blue  carmine... Soluble  or  neu- 
tralized sulphate  of  indigo. 

Blue  ointment... Mercurial  oint- 
ment. 

Blue  Pill... Mercurial  pill,  pil  hy- 
drargyri. 

Blue  vitriol... Sulphate  of  copper. 

B.  M... Balneum  marise,  a  warm- 
water  bath. 


Boccis  lauri...Rue. 

Boiled  oil... Boiled  linseed  oil. 

Boyle's  fuming  liquor... Hydro- 
sulphur  et  of  ammonia. 

Brimstone...  Sulphur. 

Brodium...  Broth. 

Brodium  salis... Decoction  of  salt. 

Bronchitis... Inflammation  of  the 
air-tubes. 

Bubo...  A  swelling  of  the  lympha- 
tic glands. 

Bulimia... Insatiable  appetite. 

Bulliat...Boil. 

But.,  butyrum... Butter. 

B.  V. ,  balneum  vaporis ...  A  vapour 
bath. 

Cachexia  ...  A  bad  or  diseased  con- 
dition of  body. 

Cadet's  fuming  liquor... Oxide  of 
kadodule,  alkarsine. 

Ca3na  or  Coena... Supper. 

Calcis  carbonas  friabilis...  Pre- 
pared chalk. 

Calcium,  Chloride  of... Muriate  or 
hydrochlorate  of  lime. 

Caligo. .  Dimness  of  sight,  or  blind- 
ness. 

Calom.,  calomelanos...Protochlo- 
ride  or  chloride  of  mercury, 
calomel. 

Calx...  Lime. 

Calx  chlorinata..  Chloride  of  lime. 

Calx  of  zinc. ..Oxide  of  zinc. 

Campeachy  wood...  Logwood. 

Camphine... Rectified  oil  of  tur- 
pentine. 

Cancer...  A  malignant  tumour. 

Cannabis... Hemp. 

Cantharides  ...  Lyttse  ;  blistering 
or  Spanish  fly. 

Cap.,  capiat. ..Take,  let  the  pa- 
tient take. 

Capiendo...  To  be  taken. 

Capsici,  -um... Cayenne  pepper. 

Caput  mortuum  vitrioli... Oxide 
of  iron. 

Carbonate  of  lime... Chalk. 


272 


GLOSSARY. 


Carbon . . .  Charcoal. 

Carbonis  ligni...Wood  charcoal. 

Carburet  of  iron... Black  lead. 

Carditis ...  Inflammation  of  the 
heart. 

Carduus  benedictus  ...Blessed  or 
holy  thistle. 

Caries... The  ulceration  or  decay 
of  a  bone. 

Carminatives... Medicines  that  re- 
move flatulency. 

Carron  oil...  Liniment  of  lime  and 
oil,  for  burns. 

Carui... Caraway. 

Caryocostinum . . .  Scammony. 

Caryophilli,  -orum... Cloves. 

Cassia... A  substance  resembling 
cinnamon,  for  which  it  is  fre- 
quently substituted. 

Cataplasm... A  poultice. 

Catarrh.... Cold  in  the  head  or 
chest. 

Cathartics . . . Purgative  medicines 
acting  strongly  on  the  bowels. 

Caustics... Substances  which  de- 
stroy the  skin,  and  surrounding 
tissues. 

Cautery,  actual  cautery  ...  Iron 
heated  to  -whiteness,  and  ap- 
plied externally  to  destroy  the 
skin. 

Cawk... Sulphate  of  Barytes. 

C.  C,  cornu  cervi... Hartshorn. 

C.  C.  U.,  cornu  cervi  ustum,.. 
Burnt  hartshorn. 

Cephalalgia . . .  Headache. 

Cephalitis... An  inflammation  of 
the  head,  affecting  the  mem- 
branes and  substance  of  the 
brain. 

Cephalic  snuff...  Asarabacca  snuff. 

Cera...  Wax. 

Cera  alba..  White  or  bleached  wax. 

Cera  flava... Yellow  or  unbleached 
wax. 

Cera siatum ...  A  purging  medicine, 
of  which  the  chief  ingredient  is  I 
the  juice  of  cherries.  I 


Ceratum  citrinum(P.  L.  1745.)... 
Resin  cerate. 

Ceratum  epuloticum  (P.  L.  1745.) 
...Calamine  cerate. 

Ceratum  labiale...Lip  salve. 

Ceratum  resinse  flavse  (P.L.  1788.) 
...Resin  cerate. 

Ceratum  rubrum... Cerate  of  sul- 
phuret  of  mercury. 

Cerevisia...Beer. 

Ceruleus...Blue. 

Ceruse... White  lead. 

Cervina . .  .Buckthorn. 

Cetacei . . .  Spermaceti. 

Chamgepitys...The  herb  ground- 
pine. 

Chart.,  chartula...A  paper. 

Chelae... The  claws  of  the  crab. 
(Symbol  69.) 

Chemic  blue... Sulphate  of  indigo. 

Chimaphilae  ...  Pyrola,  winter 
green. 

Chloride  of  ethule.. Chloric  ether. 

Chloride  of  sodium.. Common  salt. 

Chlorosis... Green  sickness. 

Choke  damp... Carbonic  acid  gas. 

Cholera...  A  disease  characterized 
by  severe  spasms,  accompanied 
by  vomiting  and  purging. 

Chorea... St.  Vitus's  dance,  con- 
vulsive movements  of  the  limbs. 

Chronic. ..Old,  habitual. 

Cicutse... Hemlock,  conii. 

Cinchonse... Peruvian  bark. 

Cinnabar. ..A  sulphuret  of  a  me- 
tal, as  mercury  or  antimony. 

Citrine  ointment... Nitrate  of  mer- 
cury ointment. 

Clavus ...  A  pain  in  the  head  limited 
to  some  particular  part. 

Clyster. ..An  enema. 

C.  m.,  or  C.  m.  s.,  eras  mane  su- 
mendus... To-morrow  morning. 

C.  n..  eras  nocte ...  To-morrow 
night. 

Coccus...  Cochineal. 

Cochlearise... Scurvy  grass. 

Cochlearium . . .  Spoonful. 


GLOSSARY. 


273 


Cochleat,  Cochleatim„..By  spoon- 
fuls. 

Cock,  ampl.,  cochleare  amplum... 
A  large  spoonful,  a  tablespoon- 
ful,  about  one  fluid  oz. 

Coch.  inf.,  cochleare  infantis...A 
child's  spoonful. 

Coch.  mag.,  cochleare  magnum... 
A  large  spoonful. 

Coch.  med.,  cochleare  medium... 
A  middle  sized  or  dessert  spoon- 
ful, about  two  fluid  drachms. 

Coch.  mod.,  cochleare  modicum... 
A  dessert-spoonful. 

Coch.  parv.,  cochleare  parvum... 
A  teaspoonful,  about  one  fluid 
drachm. 

Col.,  cola... Strain. 

Col.,  colatus... Strained. 

Colat.,  colatur...  Let  it  be  strained. 

Colatura...Of,  or  to,  the  strained 
liquor. 

Colchicum... Meadow  saffron. 

Colcothar... Oxide  of  iron. 

Colet.,  coletur...Let  itbe  strained. 

Colent.,  colentur...Let  them  be 
strained. 

Colica...The  colic,  or  bellyache. 

Collyrium...Eye  water. 

Colophonium... Black  rosin. 

Color.,  color etur... Let  it  be  co- 
loured. 

Comata... Disorders  accompanied 
with  torpor. 

Comitiss9e  palmae  pul vis... Carbo- 
nate of  magnesia. 

Commoncaustic. .  Potash  with  lime. 

Comp.,  compositus... Compound. 

Concentrated  annotto  ...Purified 
annotto. 

Concisa...Cut. 

Condri... Irish  moss. 

Confection  cardiaca ...  Aromatic 
confection. 

Confection  of  hips... Confection  of 
the  dog-rose. 

C,  cong.,  congius...A  gallon. 

Conii...  Hemlock. 


Cons.,  conserva. ..Conserve;  also* 
keep  thou. 

Conserva  cynosbati...  Confection 
of  the  dog-rose. 

Conserve . . .Confection,  electuary. 

Cont.  med.,  or  rem.,  continuenter 
medicamenta,  or  remedia...  Con- 
tinue the  former  medicines. 

Contrayerva..  A  West  Indian  plant 
formerly  reputed  an  antidote  to 
poison,  whence  its  name. 

Contundge . . .  Bruise. 

Convulsio . . .Convulsions,  contrac- 
tion and  agitation  of  the 
limbs. 

Copper,  Carbonate  of...Dicarbo- 
nate  of  copper,  mineral  green. 

Copper,  Chloride  of  ...  Muriate, 
protochloride,  or  hydrochloride 
of  copper. 

Copper,  Dioxide  of... Red  oxide  of 
copper. 

Copper,  Oxychloride  of... Bruns- 
wick, Bremen,  or  Friezland 
green;  green  copper. 

Copper,  Protoxide  of.. Black  oxide 
of  copper. 

Copper,  Prussiate  of...Ferrocya- 
nide  of  copper. 

Copper,  Subchloride  of...Dichlo- 
ride,  white  muriate,  or  resin  of 
copper. 

Copperas...  Sulphate  of  iron,  green 
vitriol,  vitriol  of  iron. 

Coq.,  coque...Boil. 

Coq.  ad  med.  consumpt.,  coque 
admedietatisconsumptionem... 
Boil  down  to  one-half  the  quan- 
tity. 

Coquantur...Let  them  be  boiled. 

Coq.  in  S.  A. ..Boil  in  sufficient 
water. 

Cort.,  cortex... Bark. 

Cornu  cervi... Hartshorn. 

Cornu  lis ti... Burnt  hartshorn. 

Coronopus.. Buckthorn,  plantain. 

Corrosive  sublimate . . . Bichloride 
or  perchloride  of  mercury. 


274 


GLOSSARY. 


Crastinus...  To-morrow,  for  to- 
morrow. 

Cream  of  tartar... Bitartrate  of 
potash. 

Cretaceous.. Compounded  or  made 
with  chalk. 

Creta...  Chalk. 

Creta  alba... Prepared  chalk. 

Creta  Gallica... French  chalk. 

Creta  precipitata  . . . Precipitated 
chalk. 

Crocus...  Saffron. 

Crocus,  or  crocus  martis... Oxide 
of  iron. 

Crocus... A  calcined  metal  of  a 
reddish  colour,  usually  applied 
to  iron. 

Crocus  antimonii . . .  Sulphuretted 
oxide  of  antimony. 

Crocus  metallorum..  Sulphuretted 
oxide  of  antimony. 

Crocus  solis... Peroxide  of  gold. 

Crocus  veneris... Calcined  copper. 

Cubebae...Cubebs. 

Cucurbitula  cruenta... Cupping. 

Cucurbitula  cum ferro... Cupping. 

Cucurbitula  sine  ferro... Dry  cup- 
ping. 

Cudbear...  Archil,  litmus,  turn- 
sole. 

Cuj.,  cujus... Of  which,  of  this. 

Cujus.,  cujuslibet...Of  any. 

Cum. ..With. 

Cupri...  Copper. 

Curcuma. . .  Turmeric. 

C.  v.,  eras  vespere... To-morrow 
evening. 

Cyath.,  cyathus...A  cup  or  glass. 

Cyath.  these,  cyatho  these. ..In  a 
cup  of  tea. 

Cyathus  vinarius...A  wine-glass 
(from  1J  to  2 J  fluid  ozs.) 

Cydoniae... Quince,  the  seeds. 

Cynanche...Sore  throat,  croup.  - 

Cystitis  ...  Inflammation  of  the 
bladder. 

1).,  Dosis...A  dose. 


Daffy's  elixir.. Compound  tincture 
of  senna. 

Dauci,  -us... The  carrot. 

Deaur.  piL,  deaurentur  pilulse. 
Let  the  pills  be  covered  with 
gold  leaf. 

Deb.  spiss.,  debita  spissitudo... 
Due  consistence. 

Dec,  decanta...Pour  off. 

Decern. ..Ten. 

Decoction... A  boiled  solution. 

Decoctum  lusitanicum  ...  Com- 
pound decoction  of  sarsaparilla. 

Decorticated  ...  Deprived  of  the 
bark. 

Decub.  hor.,  decubitus  hora...At 
bedtime. 

De  d.  in  d.,  de  die  in  diem... From 
day  to  day. 

Deglut.,  deglutiatur...Let  it  be 
swallowed. 

Dej.  alvi.,  dejectiones  alvi.. Stools. 

Demulcents  ...  Simple  remedies 
which  allay  irritation. 

Dephlogisticated  air.. Oxygen  gas. 

Dephlogisticated  nitrous  air... Ni- 
trous oxide  gas. 

Dephlogisticated  spirit  of  salt... 
Chlorine. 

Depilatory... A  compound  for  re- 
moving hair  from  the  skin. 

Det. ,  detur . . .  Give  it,  let  it  be  given. 

Diabetes. .  .Excessive  secretion  and 
flow  of  urine. 

Diachylon  plaster  ...  Galbanum 
plaster,  lead  plaster. 

Diaconion... Syrup  of  poppies. 

Dialthaeae .. .  Marshmallo  w. 

Diana... An  alchemical  name  for 
silver. 

Diaphoretics... Agents  which  ex- 
cite perspiration. 

Diarrhoea... Looseness  or  relaxa- 
tion of  the  bowels. 

Dieb.  alt.,  diebusalternis... Every 
other  or  every  second  day. 

Dieb.  tert.,  diebus  tertiis... Every 
third  day. 


GLOSSARY. 


275 


Digitalis . . .  Foxglove. 

Diluc. ,  diluculo ...  At  break  of  day. 

DiL,  dilue.,  dilutus... Dilute,  di- 
luted. 

Dim.,  dimidius... One-half. 

D.  in  2  plo. ,  deter  in  duplo...Give 
twice  the  quantity. 

D.  in  p.  seq.,  dividatur  in  partes 
aequales  ...  Divide  into  equal 
parts. 

Dippel's  oil . .  .Rectified  oil  of  harts- 
horn. 

Diuresis...  A  great  flow  of  urine. 

Diuretics ...  Medicines  which  in- 
crease the  flow  of  urine. 

Diuretic  salt ...  Acetate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Donee  alv.  bis  dej.,  donee  alvus 
bis  dej ecerit... Until  the  bowels 
have  acted  twice. 

Donee  alv.  respond.,  donee  alvus 
respondet...  Until  the  bowels 
have  acted. 

Donee  alv.  sol.  fuer.,  donee  alvus 
soluta  fuerit... Until  the  bowels 
have  acted. 

Donovan's  solution... Solution  of 
hydriodate  of  arsenic  and  mer- 
cury. 

Dover's  powder... Compound  ipe- 
cacuanha powder. 

D.  P.,  directione  propria... With  a 
proper  direction. 

Drago mi tigatus.. Chloride  of  mer- 
cury, calomel. 

Drastics... Powerful  purgatives. 

Draught... A  single  dose  of  liquid 
medicine. 

Drop  lake. ..Brazil-wood  lake. 

Drying  oil... Boiled  linseed  oil. 

Dulcamaras... Bitter-sweet,  woody 
night-shade. 

Dulce,  Dulcis... Sweet. 

Dulcified  acid. ..Ether. 

Dulcified  marine  acid... Muriatic 
ether. 

Duodecim . .  .Twelve. 

Durus...Hard. 


Dutch  liquid... Olefiant  gas,  car- 
buretted  hydrogen. 

Dysecoea...  Deafness. 

Dysentery... The  blood-flux,  fre- 
quent griping  stools,  with  eva- 
cuations of  blood. 

Dysopia...Bad  or  depraved  sight. 

Dysorexia...A  depraved  appetite. 

Dyspepsia . . .  Indigestion. 

Dysphagia . . .  Difficulty  of  swallow- 
ing. 

Dyspnoea.. Difficulty  of  breathing. 

Dysuria.. Difficulty  in  discharging 
the  urine. 

Eau...  Water. 

Eau  benite...Holy  water. 

Eau  d'  Hongrie... Hungary  water. 

Eau  de  fontaine... Spring  water. 

Eau  de  mer...Sea  water. 

Eau  de  puits...Well  water. 

Eau  de  riviere... River  water. 

Eau  de  rose. ..Rose  water. 

Eau  de  vie . . .  Water  of  life,  brandy. 

Eau  douce... Fresh  water. 

Eau  forte... Strong  water,  aqua- 
fortis. 

Eau  medicinale... Tincture  of  col- 
chicum. 

Eburn.,  eburneus... Ivory,  made 
of  ivory. 

Eclegma...A  linctus. 

Ecchymoma..A  discoloured  swell- 
ing, as  a  bruise,  &c. 

Ectopia. ..A  displacement  of  any 
part. 

Ed.,  edulcorated. 

Ej.,  ejusdem...The  same,  of  the 
same. 

Elect. ,  electuarium. .  An  electuary. 

Electuary... Confection,  Conserve. 

Elephantiasis . . .  Bl ack  leprosy. 

Elixir  antivenereum  ...  Jesuits' 
drops. 

Elixir  proprietatis  ...  Compound 
tincture  of  aloes. 

Elixir  proprietatis  cum  acido... 
With  sulphuric  acid. 


276 


GLOSSARY. 


Elixir  proprietatis  tartarizatum...  i 
With  salt  of  tartar. 

Elixir  sacrum... Tincture  of  aloes 
and  rhubarb. 

Elixir  salutis  ...  Daffy's  elixir, 
the  compound  tincture  of  sen- 
na. 

Elixir  of  vitriol... Aromatic  sul- 
phuric acid. 

Embrocatio...An  embrocation  or 

*    liniment. 

Emetics... Medicines  which  excite 
vomiting. 

Emmenagogues.. Medicines  which 
promote  menstruation. 

Emplastrum...A  plaster. 

Emplastrum  cephalicum  ...  Bur- 
gundy pitch  plaster. 

Emplastrum  picis  ...  Burgundy 
pitch  plaster. 

Empyreal  air... Oxygen  gas. 

Endemics... Diseases  peculiar  to 
certain  countries. 

Enema... A  liquid  medicine  in- 
jected into  the  bowels. 

Ens  martis...  Ammonio-chloride 
of  iron. 

Ens  veneris  Boylei... Ammonio- 
chloride  of  iron. 

Enteritis... Inflammation  of  the 
intestines. 

Enuresis... An  involuntary  flow  of 
urine. 

Ephialtes . . .  Nightmare. 

Ephidrosis . . .  A  violent  morbid  per- 
spiration. 

Epilepsy . . .  Convulsions,  the  falling 
sickness. 

Epiphora... An  involuntary  flow 
of  tears. 

Epischeses...A  suppression  of  ex- 
cretions. 

Epispastics . . .  Blistering  medicines 
or  plasters. 

Epistaxis  ....  Bleeding  from  the 
nose. 

Epsom  salts... Sulphate  of  magne- 
sia. 


Errhines... Substances  which  ex- 
cite sneezing. 

Erysipelas... Inflammation  of  the 
skin. 

Escharotics... Caustic  substances 
which  destroy  the  skin,  and 
leave  a  scab. 

Essence  of  peach  kern  els...  Bitter 
almond  flavour. 

Essentia  binsB  (essence  of  malt)... 
Brewer's  colouring,  burnt  su- 
gar. 

Ether. ..A  spirit  distilled  from  al- 
cohol and  acid. 

Ether,  Chiorhydric.  Chloric  ether. 

Ether,  Hydrochloric  ....  Chloric 
ether. 

Ether,  Muriatic... Chloric  ether. 

Ether,  Marine... Chloric  ether. 

Ether  cyanicus... Cyanic  ether. 

Ether,  Bicyanuret  of...  Cyanic 
ether. 

Ether  hyponitrous.. Nitrous  ether. 

Ether  rectificatus... Ether. 

Ether  sulphuricus... Ether. 

Ether  vitriolicus... Ether. 

Ethiops  martial... Oxide  of  iron. 

Ethiops  mineral... Oxide  of  mer- 
cury. 

Ethiops  j  ovialis . . .  Tin,  quicksilver, 
and  sulphur,  equal  parts. 

Ethule... Ether;  hence  arises  nu- 
merous titles  for  the  different 
ethers,  as, 

Ethule,  Oxide  of... Ether. 

Ethule,  Chloride  of...  Chloric 
ether. 

Ethule,  Iodide  of. .  Hydriodic  ether. 

Ethule,  Hyponitrite  ....  Nitrous 
ether,  &c,  &c. 

Exacerbation...  An  increase  of  fe- 
ver. 

Exanthemata  ...  Rashes  or  red 
patches  on  the  skin. 

Exfoliation... Separation  of  a  dead 
piece  of  bone  from  the  living. 

Exhib.,  exhibeatur... Administer, 
or  give  it. 


GLOSSARY. 


277 


Ex  mellis...In  honey. 

Exostosis. .A morbid  enlargement, 
or  hard  tumour  of  a  bone. 

Expectorants... Medicines  which 
relieve  the  lungs  of  phlegm. 

Ex  theriaca...In  treacle. 

Exsiccatum . . .  Dried. 

Ext.  sup.  alut.  moll.,  extende  su- 
per alutam  mollem  ...  Spread 
•upon  soft  leather. 

Extract  ...  The  evaporated  ex- 
pressed juice  of  plants,  &c. 

Extract  of  Saturn... Solution  of 
diacetate  of  lead. 

F.,  f ac. .Make. 

F.  H.,  fiat  haustus  ...  Make  a 
*  draught. 

F.  pil.j  fiant  pilulae...Make  into 
pills. 

F.  venes... Bleed. 

Farina... English  arrow-root,  po- 
tato starch,  flour. 

Farina  tosta...  Baked  flour. 

Fasc,  fasciculus... A  bundle. 

Feb.  dur.,  febre  durante... During 
the  fever. 

Febres...  Fevers. 

Febrifuge. .  A  remedy  against  fever. 

Fel...Gall. 

Fel  ursi... Bear's  gall. 

Fel  leporis... Hare's  gall. 

Fel  anguillarum... Gall  of  eels. 

Fellis  bovini... Ox-gall. 

Female  pills..  Compound  iron  pills. 

Ferri...Iron. 

Ferri  carbonas. .  Carbonate  of  iron. 

Ferri  rubigo...Rust  of  iron. 

Ferri  sulphas...  Copperas,  green 
vitriol. 

Ferr  ocy  anide . . .  Prussiate. 

Fiat... Make,  let  there  be  made. 

Fict.,  fictilis... Earthen. 

Fil.,  filtrum...A  filter. 

Filicis . . .  Male  fern. 

Fire  damp . .  Carburetted  hydrogen. 

Fist,  arm.,  fistula  armata...  A  clys- 
ter pipe  and  bladder. 

24 


Fixed  air... Carbonic  acid  gas-. 

Fixed  alkali..  Carbonate  of  potash. 

F.  L.  A.,  fiat  lege  artis...Make 
by  the  rules  of  art. 

Flatulency... Wind  or  gas  in  the 
stomach  and  bowels. 

Flores  martiaies . . .  Ammonio-chlo- 
ride  of  iron. 

Flores  salis  ammoniaci  martialis 
...Ammonio-chloride  of  iron. 

Flowers  of  zinc... Oxide  of  zinc. 

Fl.  fluidus... Fluid;  by  measure. 

Fluoric  acid... Hydrofluoric  acid. 

F.  M.,  fiat  mistura... Make  a  mix- 
ture. 

Folium...  Leaf. 

Fordyce's  pills... Gamboge  pills. 

Fortius...  Strong. 

Fotus...  Fomentation. 

Fowler's  solution... Solution  of  ar- 
senite  of  potash. 

Friar's  balsam... Compound  tinc- 
ture of  benzoin. 

F.  S.  A.,  fiat  secundem  artem... 
Make  according  to  art. 

Fuci  amylacei... Ceylon  moss. 
Fuliginis...Soot,  smoke. 
Fuscum... Brown. 

G.  G.  G.,  gummi  guttse  gambge... 
Gamboge. 

Ganglion... An  enlargement  like  a 
knot  in  a  nerve,  also  a  tumour. 

Gastritis  ...  Inflammation  of  the 
stomach. 

Gastrodynia...A  pain  in  the  sto- 
mach. 

Gel.  quav.,  gelatina  quavis...In 
any  jelly. 

Geoffroyse...  Cabbage. 

Gilder's  pickle... Gilding  liquor. 

Glass  of  antimony... Crude  anti- 
mony calcined. 

Glastum...Woad,  a  dye  stuff. 

Glauber's  salt... Sulphate  of  soda. 

Glycyrrhiza3... Liquorice  root. 

Glyster...An  enema. 

Gold,  Crocus  of... Peroxide  of  gold. 


278 


GLOSSARY. 


Gold;  Fulminating  ...  Aurate  of 
ammonia,  aurum  fulminans. 

Gold,  Muriate  of. .  Chloride  of  gold 

Gold,  Potable..  Liquid  gold,  solu- 
tion of  a  salt  of  gold. 

Gold,  Tercliloride  of... Chloride  of 
gold. 

Gonorrhoea... A  flow  or  discharge 
of  semen,  or  purulent  matter. 
Also  called  Spermatorrhoea. 

Goulard's  cerate... Compound  lead 
cerate. 

Goulard's  extract...  Solution  of 
diacetate  of  lead. 

Goulard  water... Solution  of  sub- 
acetate  of  lead. 

Gr.,  granum...A  grain. 

Granati... Pomegranate  peel. 

Graphite. ..Black  lead. 

Gregory's  salt... Crude  hydrochlo- 
rate  of  morphia. 

Green  ointment... Elder  ointment. 

Green  vitriol... Sulphate  of  iron, 
copperas. 

Griffith's  mixture..  Compound  iron 
mixture. 

Gtt,  gutta...A  drop. 

Guinea  grains..  Grains  of  paradise. 

Guttat.,  guttatim...By  drops. 

H.  D.,  hob.  decub.,  hora  decubi- 
tus...At  bed-time. 

H.  P.,  haustuspurgans... Purging 
draught. 

H.  S.,  hora  somni...At  bed- time. 

Hac.This;  hac  nocte,  to-night. 

Haamatoxy  li . . .  Logwood. 

Hsemopty  sis...  Spitting  of  blood. 

Hartal... King's  yellow. 

Haustus . . .  Draught. 

Helminthocorti...Corsican  moss. 

Hemorrhage... A  bleeding,  a  flow 
of  blood. 

Hemorrhoids . . .  Piles. 

Hepar  an timonii... Liver  of  anti- 
mony, the  crude  oxysulphuret. 

Hepar  sulphuris...Sulphuret  of 
potassium. 


Hepatic  gas... Sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen. 

Hepatitis... Inflammation  of  the 
liver. 

Hernia...  Rupture. 

Herpes... Tetter,  a  cutaneous  dis- 
ease. 

Hierapicra  (holy  bitter)  ...Powder 
of  aloes  and  canella. 

Hirudines . . .  Leeches. 

Hoffman's  anodyne  liquor... Com- 
pound sulphuric  ether. 

Holy  water... Distilled  water. 

Hordei...  Barley. 

Hor.  interm.,  hora  intermediis... 
In  the  intermediate  hours. 

Hor.  merid.,  hora  meridiana... 
Noon. 

Hor.  prand.,  hora  prandii... Din- 
ner-time. 

Hor.  a.  prand.,  hora  ante  pran- 
dium  ...  An  hour  before  din- 
ner. 

Hor.  p.  prand.,  hora  post  prandium 
...An  hour  after  dinner. 

Hor.  un.  spatio,  hora unius  spatio. . 
At  the  end  of  an  hour. 

Hor.  lima,  mat.,  hora  undecima 
matutina...At  11  o'clock  in  the 
morning. 

Hume's  test... Solution  of  ammo- 
nio-nitrate  of  silver. 

Humuli...Hops. 

Huxham's  tincture  of  bark. . .  Com- 
pound tincture  of  cinchona. 

Hydarthrus... White  swelling,  a 
disease  of  the  joints. 

Hydragogues...  Medicines  which 
cause  watery  stools. 

Hydrargyrum... Mercury,  quick- 
silver. 

Hydrargyrum  bichloridum  ...Bi- 
chloride of  mercury. 

Hydrargyrum  chloridum... Calo- 
mel. 

Hydrargyrum  cum  creta... Mercu- 
rial powder,  quicksilver  with 
chalk. 


GLOSSARY. 


279 


Hydrate ...  A  compound  containing 

water. 
Hydrate  of  lime... Slacked  lime. 
Hydrocele...  A  watery  tumour  in 

the  scrotum  or  testicles. 
Hydrocephalus  ...  Water   on    the 

brain,  dropsy  of  the  brain. 
Hydro-oxygen,. Water,  sometimes 

used  as  a  label  instead  of  aqua. 
Hydrophobia... Canine  madness. 
Hy drometra. .  Dropsy  of  the  womb. 
Hydrorachitis  ...  Dropsy    of    the 

spine. 
Hydrothorax  ....  Dropsy    of    the 

chest. 
Hydrous...  Chemically   combined 

with  water. 
Hy  oscyamus . . .  Henbane. 
Hyper-  oxymuriate . . .  Chlorate. 
Hypnotics.. Medicines  that  induce 

sleep. 
Hypochondriasis....  Low  melan- 
choly, accompanied  by  absurd 

fancies. 
Hysteria . . .  Hysterics. 
Hysteritis... Inflammation  of  the 

womb. 

Icterus... The  jaundice. 

Icthyocol!  aa . . .  Isinglass. 

In  dies... Daily. 

Influenza... A  severe  cold  in  the 

head  or  chest,  characterized  by 

a  great  flow  of  acrid  mucus; 

epidemic  catarrh. 
Inf.,  infunde... Infuse. 
Infusion... Made  with  cold  or  hot 

water,  but  not  boiled. 
Injection...  An  enema. 
In  pulm.,  in  pulmento...In  gruel. 
In  puiverem...In  powder. 
Intermittent... Returning  at  stated 

intervals. 
Int.  scap.,  inter  scapulas. .Between 

the  shoulders. 
Inulge...  Elecampane. 
Iron,  Cyanuret  of... Prussian  blue. 
Iron,    Ferridcyanide   of...Hydro- 


ferridcyanate  of  iron,  TurnbulFs 

blue. 
Iron,  Hydrated  sesquioxide  of... 

Rust  of  iron. 
Iron,  Percj^anide  of..  Prussian  blue. 
Iron,  Red  oxide  of... Peroxide  or 

sesquioxide  of  iron. 
Ischuria...  A  retention  of  urine. 

Jesuits'  balsam...  Compound  tinc- 
ture of  benzoin. 

Jove ...  An  alchemical  name  for  tin. 

Jul.,  julepus,  julapium...  A  julep. 

Julep... A  term  formerly  applied 
to  mixtures,  as  camphor  julep, 
the  mistura  camphora. 

Jupiter...  Tin,  an  alchemical  name. 

Kal.  ppt.,  kali  preparatum... Pre- 
pared kali,  carbonate  of  potash. 

Kali  acetatum . . .  Acetate  of  potash. 

Kali  arseniated . . .  Arseniate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Kali  causticum... Hydrate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Kali  pur um...  Hydrate  of  potash. 

Kali  lemonated..  Citrate  of  potash. 

Kali  nitratum... Nitrate  of  potash. 

Kali  sulphuretum...Sulphuret  of 
potassium. 

Kerme's  mineral... Oxysulphuret 
of  antimony. 

King's  yellow...  Sesquisulphuret 
of  arsenic,  yellow  arsenic,  or- 
piment. 

Kirkland's  neutral  cerate. ..Com- 
pound lead  ointment. 

Krameria . . .  Rhatany . 

LabakPvAQue's  disinfecting  liquid 
...Solution  of  chloride  of  soda. 

Lac...  Milk. 

Lac  roses... Milk  of  roses. 

Lacerta  viridis...  Green  precipi- 
tate. 

Lactucarium . .  .Lettuce. 

Lady  Webster's  pills... Pill  of  aloes 
and  mastic. 


280 


GLOSSARY. 


Lake,  Florence..  Carminated  lake. 

Lake,  Paris... Carminated  lake. 

Lake,  Vienna... Carminated  lake. 

Lambative...  A  linctus. 

Lana  phiiosophica...  Oxide  of  zinc. 

Lapis  amiantus... Asbestos. 

Lapis  infernalis... Hydrate  of  pot- 
ash, nitrate  of  silver. 

Lapis  smyrnis...  Emery. 

Lat.  dol.,  lateri  dolenti...To  the 
affected  side. 

Lat.  dex.,  Lateri  dextro...To  the 
right  side. 

Lat.  sin.,  lateri  sinistro...To  the 
left  side. 

Laughing  gas. ..Nitrous  oxide  gas. 

Lauro  cerasi... Cherry  laurel. 

Lavement. ..An  enema. 

Laxatives... Mild  purgatives. 

Lb.,  libra... A  pound. 

Lead,  Dichromate  of.. Chrome  red. 

Lead,  Subchromate  of... Chrome 
red. 

Lead,  Red  chromate  of... Chrome 
red. 

Lead,  Chromate  of... Chrome  yel- 
low. 

Lead,  Yellow  chromate  of.. Chrome 
yellow. 

Lead,  Muriate  of... Chloride  of 
lead,  patent  yellow. 

Lenitive  electuary.,. Confection  of 
senna. 

Lepra... The  leprosy. 

Lichenis... Iceland  moss. 

Lignum...  Wood. 

Lignum  vitas..  Wood  of  life,  guaia- 
cum  chips  or  raspings. 

Lime,  Oxy muriate  of... Chloride  of 
lime. 

Linctus... A  medicine  of  the  con- 
sistence of  honey. 

Lini...  Linseed. 

Lip  salve... Lard  ointment. 

Liquor  calcis...Lime  water. 

Liquor  potassoe...  Solution  of  pot- 
ash. 

Liquor  volatilis  cornu  cervi... Spi- 


rit of  hartshorn,  or  a  dilute  so- 
lution of  ammonia. 

Lisbon  diet  drink... Compound  de- 
coction of  sarsaparilla. 

Litharge... Oxide  or  protoxide  of 
lead. 

Litmus....  Turnsole,  archil,  cud- 
bear. 

Liver  of  sulphur... Sulphuret  of 
potassium. 

Liverwort. ..Iceland  moss. 

Lobelia  inflata... Indian  tobacco. 

Lohock... Linctus. 

Lumbricus...The  earth-worm. 

Luna. ..The  moon,  an  alchemical 
name  for  silver. 

Lunar  caustic... Nitrate  of  silver. 

Lupia...A  wen  or  tumour. 

Lupuli...Hops. 

Luxation... The  dislocation  of  a 
bone. 

Lyttae...  Blistering  or  Spanish  fly, 
cantharides. 

M.,  Miscc.Mix. 

M.,  Mensura...By  measure. 

M.,  Manipulus...A  handful. 

M.,  Minimum...  A  minim. 

Magistery  of  alum... Alumina. 

Magnesia  vitriolata...  Sulphate  of 
magnesia. 

Magnum... Great;  cochl.  mag.,  a 
tablespoonful. 

Malaguetta  pepper... Grains  of  pa- 
radise. 

Mane... In  the  morning. 

Mane  pr.,  mane  primo... Early  in 
the  morning. 

Mania... Madness,  insanity. 

Marantse . . .  Arrow-root. 

M  arcasite . . .  Bismuth. 

Marcores. .. Diseases  characterized 
by  emaciation  or  leanness. 

Marine  acid... Hydrochloric  acid. 

Marrubium  vulgare . . .  Horehound. 

Martial  regulus  of  antimony.. Sul- 
phuret of  antimony  and  iron 
fused  together. 


GLOSSARY. 


281 


Martis  or  Mars... Iron,  an  alche- 
mical term. 

Massa...A  mass. 

Masticot... Protoxide  of  lead,  yel- 
low pigment. 

Meconio... Syrup  of  poppies. 

Mel  or  mellis... Honey. 

Mel  acetatum... Simple  oxymel. 

Mel  iEg3rptiacum... Liniment  of 
verdigris. 

Melancholia... Melancholy,  a  form 
of  insanity. 

Mel  boracis... Honey  of  borax. 

Mel  despumatum.... Clarified 
honey. 

Menorrhagia . . .  Flooding. 

Mensura...  Measure. 

Menthge...Mint. 

Menthse  piperita... Peppermint. 

Menthee  viridis...  Spearmint. 

Menthse  sativae... Spearmint. 

Mephitic  air... Nitrogen  gas. 

Mercurius  dulcis  ...  Chloride  of 
mercury,  calomel. 

Mercury,  Ammoniated  ...  White 
precipitate,  ammonio-chloride 
of  mercury. 

Mercury,  Chloride  of... Calomel. 

Mercury,  Dichloride  of... Calomel. 

Mercury,  Sub-chloride  of... Calo- 
mel. 

Mercury,  Protochloride  of... Calo- 
mel. 

Mercury,  Muriate  of... Calomel. 

Mercury,  Submuriate  of... Calo- 
mel. 

Mercury,  Bichloride  of. . .  Corrosive 
sublimate. 

Mercury,  Perchloride  of... Corro- 
sive sublimate. 

Mercury,  Submuriate  of...  White 
precipitate. 

Mercury,  Cyanide  of...Bicyanide 
of  mercury. 

Mercury,  Prussian  or  prussiate  of 
...Cyanide  of  mercury. 

Mercury,  Hydrocyanate  of... Cya- 
nide of  mercury. 

24* 


Mercury,  Cyanuret  of... Cyanide 
of  mercury. 

Mercury,  Cyanodide  of... Cyanide 
of  mercury. 

M.,  misca3...Mix. 

Mic.  panis,  mica  panis... Crumb 
of  bread. 

Miliaria, ..A  description  of  fever. 

Milk  of  sulphur..  Washed  and  pre- 
cipated  sulphur. 

Millepedes...  A  sort  of  worm  with 
many  feet. 

Mindererus  spirit. ..Acetate  of  am- 
monia. 

Mineral  charcoal... Coke. 

Minium. ..Red  lead,  red  oxide  of 
lead. 

Mist.,  or  MR.,  mistura...A  mix- 
ture. 

Mitius...Weak. 

Mitt.,  mitte,  mittantur...Send,  let 
them  be  sent. 

Mitt.  sang,  ad  gxij.,  mitte  san- 
guinern  ad  gxij...Take  12  oz. 
of  blood. 

Mitte  tales  No.  x,..Send  ten. 

Mod.  prsescr.,  modo  pra3Scripto... 
In  the  mode  prescribed. 

Mollis...  Soft. 

Monkshood . . .  Aconite. 

Mori...  Mulberry. 

Mor.  diet.,  more  dicto...In  the 
manner  directed. 

Mor.  sol.,  more  solito...In  the  or- 
dinary way. 

Moschi...Musk. 

M.  P.,  massa  pilularum...A  pill 
mass. 

Mucilage... A  watery  solution  of 
gum,  as  Arabic  or  tragacanth. 

Muriates  ...Now  termed  hydro- 
chlorates. 

Mutitas . . .  Dumbness. 

Mynsicht's  elixir  of  vitriol...  Aro- 
matic sulphuric  acid. 

Mynsicht's  tincture  of  iron...  Am- 
moniated tincture  of  iron. 

Myristic89 . . .  Nutmeg. 


282 


GLOSSARY. 


N.  M.,  nux  moschata...A  nutmeg. 

Naphtha  vini... Ether. 

Narcotics... Medicines  which  in- 
duce drowsiness  and  stupor, 
such  as  opium,  henbane,  alco- 
hol, &c. 

Natron,  or  prepared  natron... Car- 
bonate of  soda. 

Natron  vitriolatum... Sulphate  of 
soda. 

Neapolitan  ointment... Mercurial 
ointment. 

Nephritis... Inflammation  of  the 
kidney. 

Ne  tr.  s.  num.,  ne  tradus  sine 
nummo...Do  not  give  it  without 
the  money. 

Nickel  silver... German  silver. 

Niger...  Black. 

Nihil  album... Oxide  of  zinc. 

Nitre,  nitrum... Nitrate  of  potash. 

Nitric  oxide... Nitrous  gas,  bin- 
oxide  of  nitrogen. 

Nitrum flammans... Nitrate  of  am- 
monia. 

Nitrum  volatile... Nitrate  of  am- 
monia. 

No.,  numero...In  number. 

Nucis  moschatee... Nutmeg. 

0.,  OCTARIUS...A  pint. 

Obstipatio . . .  Costiveness. 

Odontalgia... Toothache. 

Oil  of  bricks... Oil  of  olives  mixed 
with  brick-dust  and  distilled. 
Generally  imitated  with  a  mix- 
ture of  oils. 

Oil  of  camphor... Nitrate  of  cam- 
phor. 

Oil  of  sulphur... Olive  oil,  1  part, 
sulphur,  1  part,  heated  until 
combination  is  effected. 

Oil  of  tar  tar...  Solution  of  carbo- 
nate of  potash. 

Oil  of  tartar  per  deliquium... Car- 
bonate of  potash  liquefied  by 
exposure  to  air. 

Oil  of  vitriol... Sulphuric  acid. 


01.  jecoris  aselli...Cod  liver  oil. 

01.  niorrhu98...Cod  liver  oil. 

01ea...0ils. 

Olefiant  gas...Carburetted  hydro- 
gen, Dutch  liquid. 

01eosus...Oily. 

Oleum  ammoniatum... Liniment  of 
ammoniacum. 

Oiim...  Formerly. 

01.  lini  s.  i.,  oleum  line  sine  igne 
...Cold-drawn  linseed  oil. 

Omn.  bid.,  omni  biduo... Every 
two  days. 

Omn.  bih.,  omni  bihorio... Every 
two  hours. 

Omn.  hor.,  omni  hora  ...  Every 
hour. 

Omn.  prim,  mane,  omni  primo 
mane... Early  every  morning. 

Omn.  qua  noct.,  omni  quaque 
nocte... Every  night. 

Omn.  quadr.  hor.,  omni  quad- 
rantes  horse  ...  Every  quarter 
hour. 

0.  M.,  omni  mane..  Every  morning. 

0.  N.,  omni  nocte... Every  night. 

0.  0.  0.,  oleum  olivse  optimum... 
Best  olive  oil. 

Ophthalmia. ..Inflammation  of  the 
membranes  of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmia... Inflammation  of  the 
eye. 

ODodeldoc.Soap  liniment. 

Or. ..Gold. 

Orelline... Purified  annatto. 

Orpiment... King's  yellow,  sesqui- 
sulphuret  of  arsenic. 

Oryzo3...1lice. 

Ov.,  ovi  or  ovum... An  egg. 

Oxide  of  calcium... Lime. 

Oxide  of  Ethule... Ether. 

Oxide  of  sodium... Soda. 

Oxychlorides...Subchlorides,  sub- 
muriates. 

Oxygenized  lard... Nitric  acid  oint- 
ment. 

Oxymel  JEruginis... Liniment  of 
verdigris. 


GLOSSARY. 


283 


Oxymuriate . . .  Chlorate. 

Oxy muriate  of  mercury... Bichlo- 
ride of  mercury,  corrosive  sub- 
limate. 

Oxy  muriatic  acid...  Chlorine. 

P.  PONDERE...By  weight. 

P.  seq.,  partes  aequales...  Equal 
parts. 

Palpitatio... Palpitation  or  throb- 
bing of  the  heart. 

Panacea... A  universal  remedy. 

Panis...  Bread. 

Papaveris . . .  Poppies. 

Paracusis... Disordered  hearing. 

Paralysis... The  palsy. 

Paramenia . . .  Mismenstruation. 

Paraphonia...  Alteration  of  the 
voice. 

Paregoric... Compound  tincture  of 
camphor. 

Parti tis  haustibus  ...  In  divided 
draughts. 

Part,  vie,  parti  tis  vicibus...  In 
separate  doses. 

Parvum... Little.  Cochl.  parv...A 
teaspoonful. 

Pasta  regia...  Almond  paste. 

Pastes... Factitious,  or  imitative 
stones  and  gems. 

Past.,  pastillus...A  mass  of  paste. 

P.  d. ,  per  deliquium ...  By  deliques- 
cence, melting  in  the  open  air. 

Pearl  powder  ...  Subchloride  of 
bismuth. 

Pearl  white...  Trisnitrate  or  sub- 
nitrate  of  bismuth. 

Pectoral  balsam  of  honey... Tinc- 
ture of  benzoin. 

Pemphigus.  ..An  eruption  attended 
by  fever. 

Pericarditis... Inflammation  of  the 
sac  and  membrane  containing 
the  heart. 

Peritonitis... Inflammation  of  the 
membrane  which  lines  the  belly, 
and  covers  the  intestines. 

Pernio... A  chilblain. 


Peroxide  of  chlorine... Chlorous 
acid. 

Per.  op.  emet.,peracta  operatione 
emetica... After  the  operation  of 
the  emetic. 

Persicse... Peach  leaves. 

Pertussis... The  hooping-cough. 

Pestis...The  plague. 

Ph.  D... Dublin  Pharmacopoeia. 

Ph.  E.. Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeia. 

Ph.  L... London  Pharmacopoeia. 

Ph.  U.  S... United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia. 

Philonium  Londinense  (P.  L. 
1745.)... Confection  of  opium. 

Philonium  Romanum(P.  E.  1720.) 
...Confection  of  opium. 

Phlegmasia . . .  Inflammation. 

Phlogisticated  air... Nitrogen  gas. 

Phlogo  sis . . .  Inflammation. 

Phreni tis... Frenzy,  inflammation 
of  the  brain. 

Physconia... Enlargement  of  the 
abdomen. 

Physical  salt... Sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia. 

Physometra...A  windy  swelling 
of  the  uterus. 

Pica... Depraved  appetite,  with  a 
desire  for  unnatural  food. 

Picis  liquidae.-.Tar. 

Picis  nigrae... Pitch. 

Pil  B,ufi...Pill  of  aloes  and  myrrh. 

Pimento . . .  Allspice. 

Pink-root...  Spigellise. 

Piperis...  Pepper. 

Pisa  pro  fonticulus... Issue  peas. 

Pix  abietina... Burgundy  pitch. 

Pleuri tis... Pleurisy,  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  lining  membrane  of 
the  lungs. 

Plumbago... Black  lead. 

Plumbi...Lead. 

Plumbi  iodidi...  Iodide  of  lead. 

Plummer's  pills... Compound  calo- 
mel pill. 

Pneumonia . . .  Inflammation  of  the 
lungs. 


284 


GLOSSARY. 


Pocil.,  pocillum...A  small  cup. 

Pocul.,  poculum...A  cup. 

Podagra... The  gout. 

Polydipsia... Excessive  thirst. 

Poly sarcia... Fatness  of  the  body. 

Pompholyx... Oxide  of  zinc. 

Porrigo . . .  Ringworm. 

Post  horas  duas. ..  After  two  hours. 

Post  pilulas...  After  the  pills. 

Post  sing.  sed.  liq.,  post  singulas 
sedes  liquidas  ...  After  every 
loose  stool. 

Potash,  caustic... Hydrate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Potash,  prussiate  of...Ferrocya- 
nide  of  potassium. 

Potash,  pure...  Hydrate  of  potash. 

Potash,  red  prussiate  of...Ferrid- 
cyauide  of  potassium. 

Potash,  supersulphate  of...Bisul- 
phate  of  potash. 

Potash,  supertartrate  of...Bitar- 
trate  of  potash. 

Potassa  fusa...  Hydrate  of  potash. 

Potassse  sulphuretum...Sulphuret 
of  potassium. 

Potential  cautery... Potash  with 
lime. 

Potion...  A  drink. 

Potus...A  drink. 

Powder  basilic... Compound  pow- 
der of  scammony. 

Powder  royal. ..Compoundpowder 
of  scammony. 

Ppt.,  preparata...  Prepared. 

P.  rat.  re  tat.,  pro  ratione  astatis... 
According  to  the  age. 

P.  r.  n.,  pro  re  nata...A.s  occasion 
requires. 

Precipitate,  sweet... Calomel. 

Prolapsus...  A  falling  down,  as  of 
the  uterus  or  anus. 

Protoxide  of  hydrogen... Water. 

Protoxide  of  nitrogen... Nitrous 
oxide  gas. 

Pruni  sylvestris...  Sloes. 

Prussiate... Ferrocyanide  or  cya- 
nide. 


Prussic  acid... Hydrocyanic  acid. 

Psellismus... Defect  in  speech. 

Psora... The  itch. 

Ptisan... Plain  drink,  as  barley 
water,  &c. 

Ptyalism...xin  increased  flow  of 
saliva. 

Pug.,  pugillus...A  pinch. 

Pulegii . . .  Pennyroyal. 

Pulv.,  pulvis...A  powder. 

Pulvis  stanni...Tin  filings  or  pow- 
der. 

Purgatives  ...  Medicines  which 
quicken  the  action  of  the  bowels. 

Purificatum . . .  Purified. 

Purpura... Scurvy,  land  scurvy. 

Pyrethri...Pellitory  of  Spain. 

Pyrola  ....  Chimaphilge,  winter 
green. 

Pyroligneous  acid  ...Vinegar  of 
wood. 

Pyroxilic  acid... Wood  naphtha. 

Q.  L.,  quantum  libet...  As  much  as 
you  please. 

Q.  P.,  quantum  placet. ..As  much 
as  you  please. 

Q.  S.,  Quantum  sufficiat...A  suffi- 
cient quantity. 

Quadra  ginta . . .  Forty. 

Quam  primum...As  soon  as  possi- 
ble. 

Quartana...Ague  returning  every 
72  hours. 

Quercus...Oak  bark. 

Quinine,  Subsulphate  of  ...Sul- 
phate of  Quinine. 

Quinine,  Disulphate  of... Sulphate 
of  Quinine. 

Quintessence  of  Noyeau... Bitter 
almond  flavour. 

Quor.,  quorum. ..Of  which. 

Quotidiana  ....  Ague  returning 
every  24  hours. 

Quotidie...  Daily. 

Quovis...Any. 

Q.  v.,  quantum  vis. ..As  much  as 
you  choose. 


GLOSSARY. 


285 


Radix,...  cis...  "Root. 

Raphani . . .  Horse-radish. 

Rattlesnake  root... Senega. 

Realgar. .  Red  sulphuret  of  arsenic. 

Recipe... Take. 

Red.  in  pulv.,  redactus  in  pulve- 
rem... Reduced  to  powder. 

Redig.  in  pulv.,  redigatur  in  pul- 
verem... Reduce  it  to  powder. 

Red  hartshorn... Compound  tinc- 
ture of  lavender. 

Red  pill... Compound  calomel  pill. 

Red  precipitate... Nitric  oxide  of 
mercury. 

Red  Sanders  wood... Sandal  wood. 

Refrigerants  ....  Cooling  liquids 
which  abate  heat  and  thirst. 

Regulus,  little  king... A.  term  ap- 
plied by  alchemists  to  metallic 
antimony,  &c. 

Regulus  of  arsenic... Black  arse- 
nic, metallic  arsenic. 

Regulus  of  cobalt... Cobalt,  the 
metal. 

Reg.  umbil...regio  umbilici... The 
region  of  the  navel. 

Regulus  jovis...Tin  and  martial 
regulus  of  antimony  fused  toge- 
ther. 

Repet...repetatur...  Repeat. 

Rhamni . . .  Buckthorn. 

Pvhatany . . .  Krameria. 

Rheados...The  red  poppy. 

Rhei...  Rhubarb. 

Rheumatism... A  painful  affection 
ofthejoints  and  fibrous  textures. 

Ricini... Castor  oil. 

Rob... Extract,  any  inspissated 
juice. 

Rochelle  salt...  Potassio-tartrate 
of  soda. 

Rock  oil... Naphtha. 

Roman  alum...  A  pure  reddish-co- 
loured alum. 

Roman  vitriol... Sulphate  of  cop- 
per. 

Rosseau's  Laudanum. ..Fermented 
wine  of  opium. 


Rouge. ..Oxide  of  iron. 
Rubeola. ..The  measles. 
Rufus's   pills.., Pill  of  Aloes  and 

Myrrh. 
Rumicis . . .  Water  dock. 
Ruta3...Rue. 

S.  A.,  secundem  artem... Accord- 
ing to  art. 

Sabinae...Savine. 

Saccharum . . .  Sugar. 

Saccharum candum.. Sugar  candy. 

Saccharum  lactis... Sugar  of  milk. 

Sachet... A  little  bag  to  contain 
any  substance  for  local  applica- 
tion. 

Sal...  Salt. 

Sal  absinthii. .  Carbonate  of  potash. 

Sal  acetosellae .. .  Binoxalate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Sal  alembroth  ...The  alchemist's 
salt  of  wisdom,  a  compound  of 
sal  ammoniac  and  corrosive 
sublimate,  equal  parts. 

Sal  ammoniac  ..Hydrochlorate  or 
muriate  of  ammonia. 

Sal  auri  philosophicum...Bisul- 
phate  of  potash. 

Sal  diureticus...  Acetate  of  potash. 

Sal  enixum . . .  Bisulphate  of  potash. 

Sal  gemmse  ...  Common  or  rock 
salt. 

Sal  martis... Sulphate  of  iron. 

Sal  mirabile  Glauberi... Sulphate 
of  soda. 

Sal  mirabile  perlatum.. Phosphate 
of  soda. 

Sal  polychrest...Salt  of  soda. 

Sal  prunella. ..Fused  nitre. 

Sal  sapientise...Salt  of  wisdom, 
sal  alembroth. 

Sal  Saturni...  Acetate  of  lead. 

Salad  oil... Olive  oil. 

Salicis...  Willow. 

Saline...  Salt. 

Salis  nitri... Nitre,  saltpetre. 

Salt  of  chrome... Chr ornate  of  pot- 
ash. 


286 


GLOSSARY. 


Salt  (common  or  culinary  )...Hy- 
drochlorate  or  muriate  of  soda. 

Salt  of  Maxs...  Copper  as,  sulphate 
of  iron. 

Salt  of  sorrel...Binoxalate  of  pot- 
ash. 

Salt  of  tartar. .  Carbonate  of  potash. 

Salt  of  wormwood... Carbonate  of 
potash. 

Saltpetre... Nitrate  of  potash. 

Salvia...  Sage. 

Sambuci...  Elder,  the  bark. 

Sandiver...The  scum  of  newly 
melted  glass. 

Santonici . . .  Wormseed. 

Sapan  wood. ..Brazil  wood. 

Sapo,  saponae...Soap. 

Sarcoma...  A  fleshy  tumour. 

Sarzse...Sarsaparilla. 

Saturn. ..Lead. 

Saunder's  blue  ....  Ultramarine 
ashes. 

Saxon  blue... Sulphate  of  indigo. 

Scabies., .The  itch. 

Scald  head... Ring- worm. 

Scarlatina... The  scarlet  fever. 

Scat.,  scatula...A  box. 

Scheele's  green...  Arsenite  of  cop- 
per. 

Scillse...  Squills. 

Scirrhus...A  cancer  in  the  early 
stage. 

Scoparii . . .  Spartii,  broom-tops. 

Scorbutus... The  scurvy. 

Scot's  pills... Pill  of  aloes. 

Scorbutus . . .  Scurvy. 

Scrofula... The  king's  evil,  hard 
indolent  tumours  on  various 
parts  of  the  body. 

Secale  cornuti... Ergot  of  rye. 

Sedative... Soothing,  easing  pain. 

Sedatives... Medicines  which  allay 
pain  or  undue  excitement. 

Seignette'ssalt...Potassio-tartrate 
of  soda. 

Semi...  Half. 

Semid.,  semidrachma  ...  Half  a 
drachm. 


Semih.,  semihora...IIalf  an  hour. 

Senega... Rattlesnake  root. 

Serum  lactis...Whey. 

Sesquichloride . . .  Chloride . 

Sesquih.,  sesquihora...An  hour 
and  a  half. 

Sesquioxide...  Oxide. 

Sesunc,  sesuncia...Half  an  ounce. 

Sevi...Suet. 

Sialogogues ...  Substances  which 
increase  the  flow  of  saliva. 

Si  n.  val.,  si  non  valeat...If  it  does 
not  succeed. 

Si  op.  sit.,  si  opus  sit. ..If  neces- 
sary. 

Si  vir.  perm.,  si  vires  permittant... 
If  the  strength  allows  it. 

Sign.  n.  pr.,  signetur  nomine  pro- 
prio... Inscribe  it  with  the  com- 
mon name. 

Signat.,  signatura...A  label. 

Signetur,. .Label  it. 

Simplex. ..Simple. 

Sinapis...  Mustard. 

Sinapis  farina... Flour  of  mustard. 

Sing.,  singulorum...Of  each. 

S.  n.,  secundemnaturem.. Accord- 
ing to  nature. 

Soapstone...  French  chalk. 

Sodce  chlorinate  ...  Chloride  of 
soda. 

Soluble  tartar. .  Tartrate  of  potash. 

Solutive  water... Nitric  acid. 

Sparadrapum  pro  fonticulus... Is- 
sue plasters. 

Spartii... Broom-tops,  scoparii. 

Spermatorrhoea  or  Gonorrhoea... 
A  flow  or  discharge  of  semen  or 
purulent  matter. 

Spigelliee...Pink  root. 

Spirit  of  Mindererus...  Acetate  of 
ammonia. 

Spirit  of  nitre... Nitric  acid. 

Spiritus  nitri  Glauberi  ...Nitric 
acid. 

Spiritus  salis... Hydrochloric  acid. 

Spirit  of  salt... Muriatic,  or  hy- 
drochloric acid. 


GLOSSAKY. 


287 


Spiritus  vini  Gallici... Brandy. 

Spirit  of  vitriol. ..Sulphuric  acid. 

Splenetis...  Inflammation  of  the 
spleen. 

S.  S.j  stat.  sumend...Take  imme- 
diately. 

Ss.,  semi... A  half ;  as,  jss.,  one 
and  a  half. 

S.  s.  s.,  stratum  super  stratum... 
Layer  upon  layer. 

Stannum,  stanni...Tin. 

Steatite... French  chalk. 

Steel. ..Preparations  of  iron,  car- 
bonate, or  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

Stibiated  tartar  ...  Potassio- tar- 
trate of  antimony. 

St.,  stet,  stent... Let  it  or  them 
stand. 

Stimulants... Medicines  or  liquids 
which  revive  the  system.  Their 
use  is  often  followed  by  a  corre- 
sponding amount  of  depression. 

Strabismus . . .  Squinting. 

Stramonium... Thorn  apple. 

Strengthening  plaster... Oxide  of 
iron  plaster. 

Strychnine...  A  preparation  of  nux 
vomica. 

Stygian  water.. Hydrofluoric  acid, 
aqua  stygis. 

Sub  fin.  coct.,  sub  finem  coctionis 
...When  the  boiling  is  nearly 
finished. 

Sublimate,  Sweet... Calomel. 

S  uccinum . . .  Amber. 

Succus...  Juice. 

Sugar  of  lead... Acetate  or  super- 
acetate  of  lead. 

Sulphur  vivum... Crude  or  native 
sulphur. 

Sulphuris  iodidum... Iodide  of  sul- 
phur. 

Sum,  tal.,  sumat  talem...Give  the 
patient  one  like  this. 

Sum.,  sumat,  &c... Let  the  patient 
take. 

Summ.,  summitates...The  sum- 
mits or  tops. 


Suppository... A  medicine  placed 

in  the  rectum. 
S.    v.,    spiritus    vini ...  Spirit    of 

wine. 
S.  v.  r.,  spiritus  vini  rectificatus 

...Rectified  spirit  of  wine. 
S.  v.  t.,  spiritus  vini  tenuis...  Pro  of 

spirit. 
Sweet  oil. ..Olive  oil. 
Sweet  elixir  of  vitriol... Aromatic 

sulphuric  ether. 
Sweet   spirits    of    nitre  ...  Nitric 

ether. 
Sweet  spirit  of  vitriol... Sulphuric 

ether,  ether. 
Sydenham's  Liquid  Laudanum... 

Wine  of  opium,  formerly  ordered 

as  L.  L.  Syd. 
Syncope ...  Fainting. 
Synocha...  A  rare  form  of  fever. 
Synochus... Common  or  continued 

fever. 
Syphilis... The  venereal  disease. 
Syrupus  aceti... Simple  oxymel. 

Tabaci... Tobacco. 

Tabel.,  tabella...  A  lozenge. 

Tabes...  A  wasting  of  the  body. 

Talc  earth... Magnesia. 

Tanaceti... Tansy,  the  herb. 

Taraxacum . . .  Dandelion. 

Tartar   emetic . . .  Potassio-tartrate 

of  antimony. 
Temp,  dext,  tempori  dextro...To 

the  right  temple. 
Temp,  sin.,  tempori  sinistro...To 

the  left  temple. 
Ter... Three,  three  times. 
Terchloride    of    carbon... Chloric 

ether. 
Tercyanide . . .  Cyanide  or  cyanuret. 
Terebinth . . .  Turpentine. 
Terr  a...  Earth. 
Terra  foliatis  mineralis... Acetate 

of  soda. 
Tertiana...Ague  returning  every 

48  hours. 
Tetanus. ..Lock-jaw. 


288 


GLOSSARY. 


These...  Tea. 

Thebaicum . . .  Opium. 

Thenard's  blue... Cobalt  blue. 

Theriaca  ...  Treacle;  medicines 
against  poison. 

Thridace . . .  Lactucarium. 

Tinctura  hiera  picra...Wine  of 
aloes. 

Tinctura  Thebaica..  Wine  of  opium. 

Tinctura  sacra...  Wine  of  aloes. 

Tinea. ..Scald-head. 

Tin  glass... Bismuth. 

T.  0.,  tinctura  opii... Tincture  of 
opium. 

T.  0.  C,  tinctura  opii  camphorata 
...  Camphorated  tincture  of 
opium. 

Tonics... Medicines  which  improve 
the  state  of  the  digestive  func- 
tions, and  eventually  give  a 
healthy  tone  to  the  whole  system. 

Tr.,  tinctura...  A  tincture. 

Trip... Oxide  of  iron. 

Troch.,  trochisci... Lozenges. 

Turbith's  mineral . . . Subsulphate 
of  mercury,  yellow  sulphate  of 
mercury,  queen's  yellow. 

Turmeric . . .  Curcuma. 

Turner's  cerate . . .Calamine cerate. 

Turnsole...  Litmus,  archil,  cud- 
bear. 

Turps ...  Turpentine. 

Tussilaginis . . .  Coltsfoot. 

Tutty... Impure  oxide  of  zinc. 

Typhus... A  severe  form  of  fever. 

ULMi...Elm,  the  bark. 

Ult.  prsescr.,  ultimo  prsescriptus 
...The  last  prescribed. 

Ultramarine  (beyond  the  sea.). 
A  blue  pigment. 

Unction... Mercurial  ointment. 

Unguentum . . .  Ointment. 

Unguentum  album... Carbonate  of 
lead  ointment,  spermaceti  oint- 
ment. 

Unguentum  iEgyptiacum... Lini- 
ment of  verdigris. 


Unguentum  lithargyri... Oxide  of 
lead  ointment. 

Unguentum  veratri  ...  Hellebore 
ointment. 

Unguentum  viride... Elder  oint- 
ment. 

Urticaria. ..The  nettle-rash. 

Ustse...  Burnt;  Spongiae  ustge... 
Burnt  sponge. 

Uvse  ursi... Whortleberry. 

Varicella...  Chicken-pox. 

Variola ...  Small-pox. 

Variola  vaccina... Cow-pox. 

Varix... Dilated  or  varicose  veins, 
having  tumours  or  knots  in  them. 

Venice  turpentine  ...  Rosin  and 
turpentine. 

Ventre  jejuno... Fasting,  the  sto- 
mach being  empty. 

Verdigris... Sub  or  diacetate  of 
copper,  rust  of  copper. 

Vermes...  Worms. 

Vermifuges... Anthelmintics,  me- 
dicines which  expel  worms. 

Vermilion... Bisulphate  of  mer- 
cury. 

Verrucca...A  wart. 

Vini...Wine. 

Vinum  Hispanicum... White  wine, 
sherry. 

Vinum  rubrum...Port  wine. 

Vital  air... Oxygen  gas. 

Vitello  ovi...The  yolk  of  an  egg. 

Vitriol. ..Sulphuric  acid. 

Vitriol  of  Mars... Sulphate  of  iron, 
copperas. 

Vitriolic  acid... Sulphuric  acid. 

Vitriolic  naphtha... Ether. 

Vitrum  an timonii... Glass  of  anti- 
mony, calcined  antimony. 

Vitrum  pulverisatum... Powdered 
glass. 

Volatile  alkali...  Ammonia. 

Volatile  liniment  ...Liniment  of 
ammonia. 

Volatile  salts,.. Carbonate  or  ses- 
quicarbonate  of  ammonia. 


GLOSSARY. 


289 


V.  0.  S.,  vitello  ovi  solutus... Dis- 
solved in  the  yolk  of  an  egg. 

Vom.  urg.,  vomitione  urgente... 
When  the  vomiting  is  trouble- 
some. 

V.  S.,  venesectio... Bleeding. 

V.  S.  ad  gx... Bleed  to  ten  ounces. 

V.  S.  B.,  venesectio  brachii... 
Bleed  from  the  arm. 

Vulnus...A  wound. 

Ward's  essence... Compound  cam- 
phor liniment. 

Ward's  paste... Confection  of  black 
pepper. 

White  copper... German  silver. 

White  ointment...  Carbonate  of 
lead  ointment,  spermaceti  oint- 
ment. 

White  precipitate  ointment... Oint- 
ment of  ammonio- chloride  of 
mercury. 


Wilson's  Eau  Medicinale... Tinc- 
ture of  colchicum. 
Wolfsbane...  Aconite. 
Wood  naphtha... Pyroxilic  spirit. 

Yellow  wash... Corrosive  subli- 
mate and  lime  water,  used  to 
sores. 

Yellow  ointment... Nitrate  of  mer- 
cury ointment. 

Zibethum  . . .  Civet. 

Zinc,  butter  of... Chloride  of  zinc. 

Zinc,  muriate  of...  Chloride  of  zinc. 

Zingiberis . . .  Ginger. 

Zymotic  diseases.... Literally  fer- 
mentative diseases,  as  small- 
pox or  measles;  applied  to  dis- 
eases which  are  endemic,  epi- 
demic or  contagious. 

Zz.,  zingiber... Ginger.        / 

ZZ...Gum  myrrh. 


25 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Abernethy's  Pills 13 

Acetate 13 

Acetic  Acid,  Camphorated...  45 

Acetic  Extract  of  Squills 13 

Acetimetry 14 

Acidimetry 15 

Acids  for  Galvanic  Batteries...  14 

Acid,  Acetic 13,  14 

Acetic,  Dilute 14 

Acetic,  Camphorated 45 

Arsenious 23 

Chloric 59 

Chromic 63 

Citric 64 

Hydrochloric 126 

Nitric 177 

Nitric,  Diluted 178 

Nitro-Muriatic 180 

Nitrous 180 

Oxalic 189 

Phosphoric,  Diluted 197 

Pyroligneous  213 

Sulphuric 237 

Sulphuric,  Dilute 238 

Sulphurous 238 

Tannic 242 

Tartaric 242 

Aconite 15 

Aconitina 16 

Aconiti  Radix 15 

Aconiti  Folium 15 

Ague  Drops 16 

Air  Baths 31 


PAGE 

Alabaster,  to  Clean 15 

To  Harden 15 

To  Join 15 

To  Polish.... 15 

Albumen 15 

Albumen,  to  Preserve 15 

Alcohol 15 

Alkalies 16 

Alkaline  Baths 16 

Alkaline  Solution,  Brandish's  39 

Alkaloids 16 

Alkanet  Root 17 

Alloys 17 

Alloys  of  Nickel 177 

Almond  Bloom 37 

Flavour 17 

Paste 193 

Soap 75 

Almonds,  Sweet 17 

Almonds,  Bitter 17 

Alum  Rupel '18 

Alum  Sugar 237 

Alum ..., 17 

Alum,  Gargle 17 

Alum,  Dried 18 

Alum,  Compound  Solution  of    18 

Amadou.. 18 

Amalgams 18 

Amalgam  of  Gold 18 

For  Mirrors 19 

For  Silvering  Globes 18 

For  the  Teeth 19 

Of  Zinc 19 


292 


INDEX. 


Amber 20 

To  Join 20 

To  Dissolve 20 

American  Whitewash 20 

Ammonia,  Liquor  of 20 

Ammoniacal  solution  for 

Plants 20 

Ammoniated  solution  of  Qui- 
nine..   20 

Anatomical  Preparations,  To 

Preserve 20 

Anchovies,  Essence  of 21 

Anchovy  Powder 21 

Anchovy  Paste 21 

Anchusa  Tinctoria 17 

Annatto 21 

Annatto,  Purified 22 

Annatto,  Solution  of 22 

Anodyne  Balsam,  Bates's 30 

Anti-Attrition 22 

Antibilious  Pills, 22 

Antibilious  Pills,  Barclay's..  29 

Anti-Ferment 22 

Antimony 22 

Antimony,  Potassio -Tartrate 

*       of 207 

Aperient  Biscuits 35 

Aperient,   Magnesian  Effer- 
vescing   165 

Aperient  Pills,  Halford's 123 

Aqua  Florum  Naphge 22 

Aqua  Vegeto-mineralis  22 

Archil 22 

Arnold's  Copaiba  Mixture....  73 

Arrowroot 22 

Arrowroot  Jelly 23 

Arsenic 23 

Arsenic,  Tests  for 23 

Arsenic,  Antidotes  to 23 

Arsenious  Acid 23 

Artificial  Asses'  Milk 24 

Artificial  Grindstones .  121 

Artificial  Yeast 261 

Asarabacca  Snuff 23 

Asphaltum,  Prepared 23 

Asses'  Milk,  Artificial 24 

Atkinson's  Infants'  Preserva- 
tive   24 


PAGE 

Axle  Grease 39 

Bacher's  Tonic  Pills 24 

Bailey's  Itch  Ointment 24 

Baillie's  Pills 24 

Dinner  Pills., 24 

Baker's  Itch,  Ointment  for...  24 

Baking  Powder 24 

Baldwin's  Phosphorus 25 

Balloon  Varnish 25 

Balls,  Camphor 28 

for  Scouring  Clothes 28 

Furniture 28 

Heel 28 

Horse 25,26,  27 

Wash 28 

Balsam  of  Honey 28 

Bandoline 29 

Barclay's  Antibilious  Pills...  29 

Barege  Water 29 

Basilicon  Ointment 30 

Baster's  Farina 30 

Bateman's  Itch  Ointment 30 

Bath  Digestive  Pills 32 

Bath  Lozenges  or  Pipe 32 

Bath  Pipe 32 

Baths,  Air 31 

Chemical... 32 

Medicated 31 

Vapour 31 

Water 31 

Battery,  Galvanic 32 

BaumedeVie 32,33 

Baynton's  Plaster 33 

Beddoe's  Pills 33 

Beef  Tea 33 

Beer,  Ginger 33 

Spruce 34 

Treacle 34 

Beetles,  to  Destroy 34 

Benzole 34 

Betton's  British  Oils 34 

Bice,  Blue 34 

Bice,  Green 34 

Bird  Lime 34 

Biscuits,  Aperient., 35 

Bismuth 35 

Bismuth,  Nitrate  of 35 


INDEX. 


293 


PAGE 

Bister 35 

Bisulphuret  of  Carbon 35 

Black,  Brunswick.. 35 

Black  Draught 35 

Black  Drop 35 

Black,  Japan 3G 

Black  Reviver 36 

Blacking  for  boots  and  shoes  36 

Blacking,  Harness 35 

Bladders,  Prepared 36 

Blanc  de  Fard 37 

Blanc  de  Francais 37 

Blanc  de  Perle '  37 

Bleaching 37 

Blister,  Extemporaneous 37 

Blister  Liquid 37 

Blistering  Tissue 37 

Bloom  of  Roses 37 

Bloom,  Almond 37 

Blue,  Chemic 37 

Blue  Fire 37 

Blue  Ink  to  turn  Black 37 

Blue,  Liquid 38 

Blue  Stone 38 

Boards,  To  Clean 38 

Boerhaave's  Odontalgic 38 

Bookbinders' Stains............  38 

Boot  Powder..... 38 

Boot-top  Liquid 38 

Booth's  Axle  Grease 39 

Boots,  To  Waterproof 38 

Borax,  Glass  of 39 

Bougies,  to  Prepare 39 

Bouquet  de  la  Reine 39 

Brandish's  Alkaline  Solution  39 

Brass  Alloy 39 

Brass,  To  Clean 40 

Brazil  Paper 40 

Bread  Unfermented 40 

Breath.  Stinking 40 

Brine  for  Meat 40 

British  Gum 40 

Bronze 41 

Bronze  for  Medals 41 

Bronze  Powder ..  41 

Bronzing  Liquids 41 

Bronzing  Tin  Castings 42 

Bronzing..... 42 

26 


Bronzing  Tin 42 

Browning ,..  42 

Browning  for  Gun  Barrels...  42 

Bugs,  To  Destroy 42 

Bug  Poison ,  42 

Burnett's  Disinfecting  Fluid..  42 

Butter,  To  Preserve 42 

Butyrate  of  Ethyloxide 44 

Butyric  Ether 44 

Cabbage  Paper 44 

Cachou  Aromatise 44 

Cadet's  Tooth  Powder 44 

Camphine , 44 

Camphor 44 

Camphor,  Artificial 44 

Camphor,  To  Powder 44 

Camphor  Balls ,  44 

Camphor  Ball 44 

Camphor  Cerate 45 

Camphor  Ice   45 

Camphor  Julep,  Concentrated  45 
Camphor  Liniment,  Extempo- 
raneous,   45 

Camphor,  Murray's  Fluid....  45 

Camphorated  Acetic  Acid....  45 

Camphorated  Chalk 45 

Camphorated  Oil 46 

Camphorated  Vinegar 46 

Candy,  Carraway 46 

Candy,  Digestive  or  Live-long  46 

Candy,  Horehound 46 

Cannelle 46 

Canton's  Phosphorus 46 

Caoutchouc,  To  Dissolve 46 

Caoutchoucine 47 

Capillaire 47 

Capillaire  Limoniated 47 

Capsules , 47 

Carbonate  of  Iron  with  Sugar  48 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia 48 

Carbonate  of  Potash 48 

Carbonate  of  Potass 48 

Carbonate  of  Soda 49 

Carbonate  of  Soda,  Dried....  49 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 49 

Carbonic  Oxide 49 

Carburetted  Hydrogen :  50 


294 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Carlsbad  Water 50 

Carminative,  Dalby's 50 

Carmine 50 

Carmine,  Liquid 50 

Carpets,  To  Clean 51 

Carrabelli's  Dentifrice 51 

Carron  Oil 51 

Cartwriglit's  Dentifrice 51 

Case-hardening 51 

Casks,  To  Sweeten 51 

Castor  Oil  Pomade 52 

Catheters,  To  Prepare 52 

Cayenne,  Soluble 52 

Cement   for   Leather   and 

Cloth 54 

Cement,  Transparent 55 

Cement,  Alabaster 52 

Architectural. 52 

Armenian 52 

Botany  Bay 53 

Bottle 58 

Chinese 53 

Coppersmiths' 53 

Egg 53 

Electrical 53 

Engineers' , 53 

French 54 

Hensler's 54 

Hydraulic 54 

Iron 54 

Mahogany 54 

Opticians' 54 

Bice 54 

Stone 54 

Turners' 55 

Cephalic  Snuff ■ 55 

Cerates 55 

Cerate  of  Acetate  of  Lead...  55 

.     .Of  Calamine 55 

Of  Cantharides 55 

Of  Lead,  compound 56 

Of  Mercury,  compound.  56 

Of  Resin.. 56 

Of  Soap,  compound 56 

Chalk,  Precipitated 56 

Chalk,  Prepared 56 

Chalybeate  Water 56 

Chamberlain's   Restorative 

Pills 57 


PAGE 

Chameleon  Mineral —  57 

Chamomile  Drops 57 

Chamomile  Pills 57 

Chapped  Hands 57 

Charcoal 57 

Charcoal  Crayons 57 

Charcoal  Tooth  Powder 57 

Charta  Exploratoria 58 

Chavasse's  Remedy  for  Hoop- 
ing Cough 58 

Chelsea  Pensioner 57 

Cheltenham  Salts 58 

Chemical  Bronze 58 

Chilblains 58  . 

Chilblains,  To  Cure 58 

Ching's  Worm  Lozenges. 58 

Chlorate  of  Barytes 59 

Chlorate  of  Potash 59 

Chloric  Acid  59 

Chloric  Ether 60 

Chlorides 58 

Chlorine 59 

Chlorine  Gas 60 

Chloroform 60 

Cholera 61 

Cholera  Mixture , 61 

Cholera  Powders 61 

Chromate  of  Potash... 62 

Chrome  Green 62 

Chrome  Red 62 

Chrome  Yellow 62 

Chromic  Acid 63 

Cinnabar  of  Antimony 63 

Cinneres  Clavellati 63 

Circassian  Cream  for  dressing 

the  Hair 63 

Circassian  Cream 63 

Circassian  Dentifrice 64 

Citric  Acid 64 

Claudet's  Instantaneous  Posi- 
tive Paper 64 

Cochineal,  Liquid ,  65 

Cochrane's  Cough  Mixture...  65 

Coffee,  Essence  of 65 

Coindet's  Pills 65 

Coins  and  Medals,  To  Copy..  65 

Cold  Cream . .  65 

Collier's  Wine  of  Quinine....  66 

Collins'  Disinfecting  Powder  66 


INDEX. 


Collodion ■ 60 

Collodion  Plates,  To  Clean...  60 
Collodion  Process;  or,  Photo- 
graphy on  Glass, 66 

Colours  for  Confectionary....  69 

Colours  for  Show  Bottles 69 

C  olours  for  Vehicles 69 

Concentrated  Milk 70 

Confections 70 

Confection,  Aromatic 70 

Confection  of  Almond 70 

Of  Cassia 71 

Of  Opium 71 

Of  Orange 71 

Of  Pepper.... 71 

Of  Red  Rose 72 

Of  Dog  Rose 72 

Of  Rue 72 

Of  Scammony 72 

Of  Senna 72 

Congreve  Matches 72 

Copaiba  or  Capivi 73 

Copaiba,  Solution  of 73 

Copaiba  Mixture 73 

Copal 73 

Copal,  Solution  of 73 

Copper,  Nitrate  of 73 

Copper,  Oxide  of 74 

Copper,  Powdered 74 

Copper,  Protoxide  of 74 

Coral,  Factitious 74 

Corns,  To  Remove 74 

Cosmetics  for  the  Skin 74 

Cottereau's   Solution    for 

Toothache 75 

Cough,  Popular  Remedies  for  7-3 

Court  Plaster 75 

Crayons,  Drawing 75 

Crayons  for  Writing  on  Glass.  76 

Cream,  Crystalline..... 76 

Cream,  Fox's 76 

Cream,  Furniture 76 

Cream,  Painter's.. 76 

Crickets,  To  Destroy 77 

Crimson  Liquid  for  Tinsel  or 

Paper 77 

Crystal  Mineral 77 

Cuilleree  Ordinaire  (Une.)...  77 


PAGE 

Cuiller  a  Bouche  (Une.) 77 

Cuiller  a  Cafe  (Une.) 77 

CundelPs  Photographic  Pa- 
per Process 77 

Curry  Powder 77 

Custard  Powder , 78 

Cyanide  of  Potassium 78 

Daffy's  Elixir 78 

Dahlia  Test 78 

Damp  Wails,  Remedy  for....  78 

Dandelion  Coffee 78 

Darcet's  Carminative  Lozen- 
ges  « 79 

Deafness,  Remedy  for 79 

Decoctions 79 

Decoction  of  Aloes,  compound  79 

Of  Yellow  Bark 79 

Of  Pale  Bark 79 

Of  Red  Bark 79 

Of  Barley 79 

Of  Barley,  compound...  79 

Of  Broom,  compound...  79 

Of  Dandelion 80 

Of  Elm 80 

Of  Galls 80 

Of  Liverwort 80 

Of  Logwood 80 

Of  Madder  Root 80 

Of  Oak  Bark ,. 80 

Of  Pareira 80 

Of  Pomegranate ...  80 

Of  Pomegranate  Root...  80 

Of  Poppy 81 

Of  Quince 81 

Of  Sarsaparilla 81 

Of    Sarsaparilla,     com- 
pound   81 

Of  Senega 81 

Of  Starch 81 

Of  Tormentil 81 

Of  Whortleberry 81 

Of  Wintergreen 81 

Of  Woody  Nightshade...  81 

Delcroix's  Poudre  Subtile....  82 

Dentifrice 82 

Depilatories 82 

Depilatory,  Rayer's 82 


296 


INDEX. 


Depilatory,  Redwood's 

Derbyshire's  Embrocation  for 

Sea-Sickness 

Detergent,  Collier's...  

Dextrine 

Diapente  

Disinfectants 

Doors,  To  Prevent  Creaking 

Drawings,  To  Fix 

Drawings  and  Photographs, 

to  Mount 

Drops,  Bateman's  Pectoral... 

Drops,  Jesuits' 

Drops,  Scouring.. ..* , ... 

Druggists'  Show-Colours  for 

Windows,  &c 

Dryers  for  Paint 

Drying  Oil 

Dubbing 

Dupuytren's  Eye  Salve 

Dutch  Drops 

Dyes  for  the  Hair 

Dyes  for  Ivory 


Eaton's  Styptic 

Eau  d'Ambre 

Eau  d'Ange.. 

Eau  de  Bouquet 

Eau  de  Cologne 

Eau  de  Lavande 

Eau  de  Lavande  aux  Mille- 

fleurs 

Eau  de  Mareschale 

Eau  de  Millefleurs 

Eau  sansPareille 

Eau  de  Melisse  de  Cannes... 

Eau  de  Portugal 

Eau  de  Vie  Allemande 

Effervescent  Magnesia 

Eggs,  To  Preserve 

Elderflower  Water 

Elixir,  Daffy's 

Elixir,  Swinton's  Daffy's 

Elixir,  Radcliffe's  . , 

Elixir  of  Roses .. 

Elixir,  Squire's 

Elixir,  Stough ton's 

Elixir  de  Vie 


PAGE 

82 

83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 

83 

84 
84 
84 

84 
85 
85 
85 
85 
85 
86 
86 

88 


00 
89 
89 
90 
90 
90 
90 
90 
90 
90 
91 
91 
91 
91 
91 
91 
91 


PAGE 

Embrocation,  Guesfonian 91. 

Embrocation,  Roche's 91 

Emplastrum  Cephalicum 91 

Emulsion 91 

Emulsion  of  Gum 92 

Emulsion  of  Oil  of  Almonds  92 

Enemas 92 

Enema  of  Aloes 92 

Of  Assafoetida 92 

Of  Colocynth 92 

Of  Opium , 92 

Of  Tobacco 92 

Of  Turpentine 92 

Ergot 93 

Ergot,  Tincture  of 93 

Ergot,  Tincture  of,  Ethereal. .  93 

Eschalot  Wine 93 

Esprit 93 

Esprit  de  Bergamotte 93 

Esprit  de  Rose 93 

Essence 94 

Essence  of  Ambergris 94 

Of  Ambergris,  compound  94 

Of  Anchovies 94 

D'Ambrette  94 

Of  Bitter  Almonds 94 

De  Bouquet 94 

Of  Cedar 95 

Of  Ergot  of  Rye 95 

For  Headache.. 96 

Of  Lilac 96 

Of  Magnolia 96 

For  Preston  Salts 97 

Of  Spring  Flowers 98 

Of  Sweet  Brier 97 

Of  Sweet  Pea 98 

Of  Tonquin 98 

Of  Camphor 95 

Of  Cayenne 94 

Of  Cayenne,  concentra- 
ted   94 

Of  Civet 96 

Of  Cuhebs., 96 

Of  Flowers...., 95 

Of  Ginger  and  Chamo- 
mile   95 

Of  Ginger 95 

Of  Musk 96 


INDEX. 


297 


PAGE 

Essence  of  Mustard 97 

Of  Neroli 97 

Of  Patchouli 97 

Of  Peppermint 96 

Of  Quinine 97 

Of  Red  Hoses 97 

Of  Rondeletia 97 

Of  Vanilla 97 

Of  Verbena 96—98 

Of  Violets 96—98 

Essence  for  Smelling  Bottles  98 

Essentia  Odorifera 98 

Etching 98 

Etching  Ground 98 

Ether... , 99 

Ethiop's,  Martial 100 

Ethiops,  Mineral 100 

Extracts 100 

Extract  of  Aconite 100 

Extract  of  Dandelion  (Fluid.)  100 

•    Of  Elder  Flowers 100 

Of  Elder  Flowers,  for  the 

Complexion 100 

Of  Aloes 100 

Of  Barbadoes  Aloes 100 

Of  Belladonna 100 

Of  Yellow  Bark 101 

Of  Pale  Bark 101 

Of  Bed  Bark 101 

Of  Colchicum 101 

Of  Colchicum,  Acetic...  101 

Of  Dandelion 100,  101 

Of  Elaterium 101 

Of  Gentian 102 

Of  Heliotrope 102 

Of  Honeysuckle 102 

Of  Hyoscyanius  (Fluid.)  102 

Of  Jonquil 102 

Of  Lavender 103 

Of  Hemlock 102 

Of  Henbane 102 

Of  Hop 102 

Of  Jalap 102 

Of  Lettuce 103 

Of  Liquorice 103 

Of  Logwood 103 

Of  Malt 103 

Of  Meat 103 

26* 


Extract  of  Opium 103 

Of  Pareira 103 

Of  Poppy 103 

Of  Rhubarb 103 

Of  Sarsaparilla  (fluid)..  104 

Of  Senna  (fluid) 104 

Of  Stramonium 104 

Of  Whortleberry 104 

Feet,  To  Deodorize  Foul 104 

Fermented  Medical  Prepara- 
tions   104 

Ferridcyanide  of  Iron 105 

Filtering  Powder 105 

Filtration fc 105 

Finings  for  Porter,  Wine,  &c.  105 

Finings  for  Gin 105 

Fires,  To  Extinguish 105 

Fixing    Solution  for    Paper 

Pictures 105 

Flame,  Coloured.. 105 

Flash 106 

Flavouring  Essence 106 

Flies,  To  Destroy 106 

Flour,  To  Detect  Adultera- 
tions in 106 

Flour,  Baked 106 

Flowers,  to  Preserve 106 

Flowers,  To  hasten  the  blow- 
ing of 106 

Flux,  Black 107 

Christison's,  for  Arsenic  107 

Cornish 107 

Crude 107 

Fresenius's 107 

Morveau's 107 

White 107 

Foie  de  Soufre 107 

Foie  de  Soufre  Calcaire 107 

Foils 107 

Foil,  Blue 107 

Foil,  Green 108 

Foil,  Red 108 

Foil,  Yellow 108 

Freckles,  Lotion  for 108 

Freeman's  Bathing  Spirits...  108 

Freezing  Mixtures 108 

French  Polish 1C9 


298 


INDEX. 


French  Polish,  To 110 

Frustula 110 

Fulminating  Powder 110 

Fumigation 110 

Furniture  Cream Ill 

Furniture  Oil.... Ill 

Furniture  Paste 112 

Furniture  Polish Ill 

Fusible  Metal 112 

Gall,  Clarified 112 

Gall,  Inspissated 112 

Ganteine 112 

Gas,  Coal 112 

German  Paste 113 

Gilder's  Wax 114 

Gilding 113 

Gilding,  Burnished 113 

Gilding,  Cold 113 

Gilding,  Liquor 113 

Gilding,  Metal 113 

Gilding,  China 113 

Gilding,  Glass 114 

Gilding,  Silk,  &c 114 

Gilding  Water 114 

Ginger  Beer 114 

Gingerbread 115 

Gingerbread,  Ormskirk 115 

Glass,  To  Clean 115 

Glass,  To  Cut 115 

Glass,  To  Drill 115 

Glass,  Ground 116 

Glass,  To  Powder 115 

Glass,  To  Write  on 110 

Gleba 116 

Glue  impervious  to  Water....  116 

Glue 117 

Glue,  Liquid 117 

Glue,  Marine  117 

Glue,  Portable 117 

Glycerine 117 

Glycerine  Balsam 117 

Glycerine  Ointment 117 

Godfrey's  Cordial 118 

Gold 118 

Gold  (Artificial.) 118 

Gold,  Detergent , 118 

Gold,  Factitious 119 


Gold,  Fulminating 119 

Gold,  Liquid 119 

Gold,  Powdered 119 

Gold  Size  (oil) 119 

Gold  Size  (water) 119 

Gold,  Terchloride  of 119 

Gout 119 

Gout  Cordial,  Warner's 120 

Gowland's  Lotion 120 

Grains  of  Paradise 120 

Gramme , 120 

Greek  Fire 120 

Green  Liquid  for  Tinsel 120 

Green  Ointment,  Blake's 120 

Gregory's  Powder 120 

Grindstones,  Artificial 121 

Grindrod's   Bemedy   for 

Spasms 121 

Gros 121 

Gunpowder 121 

Gutta  Percha 121 

Gutta  Percha,  Solvents  for..  121 

Hair,  The 122 

Hair  Dyes 122 

Hair  Powder 122 

Hair  Wash 122 

Hair  Dye 122 

Halford's  Aperient  Pills 123 

Halford's  Gout  Pills 123 

Hannay's  Lotion 123 

Harrogate  Waters 123 

Heading  for  Beer 123 

Herb  Tobacco 123 

Hiera  Picra 123 

Holloway's  Ointment 123 

Holloway's  Pills 123 

Honey 123 

Honey  of  Borax 124 

Honey,  Clarified., 124 

Honey  of  Roses 124 

Honey  Soap 124 

Honey  Water 124 

Horehound 125 

Horehound  Candy 125 

Horehound  Syrup 125 

Huile  Antique 125 

Huile  Antique  a  la  Rose.....  125 


INDEX. 


299 


Huile  Antique  a  la  Fleur 

cl'Orange 125 

Huile  Antique  a  la  Violette.    125 
H  uile  Antique  auxMillefleurs  125 

Huile  Antique  Yerte 125 

Hungary  Water 125 

Huxham's  Tincture  of  Bark    126 

Hydrochloric  Acid 126 

Hydrochloric  Acid,  diluted..  126 

Hydrochloric  Acid  Gas 126 

Hydrofluoric  Acid 126 

Hydrogen 127 

Hydrogen,  Carburetted 120 

Hydrolatum 128 

Imperial 128 

Impressions  (to  take)  of  Me- 
dals, Casts,  &c 128 

Incense 128 

Incorrosive  Alloy..... 129 

Incorrosive  Ink  for   Steel 

Pens 129 

India  Pickle  128 

India  Rubber,  Solvents  for...   128 

India  Rubber  Blacking 128 

Indigestion,  Popular  Reme- 
dies for 129 

Indigo 130 

Indigo,  Purified 130 

Indigo,  Sulphate  of 130 

Indigo  Test  Paper 130 

Infusions 131 

Infusions  of  Yellow  Bark....   131 
Of  Yellow  Bark,  concen- 
trated   131 

Of  Pale  Bark 131 

Of  Pale  Bark,   concen- 
trated    131 

Of  Buchu 131 

OfCalumba 131 

OfCascarilla 131 

Of  Catechu,  Compound.  131 

Of  Chamomile  131 

OfChiretta 132 

Of  Cloves 132 

Of  Cusparia 132 

Of  Foxglove 132 

Of  Gentian,  compound..  132 


PAGE 

Infusion  of  Hops 132 

Of    Horseradish,     com- 
pound   132 

Of  Linseed,  compound..  132 
Of  Orange,  compound..  133 

Of  Quassia 133 

OfRhatany 133 

OfRhubarb 133 

Of  Rose,  compound 133 

Of  Senna,  compound....  133 

Of  Serpentary 133 

OfValerian 134 

Ink,  Black  Writing 134 

Asiatic 135 

Bracannot's 137 

Brande's 134 

Blue  Black 135 

Copying 135 

Broome's 134 

Carbon 137 

Copying 136 

Horticultural ;....   136 

Japan 136 

Lewis's 134 

Packer's  137 

Patent 135 

Permanent 135 

Prerogative 134 

Ribaucourt's 134 

Shellac 137 

Ure's 134 

Wollaston's 134 

Writing 136 

Blue 137 

Green 138 

Red 138 

Yellow 138 

Violet 138 

Purple 138 

Brown 139 

Label 139 

Lithographic 139 

Marking 139 

Ticketing 140 

Indian 140 

Perpetual 140 

Printing 141 

Savage's  Printing 141 


300 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Ink,  Sympathetic 141 

Powders  , 142 

To  Restore 142 

To  Remove 142 

Iodide  of  Nitrogen 1.42 

Iodide  of  Quinine 142 

Iodine 142 

Iron 143 

Iron,  Ammonio-Chloride  of..   143 

Ammonio-Citrate  of 144 

Potassio-Tartrate  of 144 

Sesquioxide  of 145 

Sulphate  of 145 

Isinglass  Cement 145 

Isomorphous 146 

Isomeric 146 

Ivory,  To  Bleach 146 

Japan  Black 146 

Japan,   Transparent 146 

Jelly,  Arrowroot 146 

Biscuit 146 

Cofsican  Moss 146 

Gelatine 147 

Hartshorn, 146 

Iceland  Moss 147 

Irish  Moss 147 

Isinglass 147 

RadclhTe's  Restorative..  147 

Sago 147 

Tapioca 147 

Juice,  Refined 147 

Keating's    Cough  Lozenges  147 

Ketchup,  Camp 148 

Cucumber 148 

Cockle 148 

Marine 148 

Mushroom 149 

Oyster 149 

Ketchup,  Tomata.... 149 

Walnut 149 

Kilogramme 149 

King's  Yellow 150 

Labels  on  Tin 150 

Lac 150 

Lac,  To  Bleach , 150 


PAGE 

Lac,  Solution  of 150 

Lacquer , 151 

Lacquer  for  Brass 151 

Lacquer,  Gold-Coloured 151 

Lagena... 151 

Lake,.Blue 151 

Lake,  Drop 151 

Lake,  Madder 152 

Lake,  Red 152 

Languncula 151 

Lapis  Xnfernalis  Alkalinus...  152 

Lapis  Divinus... 152 

Lard,  Purified 152 

Lavender  Water 152 

Lavender,  Smith's  British...   152 

Lead 152 

Lead,  Acetate  of 153 

Lead,  Iodide  of. 153 

Lead,  Oxide  of 153 

Leather,  to  Fasten  on  Metal.   154 
Leather,    Waterproof  (Com- 
position for) 154 

Leeches 154 

Lemon  Juice,  Factitious 155 

Lemonade 155 

Lemonade,  Aerated 155 

Lemonade,  Concentrated 155 

Lemonade  Powders 155 

Lemonade    Powders   in   one 

Paper 155 

Lily  of  the  Valley 155 

Lime 156 

Lime,  Chloiinated 156 

Linen,   To  distinguish  from 

Cotton  .. 156 

Liniment  156 

Of  Ammonia 156 

Of  Camphor   156 

Of  Camphor,  compound  157 

Of  Lime 157 

Of  Mercury.... 157 

Of  Opium.,,. 157 

Of   Sesquicarbonate    of  157 

Ammonia 157 

Of  Soap 157 

Of  Turpentine 157 

Of  Verdigris 157 

Liniment,  White 157 


INDEX. 


301 


PAGE 

Lip  Salve 158 

Lip  Salve,  White 157 

Liquid  Blister 158 

Liquid  Soap  158 

Liquors,  or  Cold  Infusions...  158 

Lithography 158 

Locock's  Pulmonic  Wafers...  160 

Lozenge  160 

Lozenges 163 

Lozenges,  Acacia 161 

Chalk 161 

Lactucarium 161 

Liquorice 161 

Magnesia 161 

Morphia  161 

Morphia   and   Ipecacu- 
anha    161 

Opium 162 

Soda 162 

Tartaric  Acid: 162 

Lutes  164 

Maceration , 164 

Macaroni 164 

Macaroni  Pudding 164 

Madder,  Lake 1.51 

Magistere  de  Soufre 164 

Magnesia 164 

Magnesia,  Carbonate  of 164 

Magnesia,  Sulphate  of 165 

Magnesian  Effervescing  Ape- 
rient     165 

Mahogany,  To  Imitate 165 

Malt  „ 166 

Manganese,  Binoxide  of 166 

Marble,  To  Clean 166 

Marble,  To  Stain 166 

Marble,  to  Imitate 166 

Megilp 167 

Mellago 167 

Mercury  167 

Mercury,  Ammonio- Chloride 

of 167 

Bichloride  of 167 

Bisulphuret  of 168 

Chloride  of 169 

Iodide  of 169 

Nitrico-oxide  of 169 


Metal,  to  Preserve  from  Cor- 
rosion    170 

Milk,  To  Preserve  170 

Milk  of  Roses 170 

Mineral  Marmoratum 171 

Mineral  Succedaneum 171 

Mixtures  171 

Mixture  of  Acacia 171 

Of  Almond 171 

Of  Ammoniacum 172 

Of  Brandy 172 

Of  Camphor 172 

Of  Chalk 172 

Of  Gentian,  compound..  172 

Of  Guaiacum 172 

Of  Iron,  Compound 172 

Modelling  Clay  (Soft.) 172 

Moiree  Metallique 172 

Mordants  173 

Morphia 173 

Morphia,  Acetate  of 173 

Morphia,  Hydrochlorate  of..   174 
Mounting  Fluid  for  Micro- 
scopical Objects 174 

Mucilage  of  Acacia 174 

Mucilage  of  Tragacanth 174 

Musk 174 

Mustard 175 

Mustard  Poultice 175 

Mustard,  Table 175 

Myrrh... 175 

Naphtha 175 

Naphtha  Vitreoli 176 

Nervous  Cordials 176 

Nickel 176 

Nicotine 177 

Nitrate  of  Iron 177 

Nitric  Acid 177 

Nitric  Acid,  diluted 178 

Nitrogen 178 

Nitromuriatic  Acid 180 

Nitrous  Acid  180 

Norfolk  Fluid ,  180 

Novargent 180 

Ny  c  themeron ...  1 80 

Oils 180 


302 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Oil  of  Aniseed 182 

OfCajeput 182 

Of  Carraway 182 

Of  Chamomile 182 

Of  Cinnamon 182 

Of  Cloves 182 

OfCopaiba 183 

OfCubebs 183 

Of  Dill 183 

Of  Fennel 183 

Of  Juniper 183 

Of  Lavender 183 

Of  Lemon 183 

Of  Linseed 183 

Of  Neroli 183 

Of  Nutmeg 183 

Of  Olives 183 

Of  Pennyroyal 183 

Of  Peppermint 183 

Of  Pimento. 184 

Of  Rosemary 184 

OfRue 184 

Of  Savine 184 

Of  Spearmint 184 

Of  Turpentine... 184 

Oil,  Almond 182 

Bitter  Almond 182 

Castor 181 

Cod  Liver 181 

Croton..... 181 

Ethereal 181 

Ointments 184 

Ointment  of  Ammonio-Chlo- 

ride  of  Mercury....   184 

Of  Belladonna 184 

Of  Cantharides.... 184 

Of  Creosote 185 

Of  Elder 185 

Of  Hypochloride  of  Sul- 
phur   185 

Of  Elemi 185 

Of  Gall,  compound 185 

Of  Hemlock 185 

Of  Iodide  of  Lead 185 

Of  Iodide  of  Mercury..  185 
Of  Iodide  of  Potassium  185 
Of  Iodide  of  Sulphur...  185 
Of  Lead,  compound 186 


PAGE 

Ointment  of  Mercury 186 

Of  Nitrate  of  Mercury..  186 
Of  Nitrate  of  Mercury 

milder   186 

Of  Nitric-oxide  of  Mer- 
cury   186 

Of  Opium 186 

Of  Pitch 186 

Of  Potassio-Tartrate  of 

Antimony 186 

Of  Savine 186 

Of  Spermaceti 187 

Of  Sulphur. 187 

Of  Sulphur,  compound..  187 

Of  Tar 187 

Of  Zinc 187 

Olein 187 

Oleum  Viride 187 

Olive  Oil  Test 187 

Olla  Fictili 187 

Opium 187 

Opodeldoc,  Steer's 188 

Orangeade 188 

Orangeade  Powders 189 

Orgeat,  Syrup  of 189 

Oxalic  Acid 189 

Oxygen  190 

Oxymel 191 

Oxymel  of  Squills 191 

Paints,  Flexible 191 

Paints,  to  mix 191 

Paper,  to  Clear  from  Grease, 

&c 191 

Paper  (to  Divide.) 191 

Paper  (to  Prepare)  for  Pho- 
tographs   192 

Oiled 192 

Paper,  copying 192 

Tracing 192 

Waxed 193 

Papier  Mache 193 

Paste,  Almond.. 193 

Flour 194 

Furniture 194 

Gum 191 

Polishing  195 

Razor 194 


INDEX. 


303 


PAGE 

Paper,  Shaving 194 

Pastilles,  Fumigating 195 

Pearl  Powder 196 

Peau  d'Espagne 195 

Peas,  Issue 196 

Pepper,  Kitchen 196 

Perchloric  Ether 196 

Phosphoretted  Hydrogen 197 

Phosphoric  Acid,  diluted 197 

Phosphorus, 197 

Phosphorus  Paste. 197 

Photographic  Sensitive  Paper  198 

Pickles  '. 198 

Pickle,  Lemon 198 

Pickle  for  Meat 198 

Pickled  Onions,  &c 198 

Pierre  Infemale 199 

Pill  of  Arseniate  of  Soda 199 

Pills 199 

Pills,  Tonic  Purgative 201 

Of  Aloe?,  compound 199 

With  Myrrh 199 

With  Soap 199 

Of  Colocynth,  compound  200 
Of  Galbanum,  compound  200 
Of  Gamboge,  compound  200 
Of  Hemlock,  compound  200 
Of  Ipecacuanha   -with 

Squill 200 

Of  Iron,  compound 200 

Of  Mercury 201 

Of  Rhubarb,  compound    201 

Of  Soap,  compound 201 

Of  Squill,  compound....  201 
Of  Storax,  compound  ...  201 

Plasters 201 

Plaster  of  Ammoniacum 202 

With  Mercury    202 

Of  Belladonna 202 

OfCantharides 202 

Of  Cummin 202 

Of  Galbanum 202 

Of  Iodide  of  Potassium.  203 

Of  Iron 203 

OfLead 203 

Of  Mercury 203 

Of  Opium 203 

Of  Pitch..,....,.., 203 


PAGE 

Plaster  of  Resin 203 

OfSoap 203 

Platinum . 203 

Poids  de  Marc 204 

Polishing  Powder  for  Specula  204 

Pomade 204 

Pomade  Divine 204 

Pomatum,  Lavender 204 

Potash,  Acetate  of 204 

Bicarbonate  of 205 

Bitartrateof ,.. 205 

Carbonate  of 205 

Chlorate  of 205 

Hydrate  of.,... 205 

Nitrate  of 206 

Sulphate  of 206 

Tartrate  of 206 

With  Lime 207 

Potassio-Tartrate  of  Anti: 

mony,.... 207 

Potassium , 207 

Potassium,  Ferrocyanide  of..  208 

Potassium,  Iodide  of..... 208 

Potassium,  Sulphate  of 208 

Poudre 209 

Pounce 209 

Powders  209 

Powder  of  Aloes,  compound  209 
Antimony,  compound...   209 

Chalk,  compound 209 

With  Opium......   209 

Cinnamon,  compound...   210 
Ipecacuanha,  compound  210 

Jalap,  compound.... 210 

Kino,  compound 210 

Scammony,  compound..  210 
Tragacanth,  compound..  210 

Pradier's  Cataplasm 210 

Prepared  Ammoniacum 211 

Assafoetida 211 

Burgundy  Pitch 211 

Cassia 211 

Frankincense ,.  211 

Galbanum 211 

Prunes 211 

Sagapenum 211 

Storax 211 

Tamarinds 211 


304 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Printing  Rollers. 212 

Prints,  Liquor  for 212 

Prussian  Blue 212 

Purple  of  Cassius 218 

Purified  Gum  Arabic 213 

Putty 213 

Pyroligneous  acid 213 

Pyrophorus 213 

Pyrophorus,  Gay Lussac's...  214 

Pyrophorus,   Hare's 214 

Pyrophorus,  Ilomberg's 213 

Queen's  Metal 214 

Quinine 214 

Quinine,  Sulphate  of. 214 

Radcliffe's  Elixir,, 214 

Rancidity,  to  Remove 215 

Ratafia 215 

Rats  and  Mice,  to  destroy....  215 

Rectification 216 

Red  Ink 216 

Relish,  Kitchener's 216 

Rennet 216 

Rennet,  Essence  of 216 

Roberts'  Poor  Man's  Friend.  216 

Rose  Hair  Oil 216 

Rosemary  Hair  Wash 217 

Rouge 217 

Rouge,  Jewellers' 217 

Rouge,  Toilet 217 

Royal  Preventive 217 

Rum  Ether 217 

Rupert's  Drops . 217 

Sachets..'. 218 

Sachets,  Anti-phthisic 218 

Saffron 218 

Sago 218 

Sal  Amarum •  219 

SalEratus 219 

Sal  Essentiale  Tartari 219 

Sal  Prunella 219 

Sal  Tartari 219 

Salep 219 

Saloop 219 

Salts,  Smelling 219 

Salt,  Red.......... 219- 


Salt,  Brown 219 

Salt,  Sore  throat 219 

Salve,  Lip 219 

Sartaginis 220 

Scammony  Resin 220 

Scent  for  Pomatums 220 

Scheele's  Green 220 

Schwartz'  Drops 220 

Scudamore's  Gout  Lotion....  220 

Sedative  Water 220 

Seidlitz    Powders    (in   one 

Paper.) 221 

Selde  Seignette 221 

Sel  Vegetal 221 

Selenium 221 

Sepia 221 

Shoemakers'  Black 221 

Signatures.,  Copies  of 221 

Silica 221 

Silver 222 

Silver,  Nitrate  of 222 

Silver,  Solders  for 222 

Silvering 223 

Silvering  on  Glass 223 

Sirop  d'Amandes 227 

Size,  Preparation  of 224 

Size,  Japanners'  Gold 224 

Size,  Gold 224 

Smalts 224 

Soap 224 

A  la  Rose 225 

An  Bouquet "225 

Bitter  Almond 225 

Fancy 225 

Floating 225 

Musk 225 

Shaving  225 

Transparent...: 225 

Soap,  Lady  Derby's 225 

Windsor 225 

Soda -226 

Biborateof ..226 

Bicarbonate  of 226 

Phosphate  of 226 

Potassio-tartrate  of 226 

Sulphate  of  226 

Sodium :.  227 

Solder...... ..,.. 227 


INDEX. 


305 


Soldering  Liquid 227 

Solomon's  Balm  of  Gilead....  227 

Solutions 227 

Solution  of  Acetate  of  Am- 
monia   ^27 

Acetate  of  Morphia 228 

Solution,  Alum,  compound...  228 

Ammonia 228 

Ammonio-sulphate       of 

Copper 229 

Arsenite  of  potash 229 

Bichloride  of  Mercury..  230 

Carbonate  of  Potash 230 

Chloride  of  Arsenic 230 

Chlorinated  Soda 230 

Citrate  of  Ammonia 231 

Diacetate  of  Lead 231 

Dilute  231 

Hydrochlorate  of  Mor- 
phia   231 

Iodide     of    Potassium, 

compound 231 

Potash 231 

Sesquicarbonate  of  Am- 
monia   232 

Soda 232 

Soup,  Portable 232 

Soy 232 

Specific,  Worm 233 

Speculum  Metal 233 

Spielman's  Camphorated 

Vinegar 233 

Spice,  Kidder's  Sweet 233 

Spice,  Kidder's  Savoury 233 

Spirits 233 

Spirit  of  Ammonia,  Aromatic  233 

Fetid 234 

Of  Aniseed 234 

Spirit  of  Camphor 234 

OfCarraway 234 

Of  Cinnamon 234 

Of  Ether,  compound 234 

Of     Horseradish    com- 
pound   234 

Of  Juniper,  compound..  234 

Of  Nitric  Ether 234 

Of  Nutmeg 235 

Of  Pennyroyal 235 

27 


Spirit  of  Peppermint 

Of  Pimento 

Of  Rosemary 

Sponge,  Bleached , 

Sponge,  Burnt 

Sponge,  Prepared 

Standert's  Mixture  for  Bow- 
el Complaint 

Stimulating  Liniment 

Straw,  to  Bleach,  &c 

Strychnia.... 

Suet 

Suet,  Melilot 

Sugar,  Alum 

Sugar,  Lemon 

Sulphur 

Sulphur,  Iodide  of 

Sulphuretted  Hydrogen 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Sulphuric  Acid,  dilute 

Sulphurous  Acid 

Sydenham's  Lenitive 

Syrup 

Syrups  

Syrup  of  Buckthorn 

Of  Cochineal 

Of  Ginger 

Of  Iodide  of  Iron 

Of  Lemon 

Of  Marshmallow 

Of  Mulberry 

Of  Orange 

Of  Poppy 

Of  Proto-Nitrate  of  Iron 

Of  Red  Poppy 

Of  Rose 

Of  Saffron 

Of  Sarsaparilla 

Of  Senna 

Of  Tolu 

Of  Violets 

Sweet  Oil 


Taleolas  Scissa . 

Tannic  Acid 

Tar 

Tar,  Barbadoes... 
Tartaric  acid 


PAGE 

235 
235 
235 
235 
235 
235 

235 

235 

236 

236 

236 

236 

237 

237 

237 

237 

237 

237 

238 

238 

238 

239 

239 

239 

239 

239 

239 

240 

240 

240 

240 

240 

240 

241 

241 

241 

241 

241 

241 

242 

242 

242 
242 

242 

242 
242 


306 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Tartarus  Boraxatus 243 

Tartarus  Depuratus 243 

Tartarus  Tartarisatus 243 

Taylor's  Solution 243 

Tea 243 

Teeth,  The , 243 

Teeth,  Cement  for 243 

Terra  Foliata  Tartari 243 

Terra  Foliata  Tartari  Crys- 

tallisata 243 

Test  for  Essential  Oils. 244 

Thridace 244 

Tin 244 

Tinctura  Meconii 250 

Tinetura  Thebaica 250 

Tincture  of  Orris 249 

Tincture  of  Sumbul 250 

Tinctures  244 

Of  Aconite 244 

Of  Aloes 244 

Compound 244 

Of  Ammonia,  compound  244 
Of  Ammonio-chloride  of 

Iron 244 

Of  Assafcetida 245 

Of  Belladonna 245 

Of  Benzoin,  compound..  245 

Of  Caiumba 245 

Of  Camphor,  compound  245 

Of  Cantharides 245 

Of  Capsicum 246 

Of  Cardamom,      com- 
pound    246 

Of  Cascarilla  246 

Of  Castor 246 

Of  Catechu,  compound.    246 

Of  Cinchona 246 

Of  Cinchona,  compound.  246 

Pale 246 

Of  Cinnamon , 246 

Compound..  247 

OfColchicum 247 

Compound..  247 

OfCubebs 247 

Of  Ergot,  ethereal 247 

Of  Foxglove 247 

Of  Galls 247 

Of  Gentian,  compound..  247 


PAGE 

Tincture  of  Ginger 247 

Of  Guaiacum 247 

Compound..  248 

Of  Hellebore  248 

Of  Hemlock 248 

Of  Henbane 248 

Of  Hops 248 

Of  Iodine,  compound....  248 

Of  Jalap 248 

Of  Kino 248 

Of  Lavender,  compound  248 

Of  Lemons 248 

Of  Lobelia 249 

Ethereal 249 

Of  Myrrh 249 

OfOpium 249 

Of  Orange  Peel ...   249 

Of  Quinine,  Compound.  249 
Of  Rhubarb,  compound.  249 
Of  Senna,  compound....  249 

Of  Serpentary 250 

Of  Sesquichlorideoflron  250 

Of  Sciuills 250 

Of  To'lu 250 

Of  Valerian 250 

Compound 250 

Tonquin  Remedy 250 

Toothache 251 

Tooth  Powder,  Cadet's 251 

Tooth  Powder 251 

Toothache  Tincture 251 

Triple  Extract  of  Roses 252 

Turpentine,  Oil  of 252 

Turpentine,  Chio 252 

Turpentine,  Venice 252 

Tutty  Powder 252 

Ultramarine 252 

Unguentum  Nihilo 252 

Urea 252 

Valerian  ....* 253 

Varnish  to  Coat  Metal 253 

Veratria 253 

Verdigris 253 

Verditer 253 

Vermilion  254 

Vermin,  (to  Destroy) 254 


INDEX. 


307 


Vesicants 254 

Viennese  Laxative  Water....  254 

Vinegar 254 

Aromatic. 255 

British 254 

Crystallized 255 

Extemporaneous 255 

Of  Meadow  Saffron 255 

Of  Spanish  Flies 255 

Of  Squill 255 

Household 255 

Flavoured 255 

Distilled 255 

Fruit. 255 

Virgin's  Milk 254 

Warts,  To  remove 256 

Wash  for  Freckles 256 

Wash  for  the  Hair 256 

Wash  for  the  Teeth 256 

Water,  Distilled 256 

Elder  Flower 257 

Lime 257 

Peppermint 257 

Pennyroyal 257 

Spearmint 257 

Pimento 257 

Rose 257 

Waterproofing  for  Cloth 258 

Waterproofing      for      Damp 

Walls 258 


Waterproofing  for  Boots 

Wax,  Bleached  

Wax,  Bottle 

Wax,  Sealing 

Whey 

White  Oils 

Windows,  to  Crystallize , 

Wines , 

Wine  of  Aloes , 

Ipecacuanha , 

Iron 

Meadow  Saffron  , 

Opium 

Potassio-tartrate  of  An- 
timony  

White  Hellebore 

Tests  for , 

Wood,  Stains  for 

Worm  Cakes,  Storey's 


Yeast,  Artificial 

Yeast,  to  Preserve 

Yellow,  Naples..., 

Yellow,  Patent 

Yellow  Liquid  for  Foils. 

Zaffer , 

Zinc 

Zinc,  chloride  of , 

Zinc,  oxide  of 

Zincing  


PAGE 

258 
258 
258 
258 
259 
259 
259 
259 
259 
259 
259 
259 
259 

259 
260 
260 
260 
261 

261 

262 
262 

262 
,  262 

262 

262 

262 

,  263 

,  236 


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